ERCP: Energy-Efficient and Reliable-Aware Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Propose a novel energy-efficient and reliable clustering algorithm considering nodes’ residual energy, quality of wireless links, cluster head load, and distance representing the average intra-cluster distance and distance to sink node.
- (2)
- Propose an energy-efficient reliable-aware routing algorithm considering the link quality, distance to sink node, nodes’ residual energy, and load balancing.
2. Related Work
3. Problem Modelling
- (1)
- Provides the shortest average intra-cluster distance.
- (2)
- Provides the highest possible data transfer reliability.
- (3)
- Provides the shortest inter-cluster distance (the distance to the sink node).
- (4)
- Has the highest energy level.
- (5)
- Has the minimum cluster load metric value.
- (1)
- Minimum communication distance.
- (2)
- Maximum reliability.
- (3)
- In order to establish a better energy balance, the nodes participating in such a path have the highest value resulting from the new proposed energy load function.
4. Proposed ERCP Clustering Algorithm
4.1. Cluster Head Selection
Algorithm 1: ERCP cluster head selection algorithm |
1: ch is the cluster head ID; 2: NEBx is the neighbor set of sensor node x. 3: next_cluster head [ ] is the array containing the selected cluster head nodes; 4: NMx[ ] is the array containing the neighbor nodes of sensor node x that is not covered by any cluster head; 5: y is the neighbor node; 6: CH is the number of candidate cluster head nodes; 7: R[CH] is the array for sorting probability amount of candidate cluster heads; Proc 1: Candidate member nodes calculation 8: Node x sends the “member” message to its all neighbors NEBx; 9: When a response is received from a node y, it does: 10: if y is not covered by any cluster head 11: then add y to NMx array 12: Endproc Proc 2: Decision Making 13: Node x sends “join” message to its neighbors with the value of its CHCostx(t) as given in Equation (8); 14: 15: 16: For (n = 0; n = CH; n++) 17: If (R[n] > Rmax) 18: 19: 20: next_cluster head [ ] ← x; 21: EndIf 22: EndFor 21: Endproc |
4.2. Inter-Cluster Routing Protocol
Algorithm 2: ERCP next hop selection algorithm |
1: x = Relay node ID; 2: y = Next relay node; 3: next_hop[ ] = Array containing the selected relay nodes; 4: X = The number of neighbors located in the direction of sink node; 5: P[X] = Array for sorting probability amount of neighbors; Proc 1: ERCP-Next-Hop-Selection 6: Node x sends “next hop selection message” to its cluster head neighbors NEBx; 7: Each node sends reply with the current REy(t), PRRxy(t), NDRy(t); 8: For each do 9: If (ED(y,sink) ≥ ED(x,sink)|)) 10: discard the reply message; 11: Else 12: calculates the cost RCostxy(t) of each y based on Equation (9) and Equation (10); 13: 14: Endif 15: EndFor 16: 17: For (r = 0; r = X; r++) 18: If (P[r] > Pmax) 19: 20: 21: next_hop[ ]= y 22: EndIf 23: EndFor 24: EndProc |
5. Performance Evaluations
5.1. Performance Evaluation Criteria
- Network Lifetime [31] is the amount of time that has passed since the network started running until the first node in the network stops working because its battery is depleted.
- The packet delivery rate (PDR) [31] is the ratio of the number of successful messages sent by the source nodes that the sink node received.
- The average end-to-end delay [31] is the average amount of time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source node to the sink.
- EIF, or the Energy Imbalance Factor [31], is the average difference in energy between the nodes in the whole network.
5.2. Simulation Model
5.3. Simulation Results
5.3.1. Network Lifetime Evaluation
5.3.2. Packets Delivery Ratio (PDR) Evaluation
5.3.3. Average End-to-End Delay Evaluation
5.3.4. Energy Balance Evaluation
5.3.5. Complexity Evaluation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Algorithm | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
LEACH | Enhances energy efficiency by Periodically rotating the cluster heads. | Unbalanced energy consumption due to the random selection of the cluster heads, and it is not addressed the reliability issue. |
FR-LEACH | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy factor. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed and the reliability issue is not considered. |
DARE-SEP | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy and distance factors. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed and the reliability issue is not considered. |
HMBCR | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy, distance, and load factors. | The reliability issue is not considered. |
ECRP | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy and distance factors. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed, and the reliability issue is not considered. |
CRCGA | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy, distance, and load factors. | The reliability issue is not considered. |
CPMA | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy and distance factors. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed, and the reliability issue is not considered. |
Greedy & GA ANN & GA | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy and distance factors. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed, and the reliability issue is not considered. |
ML-TSEP | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy, distance, and load factors. | The reliability issue is not considered. |
DE-SEP | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy, and distance factors. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed, and the reliability issue is not considered. |
GCEEC | Enhances energy efficiency and coverage. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed, and the reliability issue is not considered. |
EPSO-CEO | Enhances energy efficiency by utilizing energy and distance factors. | The load balancing issue is not fully addressed and the reliability issue is not considered. |
The proposed ERCP | The energy efficiency, load balancing, and reliability issues are considered | Has more computation energy. |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Deployment strategy | Uniformly random |
Num sensor nodes | 300 |
Maximum number of retransmissions | 4 |
Packet size | 50 byte |
Buffer size | 128 Kbyte |
Frequency Path loss exponent | 868 MHz 3 |
Minimum radio range | 150 m |
Data rate | 20 Kbps |
Shadow fading variance | 3 |
Reference distance | 1 m |
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Share and Cite
El-Fouly, F.H.; Khedr, A.Y.; Sharif, M.H.; Alreshidi, E.J.; Yadav, K.; Kusetogullari, H.; Ramadan, R.A. ERCP: Energy-Efficient and Reliable-Aware Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2022, 22, 8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228950
El-Fouly FH, Khedr AY, Sharif MH, Alreshidi EJ, Yadav K, Kusetogullari H, Ramadan RA. ERCP: Energy-Efficient and Reliable-Aware Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2022; 22(22):8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228950
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Fouly, Fatma H., Ahmed Y. Khedr, Md. Haidar Sharif, Eissa Jaber Alreshidi, Kusum Yadav, Huseyin Kusetogullari, and Rabie A. Ramadan. 2022. "ERCP: Energy-Efficient and Reliable-Aware Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 22, no. 22: 8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228950