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In the process of protecting and preserving the architectural heritage, the research of balance between structure and form, old and new intervention is an ongoing challenge which aims to respond to modern needs, understanding that it is no longer possible to disregard the understanding of the environmental comfort problems applied to improve the efficiency and compatibility of the intervention. Well-founded in theory the need to intervene on heritage with measures to ‘improve’, the problem that persists in practice consists in calibrate the proper ‘weight’ of concurrent factors: architectural heritage, functional equipment to ensure, assessment of feasibility of the intervention.Therefore, the research will investigate the issues of improvement of the comfort conditions in historical buildings inside the discipline of restoration, especially in its design lapel, where G.C. Argan (1986) has highlighted a disconnection problem between theory and practice. The target is to understand the application of passive systems for reducing the use of active ones, source and cause of problems of compatibility and reversibility, paying attention to ventilation as a passive form of cooling and heating. Underlined are the fallouts in terms of design, with emphasis on the ‘space limits’, where the triggered mechanisms can determine the variations that are useful to define the right interior comfort. In this context it must be assessed not only an objective component, represented by measurable parameters, from compositional aspects of space or technical installations, but also all that part of sensorial components that, if evaluated properly, it can have a positive effect on energy reduction in the buildings. Focal point of the research is the identification of real cases that can provide the basis for the research of a share methodology. It is essential that the matter be extended to the whole context, addressing the issue of ventilation from the confined space until the urban scale, and vice versa, evaluating the contributions that are the boundary that will influence the dynamics, without losing sight of the entire and not the all .


Abstract
In the process of protecting and preserving the architectural heritage, the research of balance between structure and form, old and new intervention is an ongoing challenge which aims to respond to modern needs, understanding that it is no longer possible to disregard the understanding of the environmental comfort problems applied to improve the efficiency and compatibility of the intervention.
Well-founded in theory the need to intervene on heritage with measures to 'improve', the problem that persists in practice consists in calibrate the proper 'weight' of concurrent factors: architectural heritage, functional equipment to ensure, assessment of feasibility of the intervention. Therefore, the research will investigate the issues of improvement of the comfort conditions in historical buildings inside the discipline of restoration, especially in its design lapel, where G.C. Argan (1986) has highlighted a disconnection problem between theory and practice.
The target is to understand the application of passive systems for reducing the use of active ones, source and cause of problems of compatibility and reversibility, paying attention to ventilation as a passive form of cooling and heating. Underlined are the fallouts in terms of design, with emphasis on the 'space limits', where the triggered mechanisms can determine the variations that are useful to define the right interior comfort.
In this context it must be assessed not only an objective component, represented by measurable parameters, from compositional aspects of space or technical installations, but also all that part of sensorial

Introduction
The design act, since the beginning of constructive knowledge, aims to identify the conditions of satisfaction with the environment, the definition of a feeling of physical and mental health, the search for that set of conditions which regulate the mechanism of self-regulating on human body 1 , in order to merge, into a single architectural gesture, the technological constructive, environmental climatic, organizational and figurative subsystem (Los 1990) and mediate between the needs of use and comfort.
The 'algebraic' definition of those parameters that define this thermal sensation has been the subject of studies that from Fanger onwards have concentrated on the definition not only of factors objectively measurable but especially of those subjective, of more complex definition but of an equal weight and importance.
If we add to this multiplicity of factors another 'degrees of constraint' arising from the recognition of different scales of values 2 attributed to the architectural opera, it is quite clear the difficulty of translating into practical act a theoretical assumption in itself already complex and unlikely delineable, calibrating the right 'weight' of the contributing factors.
Considering that just over 19%, amounting to 2.150.259 units of the Italian building stock appears to have been built before 1919 (Ambrogio and Zuppiroli 2013;ISTAT 2001), and at least 46,025 of these units are classified as heritage architectural protected 3 , are immediately evident both the problems that the future potentialities of intervention on this legacy in terms of improving the characteristics 100 Gaia Turchetti of environmental comfort 4 .
On the one hand the difficulties of integration between improvement measures and the features of historical buildings (De Santoli 2014;MiBAC 2015), especially protected, and the limitations when evaluating the performance -not only energetic-of this buildings, on the other the 'value' of these assets that should be evaluated not as a 'constraint', but as an 'opportunity' to project, in view of a 'performance' not only energetic but also 'cultural'.
In this context, it is developing my research work, dwelling on the need of calibrating the concepts of environmental comfort with the act of the restoration project. Integration of passive systems to improve the environmental comfort in historic buildings comfort that respond to modern needs, deepening on the analysis of the mechanisms defined 'passive' which influence, the feeling of well-being sought. In this area we have chosen to focus on the theme of natural ventilation as a form of passive cooling, one of the parameters that, with the thermal inertia and solar radiation, affect the environmental conditions. (Puppo 1972;Grosso 2008;Tucci 2012) If a vernacular architecture, very rooted in the territory, has seen in the history the development of collection or extraction of mass airflow systems to solve the problems of salubritas, even before those of comfort (Butera 2007) -related to ventilation and air supply-, with the diffusion of industrial technology applied to confined spaces, the attention has been moved always to the architecture isolated from context. Nevertheless the research and experimentation, from the 60s onwards, has tried to re-introduce the external factors in the definition of interior comfort. (Olgyay 1963) Close to studies focus on the rediscovery and eventual possible re-activation of traditional ventilation systems, alongside research that propose these traditions in a contemporary way, freely interpreting vocabulary and syntax.
In this context, there are some interesting studies on the mechanisms of natural ventilation that starts from the definition of the problems from the urban to the building scale. Following this line of research, my investigation focus on the analysis of boundary between building and urban environment, carefully analyzing the 'filter space' between outside and inside, where take place the mechanisms that can determine, when triggered at the level of airflow and thermal gradient, the variations that are useful to determine the right interior comfort.
Starting with a historical analysis in relation with context, the goal is to intervene on the "orientación energética"(Serra Florensa and Coch Roura 1991), on dynamic and flexible elements that, acting with coherence of constraints and potential of the historical heritage, can be shaped or reshaped to achieve the standards of comfort and reduce consumption, aware of the need to address the issue in a holistic perspective in which you can appeal to the versatility as a synergistic action between actions for improvement and protection.
Focal point of my research is the identification of real cases that can provide the basis for the search of a common methodology, leading from an interpretive theoretical analysis, based on the collection and analysis of data, to a phase of evaluation of selected study cases, explaining on the range of possible modus operandi, those that respond 102 Gaia Turchetti to the needs and requirements of each case. This design phase is accompanied by a check before and after the intervention, performed through the use of fluid dynamics simulation software 5 applied both to the understanding of internal cooling conditions both to the constructions surroundings. This phase will allow to evaluate ante operam the efficacy and feasibility in terms of efficiency and concinnitas (Vitiello 2012) of the intervention. c) Experimental/operational phase • the definition of the methodology of the research and the evaluation of design that, starting from a fast survey until the definition of computer simulations suitably calibrated according to the peculiarities of historical buildings, could provide results as faithful as possible to real case. From the processing of real data, it will be defined a model on which, after appropriate verifications, they will be made comparisons of the possible design solutions that increase the benefit of natural ventilation.

Targeted research stakeholders/beneficiaries
I considered that it's necessary to identify a professional that can mediate between the user requirements and the propositions of operators from installation sector, proposing a dialogue in the speech through a junction figure and, at the same time, of mediation, that 104 knows how to find the right weight for each contributing factor, between tutelage and reduction of resources. The 'improvement' of historical heritage should be done through dialogue between users-in order to make visible and more easily assessable those positive contributions that a careful analysis of natural ventilation can produce in the environmentand the various parties involved, promoting a unified planning between the needs of conservation and 'innovation'.

Expected outputs and future developments
The objective is, as mentioned, to make a reflection in 'cultural performance' terms in historical buildings, understanding the benefits of natural ventilation as minimization of dependence on active implants, source and cause of many problems of compatibility and reversibility at structural level until formal ones (only to name a few).
Starting from the analyzed points in the preceding paragraphs, the research aims to highlight at different scales the problems of integration and evaluation of the intervention for the comfort improvement in contexts established and protected. It could be schematize by points the expected results as follows: 1. Global: look for a redefinition of some terms of the issue. 2. Global: provide research methodological tools and unified planning between different problems. 3. Particular/global: define an abacus of possible design solutions, evaluating the flexibility and compatibility features with the historical environments protected. 4. Particular: transpose into real examples some analyzed systems and assessing their efficiency in comparison with traditional intervention practice.