Al-Jouf educational supervisors perceptions about handheld devices’ importance in health education concepts’ acquisition to students

The study aimed to find out the educational supervisors' perceptions about the importance of handheld devices in acquiring health education concepts by school students in Al-Jouf region, KSA. A descriptive approach and a questionnaire were applied on random educational supervisors’ sample. The study’s results concluded that the school students’ most important health concepts are "health" and "diet", that the handheld devices are of great importance in acquiring health education concepts, the students’ great challenges and absence of statistically significant differences in the questionnaire both dimensions at (α≤0.05) attributed to the study variables (gender, educational administration, experiences).


Introduction
KSA 2030 Vision's technology leap increased students' use of handheld devices in education. KSA rushed to transform to digital remote education during COVID-19 pandemic period, to protect students from contracting diseases and maintain their health. Ottawa Declaration stressed that health is a daily resource that meets individual's needs, helps them realizing their ambitions, and is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources and physical capacities (WHO, 2012, p. 6). Health is indispensable human right, hence the states are responsible for caring for health education of all society's classes, spreading health awareness, and making use of handheld devices in that important health concepts for students, and the challenges facing students' use of hand devices in acquiring health concepts. The research highlights about handheld devices' importance in health education concepts' acquisition to students from educational supervisors' point of view, and statistically differences of sample responses about each reality challenges according to gender, educational administration, and experience. Therefore, the priority tasks of schools in the present time is to develop student's ability to use handheld devices in acquiring health education concepts according to their needs.

Statistics of "Communication and Information
Technology Commission 2020" indicate that the average data consumption per capita in KSA is 920 megabytes, equivalent approximately to triple global average. Some studies indicate to shortcomings in health concepts in KSA different educational stages curricula, Abu-Hula & Al-Balawi, (2006). Ben-Amrouche & Saker, (2020) recommends the necessity of developing health awareness methods through applying and spreading of new media and handheld devices. Al-Qaisi et al., (2021) points to the internet cultural content diversity. (Ben-Amrouche & Saker (2020) said that 50% of internet users believe in the internet significant impact on their health problems' understanding and 44% have improved their relationship with doctors thanks to internet. Bin-Safi (2019) showed that handheld devices-internet changed individuals' tastes of home-cooked meals, and opinions on fast-foodobesity relationship. Educating students about health concepts makes them aware of their health and healthy behaviors, which enhance their school excellence, Al-Zakari, (2007), and urge them to adhere to sound health practices to reduce diseases' spread. The WHO strives to raise health education level worldwide, Badah, et al., (2014) .
School students' engagement with handheld devices, passion for digital world, long hours spent on internet are obvious. Students' acquired distance learning experience during Covid-19 pandemic contributed in that. The author noted through his observations at schools' student's strong attachment with handheld devices, integration with virtual world, reluctance to engage in collective dynamic activities, and scarcity of direct discussions. Hence the importance of health education concepts for students, and their role in reaching health and physical fitness indicators, Al-Ameen, (2020), motivated the author to benefit from this phenomenon for defining its important role in providing students with health education' concepts.
The main question of study problem is: What are the educational supervisors' perceptions in Al-Jouf region in KSA about handheld devices importance in acquiring school students with health education concepts ? Accordingly, four subquestions emerged from it : The study aimed to know the educational supervisors' perceptions about handheld devices' importance in acquiring health education concepts by school students.
It stems from the school student's dependence on handheld devices to get desired information.
The study theoretical importance comes from its handling this present and future important topic. While its practical importance comes from its contribution in enriching knowledge relevant to the curricula, and becoming more compatible with digital age to realize KSA 2030 vision.
Objective limitations are defined by handheld devices importance in school students' acquisition of health education concepts. Human limits are education departments' educational supervisors. Spatial limits are Al-Jouf region, KSA, (Sakakah, Dumat Al-Jandal, Tabarjal and Sweir).
Health Concepts: "information set, facts and ideas relevant to positive state of physical, psychological, mental, social, personal, environmental, and preventive safety and adequacy included in the curriculum, and suitable for students' age and contemporary developments" (Saleh et al., 2016(Saleh et al., , p. 1215.
The author defines procedurally health culture concepts as information and facts that deal with healthy learning experiences significant to students and aim to prevent them from contracting diseases and enhance their voluntary commitment to healthy behavior that limits the infection's spread .

Theoretical framework and previous studies
The research triggered off the "social responsibility" theory, which focused on media social responsibility, entrusted roles and ability to influence the public (Murad, 2014). The theory' intellectual principles are based on their meeting the public rapid needs and selfadherence to the society moral codes. It emerged in the American society through the Hutchins Committee, 1947" report titled "Free and Responsible Press", which referred to media trespasses' damages to society. The author chose this theory to support his research, due to its relation to his topic; since awareness and education of the society's rights is a social media responsibility, as traditional and modern media became effective tools in influencing societies and individuals' life .
All governments including KSA's, paid great attention to health. KSA 2030 vision focused on strengthening health education of society members, upgrading health services, and using all modern means to spread health awareness. The modern media impact on individuals' behavior is known (Najmi, 2020), as modern technology plays important role in societies and individuals' life, which increased in parallel to sophisticated handheld electronic devices spread among students, after transition to e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic. This spread increased students' internet spent time making handheld devices an essential element in educational process and an integral part of the societies and individuals' life (Al-Zayoud, 2020). Electronic content has helped increase student achievement joyfully and making learning more interactive (Kapilas & Sreedevi, 2022) .
Some studies pointed to social media networks' role in exchanging instant conversations, videos and audios (Al-Hawari & Maarouf, 2021), interaction using handheld devices, such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube (Al-Awfi, 2012) limitless geographically, and to develop students' healthy medical education (Jadoun & Ghadban, 2022). Modern health awareness policies rely on integrating social media networks electronic platforms, to facilitate health organizations to digitally manage educational materials, interact their with users and keep them attached to their handhelds devices due to increasing attraction and importance to health sectors in educational programs (Al-Faram, 2016) .
Handheld devices have some advantages, such as instant interaction, discussion and exchanging views on health issues, displaying images and video clips, strengthening individual's particularity, high storage and archiving capacity, rapid information retrieval, mass influence (Jadoun & Ghadban, 2022), meeting educational and cultural students' needs and increasing their knowledge (How & Hung, 2019).

Al-Zayoud
(2020) mentioned some disadvantages of using handheld devices such social isolation, weak personal skills and learning undesirable things. Al-Nabulsi (2021) mentioned internet addiction, electronic bullying, and intellectual property violation, lack of physical activity and sleep disturbances. WHO used "Health Awareness" as a synonymous for "health education" which defines as "educational processes, through which health concepts, trends and behavior of individuals are changed to prevent diseases, preserve and improve health" (Al-Hefnawy, 2014, p. 134). "Health culturing" is used as synonym for "health education", for communicating information and skills process necessary for individuals to practice their life, and enhance some of their behaviors, which are reflected on society's and own health (Ben-Amrouche & Saker, 2020), by using medical posters, video clips, awareness lectures, and electronic health information exchange through internet-accessable and navigable handheld devices, playing an important role in creating and changing behaviors and values (Zawi, 2020) .
Health education is reflected on individual's health awareness level, as a behavior's drive through intended practicing healthy behaviors, then practicing is transformed into unconscious habits (Najmi, 2020). Health culturing occurs slowly and gradually (Qaim, 2016). Current health care industry age has witnessed great progress in line with artificial intelligence and robotics, helping hospitals to gain competitive advantages, in remotely following up patients, answering their inquiries, and satisfying their medical needs by automating medical processes, and transforming to intelligent robotic hospital, preserving punctuality and speed (Pavithra & Afza, 2022).
Literatures studies can be divided in two domains: First: Studies dealt with health concepts. (Al-Sulaimani, 2008) aimed to identify health concepts to be incorporated in KSA elementary schools' curricula while (Eslim, 2010) identified health concepts in secondary schools and (Al-Shehri, 2018) exposed health education standards in first intermediate grade. Second: Studies dealt with electronic devices and health education: (Al-Sulaiman, 2016) identified the effectiveness of a suggested computer program in providing fourth-grade students with health education concepts. (Bin-Safi, 2019) culture comparative study discussed health anthropology and its impact on disease and health care. (Zawi, 2020) examined the relationship between modern media and creating individuals' cultural and social awareness. (Bin Amrouch & Saker, 2020) identified the media role in spreading health. (Al-Suhail, 2021) tackled sports media role in raising individuals healthy culture level during COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait. (Al-Qaisi et al, 2021) examined media role in spreading health education among students and how to deal with epidemiological crises. (Jadoun & Ghadban, 2022) handled Facebook's contribution to awareness health during COVID-19 pandemic through analyzing Algerian Health Ministry webpage. (Ghaffary et al., 2022) inspected the viewpoint of a doctor using wireless devices in intensive care units IP, Phone, Pager and wireless monitoring, and the possibility of assessing an intensive care unit patient's condition without visiting him, and accessing to patient's file via internet .
Current study tackled the importance of handheld devices in acquiring school students 'health education concepts while none of the reviewed studies did that, giving the current study a distinctive scientific importance, and distinguishes itself from them. It differentiated from previous studies in subject, study sample, and tool in order to bridge this research gap, and to stress the importance of its execution .

Methodology and Procedures
The study used the descriptive approach to deal with a study population consisted of all educational supervisors in Al-Jouf region (Sakakah, Dumat Al-Jandal, Tabarjal, Sweir administrations), table (1). To calculate the sample size, (Thompson, 2012) equation was used, where the sample was (153) individuals. The researcher obtained (157) responses, with a (61.57%) of the (255) population study chosen randomly, using an electronic link to perform the questionnaire in the period (4/9-30/9/2022)

Questionnaire Validity
The questionnaire's structural validity was computed, by calculating the Internal Consistency Coefficients between the score of each phrase in each dimension and the total score of the dimension measured, table (2).  (3) shows the internal correlation coefficients of each dimension and the total score of the questionnaire. Table 3.

Internal Correlation Coefficients (R)
R. Dimensions 0.680** Most important health concepts of interest to school students 0.722** Importance of handheld devices in school students' acquisition of health education concepts 0.709** Challenges of school students' use of handheld devices in acquisition of health education concepts (**significance at 0.01)

Questionnaire Reliability
It was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the split-half equation of Spearman-Brown.

Results and Discussion
The researcher converted the responses obtained into numbers alternatives' limits according to the questionnaire responses, table (5) limits of questionnaire alternatives:    (6) shows that the percentage of male is higher than that of females, respondents from Sakakah administration is the highest, and the respondents with more than 15 years' experience is the highest Perhaps this is due to the influence of the experience factor on the response, and their desire to benefit from their expertise in scientific research .
The author answered the study four subquestions as follows: First subquestion: What are the public education student's most important health concepts acquirable through handheld devices from educational supervisors' opinions? Table (7) shows the means and ranking of the of the most important health concepts of school students according to educational supervisors' perceptions:  (7) shows that the most important health concepts dimension of school students that can be acquired through handheld devices according to educational supervisors' perceptions is (3.84), corresponding to a significant degree of agreement. The most important health concepts are "health care", which came in the first place with a very large degree of agreement, then "healthy diet" with a large degree of agreement. The "pollution" concept came in the last place with a medium degree .
Second subquestion: What are the educational supervisors' real perceptions about handheld devices' importance in school students' real acquiring health education concepts? Table (8) shows means and ranking of the responses of educational supervisors about the importance of handheld devices in the acquisition of health education concepts by students. perceptions of the importance of handheld devices in school students' acquisition of health education concepts" was high (3.76), and that the most important phrases "phrase 1" (very large degree), then "phrase 4" (large degree). "Phrase 14" came in the last place for the phrase of this dimension, (large degree). Each of the three penultimate phrases i.e. "Phrase 12", "phrase 17", and "phrase 18", (large degree) .
Third subquestion: What are school students' challenges in using handheld devices in acquiring health education' concepts from educational supervisors' opinions? Table (9) shows means and ranking of the educational supervisors' responses to the challenges of school students' use of handheld devices in acquiring the concepts of health education:   (9) shows that the average degree of challenges is (3.58), corresponding to a large degree of challenges, and the most challenge facing students was "phrase 1" (large degree), then "phrase 17" (large degree), while "phrase 10" came in the last place (medium degree) .   (10) shows that there are no statistically significant differences at (α≤0.05) in both questionnaire dimensions, and in the total questionnaire, related to the gender variable (T=0.83). The results also indicate that male and female supervisors agree on the various challenges facing the school students' use of handheld devices in acquiring health education concepts of (T=1.49) .

2-The educational administration variable: to
verify statistically differences of sample responses, means and standard deviations were calculated, and clarified in table (11). Table 11.  (12) shows no statistically significant differences at the statistical significance (α≤0.05) of in both questionnaire dimensions according to educational administration variable (Sakakah, Dumat al-Jandal, Tabarjal, Sweir), in the reality dimension (F=0.56) and at a significance level of (0.64).), and in the challenges dimension (F=1.99) and at the level of significance (0.12) .

Means and Standard Deviations (Administration)
3-Years of experience variable: to verify statistically differences of sample responses, means and standard deviations of scores for the reality and challenges of school students' use of handheld devices in acquiring health education concepts, according to the years of experience variable were calculated, and clarified in table (13) .  Table (13) shows that educational supervisors with (less than 5 years) experiences obtained the highest average in both questionnaire dimensions, and supervisors with (more than 15 years) obtained the lowest average in both dimensions. The averages were (69.97), (67.27), (67.11), (66.94) for experienced supervisors (less than 5 years), (5 to less than 10 years), (10 to less than 15 years), (more than 15 years) respectively. In the challenges dimension, the averages were (63.13), (61.52), (61.07), (58.98) for supervisors with experience (less than 5 years), (from 10 years to less than 15 years), (from 5 years to less than 10 years), (more than 15 years), respectively.
One-way ANOVA was calculated for the years of experience variable for independent samples, and clarified in table (14) .   (14) shows that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of statistical significance (α≤0.05) in both questionnaire dimensions attributed to the years of experience variable, in the reality dimension (F=1.24), with significance (0.30), in the challenges dimension (F=1.33) with significance (0.27).
The results of table (7) show that the educational supervisors' opinion agrees to a large extent with the most important health concepts which can be acquired by students through handheld devices. This is explained by the fact that health concepts play a major role in supporting students' health culture, as it includes multiple knowledge and skills that contribute to changing attitudes and behaviors, and that the most important health concepts for students of public education are "health care", then "healthy diet". This corresponds to the human being basic needs, food and health, as the rest of needs depend on them according to Maslow's hierarchy. The concept of health care is one of the most needed concepts, especially in periods of diseases and epidemics spread, as happened during COVID-19 pandemic, and a healthy diet contributes to individual's health care condition and prevents diseases. While "pollution" concept came last, despite its importance locally and globally perhaps due to the lack of air and environmental pollutants in the fertile agricultural Al-Jouf region, that is famous for its olive trees.
Additionally, the "cholesterol" concept came Penultimately, perhaps due to that this term is mostly used among the elderly, and rarely used by educational students, and this is consistent with Taabali et al. (2017), and Al-Shehri (2018), which dealt with health concepts that should be included in curricula. It also explains the importance of health concepts for students as a result of COVID-19 pandemic impact and its infection and deaths cases globally, whereas the greatest interest was in health education to avoid contracting the disease.
Table (8) show the high agreement of the educational supervisors' point on the importance of handheld devices in students' acquisition of health education concepts which is explained by strong students' adherence to handheld devices which became vitals in their lives, as students depend on them in their scientific and cultural achievements, and searching the websites. This is in line with the current technological revolution and the rapid digital transformation that KSA is keen to keep pace with in accordance with 2030 Vision.
The most important phrases were "Students search internet for health care methods", then "Students use handheld devices in searching for methods of rationalizing medicines and medical treatment's expenditures", which indicates the students' association with internet, and their desire to increase health information from various reliable sources, due to the growth of their culture in maintaining their health condition, and reducing treatment expenses. This is consistent with Zawi (2020).
The phrase "Students watch clips those explain health concepts' meanings in easy way to apply" was less important among the phrases, which may be attributed to the large number of sites and accounts that broadcast clips of unreliable source on internet probably conflict each other and lose credibility in contrast with Ibrahim & Inan (2022). Penultimately, came the phrases "Students' publishing the meanings and implications of health concepts in internet", "Students' use of handheld devices in educating society's members about health issues, especially in a period of crisis", "Handheld devices presentation of correct methods for practicing sport and fitness exercises reflecting students' desire to educate themselves in a healthy way, and their unwillingness to publish and share information on internet for fear of responsibility due to lack of credibility in contrast with Al-Qaisi et al. (2021).
Generally, handheld devices are of great importance in students' acquisition of health education concepts, which expresses the study sample's conviction of handheld devices' importance for students, and their complementary role to school's role in education. This is explained by handheld devices spread among students, students' high searching skills using them which was greatly enhanced by adopting distance learning for during COVID-19 pandemic, and to the link between students learning and electronic platforms, in addition to health concepts' inefficiency in school curricula in concordance with Al-Shehri (2018) .
Table (9) show that the challenges facing students are large, due to the abundance of cultural and informational diversity on internet, which affects students' behavior sometimes, and the contradictions of their contents occasionally. Continuous programs' updates and of technological devices' developments are another challenge facing students in adapting with them, which is consistent with Bin-Safi (2019) and Zawi (2020).
The greatest challenge for students was "Distraction of students' understanding of the meanings of health concepts due to sources' abundance", which may be attributed to the weak control over internet uploaded cultural contents, which makes students facing the challenge of choosing the most reliable and credible information. Then the phrase "Handheld devices enhance spreading the culture of taking medicaments without consulting specialized doctors". This is explained by the lack of health education information among students, and their lack of medical expertise, which makes them tolerate taking medicines without doctor's consulting, relying on information available on internet, in concordance with Al-Suhail (2021) and Al-Qaisi et al. (2021). The phrase "Marginalizing the family role in clarifying the meanings of health concepts to their children" came in the last place, which is explained by students' strong family bonding, and attributed to family's health directives and caring its children, in disconcordance with Jadoun & Ghadban (2022).
Penultimately, came "Students' use of health concepts in cyberbullying their peers" which was explained by students' possessing social awareness and appropriate amount of values that prevent them from bullying their colleagues of special needs, in concordance with Ben-Amrouche & Saker (2020). Generally, students face great challenges due to the fact that the era which we currently live is characterized by rapid and continuous technological development of handheld devices and software. The lack of educational curricula in addressing health concepts and the of content of health culture knowledge's diversity on the internet, increases the challenges that students face when use handheld devices, in accordance with Jadoun & Ghadban (2022). Table ( 10) show no statistically significant differences in gender variable at (α≤0.05) in both questionnaire dimensions, and in the total questionnaire, which indicates male and female supervisors' agreement about both questionnaire dimensions. This is explained by males and females supervisors' similar acquaintance with the challenges which students face, due to their same preparation programs, juxtaposition of their living places, similarity of male and female schools' facilities and curricula in concordance with Al-Khazaali (2018), Al-Sulaiman (2016).
It also explains the males and females supervisors' agreement about the challenges the students face in using handheld devices to acquire health education concepts, which is explained by males and females supervisors' similar acquaintance with the challenges which students face, good contact with them, students' need for more health education, shortcomings of school curricula in handling health education concepts, and great diversity in presenting cultural health concepts on internet, in concordance with Saleh et al. (2016) and Al-shehri (2018).
One-way ANOVA (table 12) show no differences between means in the questionnaire both dimensions attributed to the educational administration variable. This is explained by the similarity of the educational administrations in Al-Jouf region in terms of facilities, preparations, training programs, and follow-up methods, high similarity of educational supervisors' experiences and skills, and sample small number (255) which helped in enhancing their intercommunication and conducting scientific meetings and discussions to exchange knowledge, experiences, skills and ideas .
One-way ANOVA (table 14) show no differences between means in the questionnaire both dimensions attributed to the variable number of years of experience. This is explained by the fact that all educational supervisors have minimum skills and technological proficiency necessary to perform their supervision tasks inasmuch as they attend specialized training programs held by educational administrations, and exchange experiences through WhatsApp groups, and scholarly discussions remotely and in person .

Conclusions
➢ The most important health concepts for school students are, "health care" and "healthy diet". ➢ The perceptions of educational supervisors about the importance of handheld devices in school students' acquisition of health culture concepts were very great. ➢ The most challenges facing school students are "Distraction of students' understanding of the meanings of health concepts due to sources' abundance" and "Handheld devices enhance spreading the culture of taking medicaments without consulting specialized doctors". ➢ There are no statistically differences at (α≤0.05) in the questionnaire dimensions and in the questionnaire as a whole, level attributed to the study variables (gender,