Guidelines for Tourism Sustainability in Ultra-Peripheral Territories: A Research Based on the Azores Region’s Touristic Companies’ Analysis

Tourism is an important activity to achieve territorial sustainability. In fact, a properly planned long-term tourism activity is critical for the regional planning to reach the desired living conditions capable of attracting new residents in the future. Thereby, the present research aims to assess the perceptions of the managers of tourist companies in the Azores on sustainability actors about the sustainability of tourism activity in the archipelago. Contextually, throughout an exploratory methodology, it was possible to assess the Azores Touristic Companies managers’ perceptions. Hence, this paper shows that the sustainable practices most frequently adopted by the surveyed companies are the following: prioritize the purchase of regional goods and services (94.7%); selective waste separation (94.5%); minimize the use of hazardous substances or replace them with less hazardous products (92.3%); ensure the proper final destination of wastewater (public sanitation, septic tank) (88.8%); and adopt purchasing criteria that take into account environmentally friendly products or services (88.6%). This research also recognizes that 67% of the respondents consider that the respective participating companies have their goals aligned with environmental conservation principles, 66.7% aligned with environmental conservation principles, 36.9% aligned with social conservation principles and 26.4% aligned with cultural conservation principle.


Introduction
Tourism is a multidisciplinary activity [1][2][3]. In fact, tourism is an activity interlinked with businesses that collaborate to ensure the attraction of tourists [4].
Tourism development improves tourism facilities and activities to attract visitors, including the sustainability of these activities to serve tourists, community members, and the tourism destination [4,5].
In this regard, authors as Labrianidis et al. [11] defend that entrepreneurship associated with small and medium-sized businesses, is one way to achieve sustainable development in peripheral regions as it increases employment and income. The experimental results of research that discussed the variation of entrepreneurship among areas of different sizes showed a significant impact on the entry and exit of new companies [12]. This impact is harmful to the primary and secondary sectors, while this impact is positive for the services sector [12].
In addition, employment in tourism makes a significant contribution to the development of national and regional economies [1,13]. Practical evidence shows that tourist spending generates more jobs and income than any other sector of the economy and creates and maintains jobs in other sectors of the economy that sell to visitors and tourist companies. This is confirmed by many studies (see: [14][15][16][17][18]).
Based on the above-mentioned, the following research questions were raised: (i) What is perception of the Azorean tourism companies on the sustainability of tourism in this Ultra-Peripheral territory? (ii) Which should be the tourism model followed by the Azores to promote rural tourism and regional sustainable development?
Thereby, to answer the above research questions, we used carried out a brief literature review based on the topics of sustainable tourism, rural tourism, and regional development in order not only to possible identify some gaps in the literature but also to use this knowledge as a contribution for this study discussions and consequently guidelines for the development of sustainable tourism in this ultra-peripheral region. In this regard, we have also used a testing methodology to assess Azorean tourist companies' perceptions about the sustainability of tourism in the region.
Finally, this article aims at contributing to the theme of perceived sustainability measures taken by tourist companies and the provision of accessible and inclusive tourism services in the Azores.

The Sustainable Tourism: Rural Tourism and Regional Development
The United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) [19] defined tourism as "( . . . ) the activities of persons traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes." Based on this description, three components should be introduced: (a) transportation outside; (b) reason for traveling; and (c) the maximum number of days stayed [20].
Contextually, tourism improvement improves tourism facilities or activities to attract visitors, including the sustainability of these activities to serve tourists, community members, and the tourism destination. The resilience of a tourism destination should be advanced [21].
Within the several tourism typologies, there are some more connected with rural tourism activity. Therefore, considering this research's scope, agritourism, ecotourism, nature-based tourism, or wine tourism deserve a closer look.
Therefore, agritourism can be defined as an activity that inspires travelers to visit farms [22]. Different forms of agritourism exist, specifically farm, farm-based and rural tourism [23]. Sonnino [24] defines an agricultural producer's and their family's hospitality actions that link to any form of farming. Barbieri and Mshenga [25] identified agritourism as the operation developed to draw visitors to an operative farm. In some cases, these visitors are from urban areas rather than rural areas in which the farm is located [26]. Most of these individuals engage in substance farming. Here we exclude commercial farming, which is on a wider scale. Agritourism includes wine tourism, farmers' markets, or fruit picking, are just some examples.
Ecotourism intends to produce knowledge, generate capital for conservation, improve awareness of cultures, and, lastly, better regional communities, economic inclusion, and political power [27][28][29]. This kind of tourism brings tourists to a region that encompasses the fauna, flora, and culture. In this regard, we also have geotourism, a tourism type that recognizes the physical environment that cultivates conservation through education and other procedures [30]. As examples of geotourism activities, we have geo-trails, protected area visits, or guided tours [27][28][29].
Wine tourism includes more than just the consumption of wine [27]. In fact, authors as Mitchell and Li [31] differentiated among primary wine tourism: wine tasting and procurement, and secondary or 'peripheral' wine tourism motivations-i.e., festivals and gastronomy. Moreover, wine consumption close to the area where the wine was made is identified as wine tourism or enotourism [27,28].

Rural Tourism and Regional Development
Besides all the previously knew benefits of developing tourism in a region as economic profit, the growth of a tourism destination could bring a sense of pride for local communities-i.e., cherishing culture and history [26].
Besides, event tourism raises the attention and encourages local relationships; moreover, well-organized events could create a positive image of a tourism destination [28].
According to scholars as Smith [29], government authorities on a national, regional, and local level significantly impact tourism development through their policy implementation. Moreover, though the relationship between the development of the tourism industry and socio-economic progress has been investigated and accepted as an existing association, this relationship's impact has not been studied to the degree that it is meaningful [30]. Preservation of the environment could likewise be made feasible by tourism activities creating an income [27]. According to Rizzi and Graziano [31], the tourism industry popularizes resources and creates new destination images in regional and local economic development.
In this regard, there are specific events and festivals-i.e., food festivals, wine festivals, music festivals, among many others; that could foster the development of sustainable destinations [32]. Thus, it is possible to highlight the following events: Cheese Fair in Trujillo (Spain); Opera Festival in Sigulda (Latvia); Equestria Festival (France); or the Festival of Wine in Borba (Portugal), are just a few examples.

The Ultra-Peripheral Region of Azores and Its Sustainable Development and Rural Tourism
The Azores has several high-quality tourism resources, especially natural resources. Cultural resources also have significant potential, in addition to the quality of the resources created. The region has developed sustainable competitive advantages based on these resources and consolidated a powerful position in the nature tourism market.
The new air transport business model that entered into force in the Azores in March 2015 proved that small changes could make a big difference in international tourist flows and maximize the use of the region's potential. There is, therefore, a need to continuously create new strategies to capitalize on the potential of local tourism resources, which often means that new and more complex products, services, and experiences need to be designed.
The process of drafting the Strategic and Marketing Plan for Tourism in the Azores (PEMTA) was based on a participatory approach that involved several local stakeholders, including tourism agents, tour operators, and residents that objectively identified the major benefits the Region offers as a tourist destination. The main conclusions drawn from the process highlight natural resources as those that make the most significant contribution to tourism development in the Azores.
Security was also identified as a characteristic feature of the Azores, particularly relevant in the current geopolitical climate. Furthermore, residents acknowledge that tourism is a crucial driver of economic development, making it relatively easy to engage them in the sector's strategy and in the continuous creation of a safe society that respects visitors.
As a result, the PEMTA highlights the climate, biodiversity, quality of the landscape, geodiversity, culture, traditions, and built heritage as some of the Azores' most appealing and competitive features. Hence, nature tourism is a justified choice as a priority product for the international positioning of the Region.
Some authentic attributes of the local population were also indicated as having the potential to differentiate and diversify experiences on the nine islands. Proximity, unique-ness, and authenticity, among others, each island has many characteristics, in addition to the already mentioned security. These features make for an extraordinary backdrop for tourism development in general but are also great opportunities for high-value-added, exclusive, and highly sustainable products.
In the Azores Autonomous Region, tourism management models and those for regional socio-economic development include the basic principles of sustainability, centering on preserving and conserving the islands' endogenous resources. Technical documents as the Regional Sustainable Development Plan for the Autonomous Region of the Azores (PREDSA), the Tourism Spatial Development Plan for the Autonomous Region of the Azores (POTRAA), the Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialization in the Azores (RIS3 Azores), or the Strategic and Marketing Plan for Tourism in the Azores (PEMTA) completely stress these problems, addressing them proper benchmarks of regional development [33].
Scholars as Couto et al. [34] state that "the Azores have received several international awards and distinctions in recognition of the islands' sustainable development and sustainable tourism." Unique classifications and labels-i.e., Biosphere Reserve, OSPAR Convention, RAMSAR Convention, Natura 2000 Network, and World Heritage-have also been assigned to some natural areas and heritage sites. Lately, the Azores was designated the "Best Sustainable Destination in the Atlantic," a significant achievement for the Region's tourism and an acknowledgment of the quality of tourism on the islands, since the Azores' governing bodies continue to strengthen the destination's position regarding sustainability issues. Contextually, the process to approve the Region as a "Sustainable Destination" according to the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) criteria is currently underway. Should it be granted, it will be an unprecedented certification of destinations in the archipelago, strengthening the Region as a benchmark destination and bringing with it new competitive advantages [35]. The Azores' main features and resources are extensively identified, characterized, documented, and disseminated. They must be used by adequately structuring products and services for such a purpose. Some products may be designed for a niche, while others may encompass more significant segments. However, the potential to generate wealth will be far more related to creating added value than to the volume of demand. In addition to nature tourism, these high potential products are nautical tourism, cultural tourism, gastronomy tourism, religious tourism, adventure tourism, ecotourism, sports tourism, and wellness tourism, in particular thermalism.
Nature-based tourism strengthens the Azores as a tourism destination, not only regarding the contemplative aspects and ecotourism but also through action and engaging activities. A tourist can quietly contemplate the islands' landscape, be very active, experience unforgettable emotions, and enjoy memorable experiences [36]. Thus, nature-based tourism, particularly the active segment, was selected as the Azores' tourism development priority product. As the core product in the region's strategy guides the destination's positioning and its promotional actions. In order to diversify the offering, nautical tourism, cultural and landscape touring, and health and wellness tourism were selected as complementary sectors [36].
In this regard, the Azores' tourism strategy includes the valuation of the authenticity of and differences between the archipelago's nine islands, which is inherent to the concept of sustainability. Each island's positioning must consider its specific characteristics, local offering, and what drives each market segment. Indeed, each island has a set of unique features that could, as a whole, make the tourist experience highly diversified and enriching.
Generally, the Azores' strategic planning as a tourist destination has been carried out with particular care regarding sustainability, despite some flaws. Due to the need to protect the region's competitive advantages-i.e., its natural assets and high levels of sustainability-a suitable model must be followed, at the same time as new products are developed, in order to increase the value of the experiences in the region and to boost the destination's ability to evolve. Nature, Eco, and Adventure Tourism (NEAT) [37], imbued with sustainability principles, can be critical products in this paradigm. These are the ideals that underlie the PEMTA, which has chosen active nature-based tourism as the destination's priority.

Methodology
Taking into account the scope of this study, the authors needed to apply several research methodologies, namely: direct and indirect methods of analysis.
Consequently, the methodological approach consisted of the following four steps: survey design, data collection, case study analysis, and description of the results, ending with the discussion and conclusions.

Survey Design and Implementation
The survey was designed according to the need for online questionnaires. In this regard, we used a web survey using Google Forms. Although online surveys are susceptible to deviations in the results of an empirical study, such as in the respondents' age, the online survey methodology was chosen due to the restrictions imposed by the current Covid-19 pandemic.
The survey was conducted by the Observatory of Tourism of the Azores (OTA), during December 2020, with Azorean tourist business managers to deepen the knowledge related to the theme of sustainability in tourist companies and the provision of Accessible and Inclusive Tourism services.
The target population (a group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn, also known as the theoretical population) consists of business managers of 2527 establishments of the touristic sector of Autonomous Regional of the Azores (AAR), 193 of which belong to the Accommodation sector and the remaining (93) are included in other tourism sectors.
The sample comprises 636 business managers of 623 establishments among those 2527 establishments, thus covering data referring to almost a quarter (24.6%) of the AAR's touristic sector. According to the tourism sector in which they exercise their professional activity, the distribution of the 636 business managers who participated in the study is shown in Table 1. The majority (75.6%) of the companies to which belong the business managers who participated in the present study fall into the Accommodation sector, 9% are in the tourist entertainment sector, 8.5% in the Catering sector and the like, 2.5% in the "Travel agency or similar" (2.5%), 1.3% in the "Rent-a-car" Sector and 3% in other sectors.
The statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software. In addition to some graphical representations and tables of absolute frequencies and percentages, different Ascendant Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (AHCA) algorithms were applied to find a typology of a set of items concerning the adoption of sustainable practices. The AHCA was based on the Ochiai coefficient combined with three well-known classical aggregation criteria, namely, Single Linkage (SL), Complete Linkage (CL), and Average Linkage [38]. The evaluation of the obtained partitions was carried out based on the Global Statistics of Levels, STAT (see: [39,40]). Table 2 presents some summary statistics referring to the number of employees of the participating companies, noting that the most predominant response was zero, which indicates that many of the companies are family businesses, with no permanent/fixed-term contracts or for a period exceeding 12 months or contracts for a period less than 12 months. This fact is mainly due to the structure/composition of the Azores Autonomous Region business sector. According to Sardinha [41]: "The Azores Autonomous Region shows in 2017, 27174 companies, of which 26310 were micro-enterprises, 747 small companies, 103 medium-sized companies, and 14 large companies". Regarding the evolution of the business sector between 2008 and 2017, it should be noted that micro-enterprises represented, in that period, more than 96% of the total companies in the Region. Altogether, micro-enterprises, together with small companies, represented more than 99% of all companies. In contrast, medium and large companies represented less than 1% of the Azores companies' total number [39].

Results
The distribution of the surveyed managers by islands, taking into account the island where the companies are located, is shown in Table 3.  Considering the responses of the 625 managers who reported having at least one month of operation, it was found that the period in which more companies are operating are the months between May and October, as shown in Table 4.   Considering the responses of the 625 managers who reported having at least one month of operation, it was found that the period in which more companies are operating are the months between May and October, as shown in Table 4.  Regarding the evaluation of the evolution of the leading tourism indicators in the Azores over the past few years, according to the perception of employees, it should be noted that the majority (61.8%) of employees rated this evolution as "Good" (44.8%) or "Very Good" (17.9%), and 21.1% rated this evolution as "Satisfactory." Only 9.7% rated this evolution as "Very bad" and 6.5% as "Bad." From the percentage values presented in Table 5, it is possible to conclude that the sustainable practices most frequently adopted by the companies that participated in the study are the following: prioritize the purchase of regional goods and services (94.7%); selective waste separation (94.5%); minimize the use of hazardous substances or replace them with less hazardous products (92.3%); ensure the proper final destination of wastewater (public sanitation, septic tank) (88.8%); and adopt purchasing criteria that take into account environmentally friendly products or services (88.6%). In the perception of managers who answered the questionnaire, the vast majority of companies that participated in the study do not have any ISO environmental certification, or any other type of accreditation (83.5%). They also do not organize voluntary actions with a positive impact on the local community (74.9%). They never assessed the impact of its activity on the environment and regional development (70.7%). They do not use alternative/renewable energies, such as solar, photovoltaic, or other (70.1%). Therefore, it will be useful to promote awareness actions on the use of such practices among managers of Azorean tourist companies.
Of the 406 entrepreneurs surveyed who highlighted at least one of the four sustainability axes listed (Environmental, Social, Cultural, Economic), it was found that 67% (corresponding to 34% of the answers given) consider that their companies have their goals and objectives defined in the Environmental axes, 66.7% in the Economic axis (corresponds to 33.9% of the answers given), 36.9% in the Social axis and 26.4% in the Cultural axis, as shown in the results presented in Table 6. Thus, the results suggest that most managers in the Region have concerns related to the environmental sustainability axis. However, there is still room to extend this awareness to more managers. Of the 292 (out of 636) participating managers who selected at least one of the listed aspects designed to make companies accessible, the majority (61.3%) selected the answer option "Creation of adequate parking"; 32.5% indicated "Adoption in rooms and sanitary facilities"; 31.2% a Placement of ramps; 25.3% a Training of human resources (employees); 22.6% indicated the "Use of alternative means of communication"; and 20.2% referred to "Adoption of measures taken indoors and in the hallways" (Table 7). Regarding the "Other" category, the respondents specified some interesting aspects, such as air conditioning, fire doors, heated swimming pools, recycling, and all bedrooms offered on a single floor.
The AHCA of the 21 items of Table 5  In this regard, Figure 2 shows the dendrogram provided by the Complete Linkage method, where it is possible to verify that Cluster 1 can be subdivided into seven interesting subclusters, namely: The AHCA of the 21 items of Table 5  In this regard, Figure 2 shows the dendrogram provided by the Complete Linkage method, where it is possible to verify that Cluster 1 can be subdivided into seven interesting subclusters, namely:

Discussion and Conclusions
This article aims at contributing to the theme of perceived sustainability measures taken by tourist companies and the provision of Accessible and Inclusive Tourism services in the Azores.
The study analyzes the perceptions of managers of tourism companies operating in the Azores on sustainability measures taken by Azorean tourism companies.
The sustainability of tourism in island territories is essential for its survival. Sustainable tourism covers the three aspects of sustainability, namely: the environmental, economic, and social aspects [42,43].
In 2020, the Azores' Regional Government concluded the firsts phase of a certification process for the Azores as a sustainable tourist destination, certified by EarthCheck, according to the principles of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). At the moment, the Azores are the only island destination in the world to hold this certification. In this context, the local DMO (destination manager office) launched the "Sustainability Chart," which was joined by several partner bodies in the Azores tourism sector, including the Azores Tourism Observatory (OTA). Subscribers to this chart undertake to adopt sustainability measures in their activities.
In this context of sustainability policies, OTA joined the UNWTO Sustainable Tourism Observatories network (INSTO), which has launched a survey of entrepreneurs and managers of Azorean tourist companies questioning the sustainability indicators adopted by companies.
Therefore, this article, using the data resulting from the survey launched, analyzes Azorean tourism managers' and entrepreneurs' perceptions regarding sustainability practices adopted by the surveyed tourist companies.
The research conducted reveals that 67% of the 406 entrepreneurs/managers surveyed believe that their companies pursue environmental sustainability goals (66.7%). However, a lower percentage (36.9%) perceive the existence of social sustainability goals, 33.9% of respondents perceive the adoption of objectives in terms of economic sustainability, and only 26.4% of respondents perceive measures and objectives in terms of cultural sustainability.
Thus, the conclusions of the study make it possible to formulate policy recommendations addressed to both tourist companies and regional authorities with responsibility for Azorean tourism, among which the following stand out: supporting Azorean tourist companies in adopting sustainability measures, reinforcing those of an economic nature and, above all, those of a cultural nature; and support the improvement of aspects that aim to make the company's infrastructures accessible and that make the Azores a more inclusive tourism destination.
This reveals the opportunity and the importance of this article when the sector is going through a pandemic crisis and when sustainability is a fundamental pillar of the competitiveness and survival of the Azores destination. In fact, the most recent studies on world tourism trends reveal a high potential demand as soon as the travel restrictions that will materialize end, above all, as soon as the populations are vaccinated and acquire group immunity.
Trends also reveal a preference for sustainable destinations like the Azores. Thus, it will be essential to reinforce sustainability perceptions, preparing the destination for post-Covid-19 recovery [21,44].
Finally, many studies reveal gaps between entrepreneurs' sustainability perceptions and those of tourists and the authorities responsible for tourist policies. Thus, a clue for future research in this area will be to analyze the perceptions of tourists, residents, and destination managers, the various partners of Azorean tourism in terms of the sustainability of the destination and its companies. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the changes in entrepreneurs' perceptions regarding sustainability to meet the changes in tourists' perceptions, eliminating the existing gaps.

Extracted Guidelines for the Promotion of Rural Tourism and Regional Sustainable Development in the Azores Region
Moreover, if we look at this problem from a holistic perspective, through this research, the subsequent guidelines should be considered in the contribution of long-term territorial sustainability regarding sustainable tourism in the Azores Islands: • stimulate entrepreneurship, linked with small and medium-sized businesses, promoting the variety of offers; • prioritize rural tourism over mass tourism; • foster closer cooperation among the public sector, the private sector, communities, and civil society; • promote policies that focus on sustainable development aiming to create significant investments in infrastructure and services, focusing on accessibility by air; • encourage the protection and conservation of ecological systems.
Furthermore, tourism is an innovative industrial sector. Developing a culture of tourism and services-service is not servitude; emphasizing vocational training with international inputs could help build a structured and profitable tourism industry based on diversification, destinations, and distinction.
In this regard, the tourism strategy should reinforce the value chain between the tourism attractions, stakeholders, and final markets to guarantee the destination's competitiveness and sustainability. When local growth stops in the Azores because of COVID-19 and when unemployment starts to increase, it is important to find new sources of growth in the short and medium terms. Tourism provides appropriate responses to economic needs and, as such, must be retained as a Strategic Development Policy by all local actors. That means focusing on the development of local resources, especially on rural tourism, and capturing external resources for a self-sustainable economic return, including direct and indirect jobs creation, with a variety of skill levels required to respond to the situation of Covid-19. The Azoreans themselves must be convinced that tourism is a credible development sector in the archipelago. Tourism development is also a vector of pride by putting forward the local and rural cultures outside of the archipelago and a vector of internationalization by boosting air supply and increased trade. Tourism development is a vital need to get the growth the Azores need to reduce the impact of the actual crisis and give rural society the development tools to include the archipelago in the world system. Therefore, the responsibility of all stakeholders is engaged towards the present and future generations, as with all complex and multi-player projects, the key is to take action.
The focus of the rural and peripheral areas will be targeted to improve local tourism development conditions and the consequent increase in value creation. This will allow farmers, fishers, and many other stakeholders to have new income sources that improve their quality of life and reduce poverty and potential poverty. This new scenario can also contribute to less pronounced desertification of rural areas. It will give young people new opportunities to invest and develop their businesses and/or careers. On the other hand, the identification of rural features and characteristics can enhance new tourism products. This approach focused on the innovation of the tourism supply and the diversification of tourism activities by leveraging differentiating and unique local features.
The new model can also contribute to the societal challenge related to "Climate Action, Environment, Resources Efficiency, and Raw Materials," especially considering cultural heritage issues. This is an essential asset for general tourism development and is even more important in rural areas. Authenticity, history, stories, and traditions are vital for tourism and to peripheral areas' identity. The new model must be especially alert to these features and contribute to their protection, preservation, innovation, and ability to generate value for the local communities.
Therefore, there can clearly be relevant contributions to public policies and their evolution. These will result in a more coherent approach to tourism and rural development and affect end-users. On the one hand, it will benefit tourists, because they will have a broader and richer supply of activities, and, on the other hand, it will benefit local communities, since they will have additional revenues, more consumers for their goods, and new ways to value and protect their local traditions, identities, and heritage.
In concerned rural communities, the development of tourism associated with traditional activities and local communities will diversify income sources for many families. In turn, this situation will improve the local population's quality of life and create new investment and business opportunities, new jobs, poverty reduction, migration reduction, and an increase in the number of young people working for local companies and communities. This is the natural dynamic of an increasingly competitive Region or Country.

Research Limitations and Prospective Research Lines
Although this study enlarges our understanding of how the Azorean tourism companies on the sustainability perceive sustainable tourism in this Ultra-Peripheral territory as well as which should be the guidelines for the new tourism model followed by the Azores to promote rural tourism and regional sustainable development; however, many perspectives for future research persist. In fact, this study only covers a specific time-frame (December 2020). Accordingly, considering that this issue's rapid dynamics are even more visible in the actual pandemic crisis scenario, similar studies should be proceeded in the forthcoming months to monitor those perceptions about sustainable tourism development in the Azores region and define or re-design new guidelines or models.
Funding: This paper is financed by Portuguese national funds through FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., project number UIDB/00685/2020 and also by the project GREAT-Genuine Rural Experiences in the Azores Tourism, with the code: ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000089. We are gratefully acknowledged financial support from FCT-Fundação para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (Portugal), national funding through research grant UIDB/04521/2020.