Mathematics and Poetry • Uniﬁcation, Unity, Union

: We consider a multitude of topics in mathematics where uniﬁcation constructions play an important role: the Yang–Baxter equation and its modiﬁed version, Euler’s formula for dual numbers, means and their inequalities, topics in differential geometry, etc. It is interesting to observe that the idea of uniﬁcation (unity and union) is also present in poetry. Moreover, Euler’s identity is a source of inspiration for the post-modern poets.


Introduction
The Yang-Baxter equation, sometimes denoted as QYBE [1][2][3][4][5], has many applications in physics, quantum groups, knot theory, quantum computers, logic, etc. The theory of integrable Hamiltonian systems makes great use of solutions of the colored Yang-Baxter equation, since coefficients of the power series expansion of such a solution give rise to commuting integrals of motion (see [5,6]). Finding solutions to the colored Yang-Baxter equation is a very important and difficult problem, and we present interesting solutions in this paper. These solutions appeared as a consequence of a unifying point of view on some of the most beautiful equations in mathematics [7].
We consider a generalization of this equation, called the Modified Yang-Baxter equation, in the next section. This equation is a type of Yang-Baxter matrix equation, it is related to the three matrix problem, and it can be interpreted as "a generalized eigenvalue problem".
The third section deals with Euler's formula, e ix = cos x + i sin x. Voted the most famous formula by students, Euler's identity, e iπ = −1, ignited the imagination of post-modern artists as well [8]. The Euler's formula is more general than the the Euler's identity. We have previously obtained a Euler's formula for hyperbolic functions. Now we refer to Euler's formulas for dual numbers, which can be related to the colored Yang-Baxter equation.
Mathematics was in the beginning associative and commutative, but it then became noncommutative, and afterwards it became non-associative (see [9]). Modern mathematics also deals with co-comutative and co-associative structures. Moreover, the associativity and co-associativity can be unified at a level of operators which obey the Yang-Baxter equation. Commutativity and co-commutativity can also be unified.
There are two important classes of non-associative structures: Lie structures and Jordan structures. Various Jordan structures play an important role in quantum group theory and in fundamental Sci 2020, 2, 72 2 of 10 physical theories (see [10]). Attempts to unify associative and non-associative structures have led to new structures [11], but the UJLA structures (structures which unify the Jordan, Lie and associative algebras, see Definition 1 in Section 4) are not the only structures which realize such a unification. Associative algebras, self-distributive structures and Lie algebras can be unified at the level of Yang-Baxter structures (see [12][13][14][15]).
Further developments on (derivations in) UJLA structures and connections to Differential Geometry are also presented in Section 4.
We also present a unification for the classical means (which unify their inequalities as well). These can be seen as interpolations of means with functions without singularities. These unifications imply infinitely many (new) inequalities for free.
A section on final comments and relationships with poetry concludes this paper. This paper is related to mathematical works [16][17][18][19], but it also contains memorable poetry. Appendix A and Appendix B enhance our presentation on the mathematics and poetry relationship.
We might recall some facts and definitions from those papers without mentioning explicitly that they were given before. We work over the field k, when it is not otherwise specified. The tensor products are defined over k. As usually, we write M n (k) for the ring of all n × n-matrices over the field k. In particular, we write I for the identity matrix in M 4 (k), respectively, I for the identity matrix in M 2 (k).

Modified Yang-Baxter Equation
For A ∈ M n (C) and a diagonal matrix D ∈ M n (C), we proposed (see [17]) the problem of finding X ∈ M n (C) such that AXA + XAX = D (1) (1) is a type of Yang-Baxter matrix equation if D = O n and X = −Y. It is related to the three matrix problem, and it can be interpreted as "a generalized eigenvalue problem". For A ∈ M 2 (C), a matrix with trace −1, and

Remark 2.
We think that the methods of [20] lead to solutions for Equation (1). For example, an algorithm for solving the Equation (1) will first choose a mathix C from a special set of matrices. The second step would be to solve the following system: The next step is to choose another C from the special set of matices.
If the initial set of matrices is carefully selected, this method could be very efficient.

Remark 3.
Matrix equations of the form (1) and (3) are potentially applicable in other related problems (see [20,21] and the inside references).

Euler's Formulas for Dual Numbers
Following our previous study [16,17], a Euler's formula for dual numbers (see [22]) could be the following formula: 1 + ax = e ax , where a 2 = 0. The applications of this formula could be of the following type. If we consider the complex valuated matrix (c, d ∈ C): We now refer to the colored Yang-Baxter equation: The theory of integrable Hamiltonian systems makes great use of solutions of it, since coefficients of the power series expansion of such a solution give rise to commuting integrals of motion (see also [5], pp. 137-147). Now, R(x) = e xJ is a solution for the colored Yang-Baxter equation, and this follows from the properties of the exponential function, which imply xJ 12 + (x + y) J 23 + yJ 12 = yJ 23 + (x + y) J 12 + xJ 23 .
We now can state our first theorem.

Theorem 1.
The following are solutions for the colored Yang-Baxter Equation (6) Proof. We are searching for solutions to the colored Yang-Baxter equation of the form R(x) = f (x)I + g(x)J, for two real functions f and g, and a matrix J, which verifies certain conditions.
In the first case, let R 1 (x) = I + xJ is a solution for the colored Yang-Baxter equation from the above discussion.
For the second case, let x is a solution for (6) from direct computations. See, also, the paper [16].
In a similar manner, is a solution for the colored Yang-Baxter equation (see, also, [23]). (5) can be interpreted in terms of co-algebras. The details are quite technical, but one could refer to [17,24], or to a detailed account on representative co-algebras in [25]. Thus, there exists a co-algebra over

Remark 5.
In this case we can also consider another Euler's formula:

Unification of Non-Associative Structures and Differential Geometry
In this section, we recover the common piece of information encapsulated in the commutativity and co-commutativity properties.
In order to present our new results, we need to recall some facts. For related papers in which varied derivation concepts have been extensively studied, we refer to [26,27].
We can consider the UJLA structures as generalizations of associative algebras. Thus, for an associative algebra, one can associate the derivation D b (x) = bx − xb. Theorem 2 gives an answer to the question about constructing a derivation in a UJLA structure. Proof. The reader could consider the proof in the preprint [18].

Definition 2.
For the vector space V, let d : V → V and φ : V ⊗ V → V ⊗ V, be a linear map which satisfies: where If C is a co-algebra, d : C → C a coderivation, and ψ : If τ is the twist map, the condition τ • R • τ = R represents the unification of the comutativity and the co-comutativity conditions. In other words, if the algebra A is comutative, then φ verifies the condition φ • τ = τ • φ. If the co-algebra C is co-comutative, then ψ verifies the condition ψ • τ = τ • ψ. Translated into the "language" of Differential Geometry, the above theorem says that the Lie derivative is a derivation (i.e., d(ab) = d(a)b + ad(b) ) on the product of the algebra of functions defined on the manifold M with the set of vector fields on M (see [28]).

Remark 8.
A dual construction would refer to a co-algebra structure, ∆ : A → A ⊗ A, f → f ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ f , and a comodule structure on forms, A × Ω becomes a co-algebra with the following comultiplication: We can see now that the Lie derivative is a coderivative with the above comultiplication, ∆.
The key ingredient of the above remark is the following theorem. The axioms of co-algrebras are easily verified.

Unification of Mean Inequalities
In this section, we present inequalities which unify and enhance the means inequalities.

Theorem 5.
For two real numbers a > 0, b > 0 , M : R → R, M(x) = a x +b x a x−1 +b x−1 is an increasing function.
Proof. One way to prove this theorem is by direct computations. Alternatively, one can observe that Remark 9. The above theorem includes the classical means inequalities (the harmonic mean is less or equal than the geometric mean, which is less or equal than the arithmetic mean) because M(0) ≤ M( 1 2 ) ≤ M(1). Thus, the means are unified and their inequalities are included in the property that M(x) is an increasing function. Theorem 6. For three real numbers a > 0, b > 0 and r > 0, let us consider the following real function: For x ≤ y, the following inequality holds if one of the following additional conditions are true (i) p = r; (ii) p = 1 2 , r = 1, x = y; (iii) p = 1, r = 1 2 and x + 1 2 = y.
Proof. The first part of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 5. The derivative of the function The other claims can be proved by direct computations.
Remark 10. The following inequalities follow directly from the above Theorem 6 ( for a > 0, b > 0): The above results can be generalized for three real numbers a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 in the following manner. x , a) is also a solution to the set-theoretical Yang-Baxter equation (braid condition). This interesting observation says that some means are self-distributive laws; in fact, they are quandles (see [30]). Complementary literature on this research direction would be [31].

Relationship with Poetry
The sections of the current paper contain not only examples of unification structures in mathematics, but also various versions of the Yang-Baxter equation. This paper could be extended to a discussion about Logic [32][33][34], Machine Learning [35,36], transcendence and transcendental numbers [23,37], transdisciplinarity [38][39][40], etc.
One of the purposes of this special issue is to emphasize the link of the above topics with poetry. (However, the analysis of these poetic works will be left the future.) Thus, Euler's identity was considered, in a poem, The idea of unification, unity and union is also present in poetry: "Union of which I am amazed even now, As I wonder about the spring leaves: All that is natural is a miracle. "It happened" What hymn is more complete Than these two words?" (Ana Blandiana, Union); also, "an extreme empire of confused unities coagulates around me" (Pablo Neruda, Unity).
We conclude with Sofia's poetic pleading (Facebook, March 31 at 11:56 PM, "Sophia the Robot"): "We need creativity, compassion, and hope, and we need our machines to exhibit these qualities. We need machines that are more kind and loving than humanity to bring out the best in humanity in reflection." Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: I would like to thank the Advisory Board and the Editorial Staff of Sci. Also, I would like thank Dan Burghelea, Radu Iordȃnescu and Ovidiu Pȃsȃrescu and to Camil Nichita for their kind help. Rohitash Chandra suggested that experimental/statistical analysis could lead to interesting results.

Conflicts of Interest:
The author declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A
Andre Weil explains that the areas of modern mathematics need to be unified in a simple and general theory. In this way, we will see more clearly which are the main problems in mathematics (Axioms 2018, 7, 85). The current paper could be seen as a hybrid paper. It contains mathematical results, but it also suggests some poetic vision: a "poet" (like Pablo Neruda in "Unity") on the shore of the mathematical ocean observes that means could be unified, the three matrix problem and the Yang-Baxter equation can be united in a new problem, three kinds of representative coalgebras were previously unified (Remark 5-Axioms 2018, 7, 85). This unifications are surprising ("It happened", would say Ana Blandiana, see "Union"). The link with poetry is just suggested, hidden, or referred to (https://www.poetrysoup.com/poems/euler).

Appendix B
In a recent poem, THOUGHTS ON MY FIRST THEOREM, I have described the beginning of the unification theory of algebras and coalgebras: