Shipboard measurements of atmospheric oxygen using a vacuum-ultraviolet absorption technique

We have developed an instrument for making continuous, field-based, part-per-million (ppm) level measurements of atmospheric oxygen concentration, and have implemented it on research cruises in the equatorial Pacific and Southern Oceans. The instrument detects changes in oxygen by the absorption of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation as it passes through a flowing gas stream, and has a precision comparable to existing laboratory techniques. Here we describe the VUV instrument and present atmospheric O₂ and CO₂data collected from the NOAA ship Ka’imimoana in the equatorial Pacific during April and May of 1998, and from the NSF ship Lawrence M. Gould in the Southern Ocean during October 1998. These data represent the first field-based measurements of atmospheric O₂, and significant additions to the O₂ datasets in these regions. Our boreal-springtime equatorial measurements reveal significant short-term variations in atmospheric O₂, resulting from variations in atmospheric mixing relative to the strong interhemispheric gradient. Our austral-springtime Southern Ocean observations confirm the low O₂ concentrations seen in flask samples from this region, allow the separate identification of oceanic and industrial influences on CO₂, and provide evidence of a Southern Ocean source for CO₂ at this time of year. These shipboard VUV observations do not provide any evidence to support coupled ocean—atmosphere model predictions of a large decreasing atmospheric O₂ gradient between equatorial and high-southern latitudes.