Cloning and Characterization of Three Sugar Metabolism Genes (LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS) Regulated in Response to Elevated CO2 in Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum L.)

The composition and content of sugar play a pivotal role in goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) fruits, determining fruit quality. Long-term exposure of goji berry to elevated CO2 (eCO2) was frequently demonstrated to reduce sugar content and secondary metabolites. In order to understand the regulatory mechanisms and improve the quality of fruit in the changing climate, it is essential to characterize sugar metabolism genes that respond to eCO2. The objectives of this study were to clone full-length cDNA of three sugar metabolism genes—LBGAE (Lycium barbarum UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase), LBGALA (Lycium barbarum alpha-galactosidase), and LBMS (Lycium barbarum malate synthase)—that were previously identified responding to eCO2, and to analyze sequence characteristics and expression regulation patterns. Sugar metabolism enzymes regulated by these genes were also estimated along with various carbohydrates from goji berry fruits grown under ambient (400 μmol mol−1) and elevated (700 μmol mol−1) CO2 for 90 and 120 days. Homology-based sequence analysis revealed that the protein-contained functional domains are similar to sugar transport regulation and had a high sequence homology with other Solanaceae species. The sucrose metabolism-related enzyme’s activity varied significantly from ambient to eCO2 in 90-day and 120-day samples along with sugars. This study provides fundamental information on sugar metabolism genes to eCO2 in goji berry to enhance fruit quality to climate change.


Introduction
Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) is a perennial shrub and belongs to the genus Lycium of the family Solanaceae, also called wolfberry. China is the leading supplier of goji, with a yield of 95,000 tons and cultivating area of nearly 90,000 hectares. Currently, the goji berry is being used worldwide as popular nutraceutical food or dietary health supplement in various forms due to its rich chemical composition and healing properties [1]. With the increasing demand due to its medicinal properties, more attention has been paid to improve the fruit quality of the goji berry. The LBP (Lycium barbarum polysaccharide) is the most abundant group of active ingredients in goji berry fruit, containing several monosaccharides that are influenced by several environmental factors [2,3].
Climate change has profound global consequences with direct effects on agricultural production, livestock and environment quality, and indirect influence on food security and human survival [4]. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration is beneficial for photosynthesis and can directly affect the growth and development of plants [5][6][7]. While plants exposed to increased levels of CO 2 are expected to benefit from carbon fertilization, the extent of advantage depends on the plant species. For example, in tomato, carbon exchange rates were significantly higher in CO 2 -enriched plants for the first few weeks of treatment after that decreased due to acclimation to elevated CO 2 , which attributed to an accumulation of sugar and/or starch [8]. Similarly, prolonged elevated atmospheric CO 2 levels were shown to negatively affect goji berry fruit quality with reduced flavonoid, carotenoid, total sugars and polysaccharides, which might be related to photosynthesis acclimation [9].
A long-term elevated CO 2 condition accelerates the vegetative growth and improves the morphology of the fruit, but it was also found that the contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, polysaccharide, and total sugar were reduced. The sucrose-metabolizing enzymes changed significantly over the period across treatments [10]. Similar results were also observed in goji berry fruits grown under eCO 2 , where the reduction in sugar and secondary metabolite levels was noticed, affecting fruit quality [9]. The sugar content in the fruit is determined by the sugar biosynthesis and accumulation, which is catalyzed by relating enzymes controlled by the expression of genes. The reduction in the sink and an increase in non-structural carbohydrate levels due to photosynthesis acclimation were related to a single gene mutation in soybean [11]. Hence, it is important to identify and characterize the genes involved in sugar metabolism to improve the quality of the goji berry fruit for future climatic conditions, especially with the projected increase in the atmospheric CO 2 concentration.
Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are the main components of plant fruits. Sucrose is a significant form of photosynthate component transportation from the source (leaves) and is distributed to sink organs (fruit). Sucrose supplies carbon and energy to plants by first relying on their cleavage to form hexoses. This process is catalyzed by at least two different classes of enzymes: one is sucrose synthase, which catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose to uridine diphosphate (UDP) and fructose; the other is invertase, catalyzing the cleavage of sucrose to form glucose and fructose [12][13][14][15]. The molecular regulation of sugar metabolism and genes involved in such regulation in goji berry fruit to different environmental conditions is still unknown, especially under elevated CO 2 . Hence, the objective of the current study was to clone and analyze the sequence of three goji berry genes-LBGAE (Lycium barbarum UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase), LBGALA (Lycium barbarum alpha-galactosidase), and LBMS (Lycium barbarum malate synthase)-that were identified in our previous study through transcriptome profiling [9]. The reason for selecting these three genes was that they were upregulated under eCO 2 and are involved in four primary sugar metabolic pathways. The three genes involved in sugar metabolism pathways and regulation, especially in sucrose metabolism, did not express under ambient conditions but increased their expression under elevated CO 2 treatment. The other objective was to study the activity of four sucrose metabolism-related enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase, neutral invertase, acid invertase, sucrose synthase) regulated by the three genes. The end components of these three genes reducing sugars, starch, polysaccharide, and sucrose, were also estimated to observe the effects of elevated CO 2 on substance accumulation and metabolism in goji berry to improve the fruit quality.

Identification and the Complete Sequence Cloning of Sugar Metabolism Genes
Three sugar metabolism-related genes LBGAE (Lycium barbarum UDP glucuronate 4-epimerase), LBGALA (Lycium barbarum alpha-galactosidase) and LBMS (Lycium barbarum malate synthase) upregulated to elevated CO 2 were selected from a previous transcriptome profiling study of goji berry [9]. These three genes were upregulated under eCO 2 and are involved in four primary sugar metabolic pathways. Subsequently, this study characterized the three genes since these genes are involved in four sugar pathways. The sequences obtained by the transcriptome profiling are usually incomplete; hence, cloning of cDNA of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS was performed to analyze the complete sequence.

Characterization and Sequences Analysis
Protein sequence analysis demonstrated that LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS contain a conservative structure domain of SDR (short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases; GenBank: CL25409, position: 73-401), AmyAc (Alpha-amylase catalytic; GenBank: cl07893, position: 38-409), and malate synthase (GenBank: PLN02626, position: 19-571), respectively ( Table 1). The physicochemical properties of proteins, such as molecular weight, theoretical pI, instability index, aliphatic index, and grand average hydropathicity, were analyzed and listed in Table 1. In addition, the analysis indicated that the LBGAE protein sequence contains a transmembrane region (position: 7-29) and six protein functional domains ( Figure 1a). The LBGALA protein sequence includes signal peptide cleavage sites in Ala 23 and two protein functional domains of glycoside hydrolase family ( Figure 1b). The analysis also indicated that LBGALA is a secretory protein, while LBGAE and LBMS are soluble and non-secretory proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm without protein translocation ability.
The subcellular localization prediction discloses that LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS have the highest possibility of located in mitochondria, chloroplast, and peroxisomes ( Table 1). The prediction of protein secondary ( Figure S2a-c) and tertiary structures (Figure 2a-c) indicated that LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS are mainly composed of alpha-helix, random coil and extended strand (Table 1). Additionally, no disulfide bond was formed among them.

Multiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis
The multiple sequence alignment of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS with amino acid sequences of several other species from NCBI was performed using ClustalX and MEGA 7.0 program. Results indicated that three genes are more than 80% identical to the Capsicum annuum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum lycopersicum and Nicotiana tabacum ( Figure S3a-c).
The phylogenetic tree was constructed with full-length proteins of the three genes showed that these three genes were clustered with other homologous genes of 20 species into three groups. The three genes were clustered in the same branch with members of Nicotiana, Capsicum and Solanum, but distantly related with members of Momordica charantia, Erythranthe guttata, and Arabidopsis thaliana ( Figure 3).   The subcellular localization prediction discloses that LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS have the highest possibility of located in mitochondria, chloroplast, and peroxisomes (Table 1). The prediction of protein secondary ( Figure S2a-c) and tertiary structures (Figure 2a-c) indicated that LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS are mainly composed of alpha-helix, random coil and extended strand (Table 1). Additionally, no disulfide bond was formed among them.

Multiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis
The multiple sequence alignment of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS with amino acid sequences of several other species from NCBI was performed using ClustalX and MEGA 7.0 program. Results indicated that three genes are more than 80% identical to the Capsicum annuum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum lycopersicum and Nicotiana tabacum ( Figure S3ac).
The phylogenetic tree was constructed with full-length proteins of the three genes showed that these three genes were clustered with other homologous genes of 20 species into three groups. The three genes were clustered in the same branch with members of Nicotiana, Capsicum and Solanum, but distantly related with members of Momordica charantia, Erythranthe guttata, and Arabidopsis thaliana ( Figure 3).   Figure 4. These three genes are involved in the regulation of four sugar metabolism pathways: amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ko00520), starch and sucrose metabolism (ko00500), pyruvate metabolism (ko00620), and galactose metabolism (ko00052) (Figure 4). The gene LBGAE (EC: 5.1.3.6, UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase) is mainly responsible for the interconversion of UDP-D-Galacturonate and UDP-D-Glucuronate in starch and sucrose metabolism (ko00500), and UDP-GlcA and UDP-Gala in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ko00520) as represented in Figure 4.

Expression Analysis of Genes LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS
Further evaluation of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS to eCO2 by qRT-PCR was not consistent among leaves, stems, and fruits. The expression levels of the three genes in stems and leaves measured at 90 and 120 days indicated that the expression of LBGAE and LBGALA was significantly higher under ambient conditions at 120 days in stems ( Figure  5e). In fruits, three genes' expression levels were significantly higher under ambient conditions at 90 days ( Figure 5c). However, the same genes showed higher expression under elevated CO2 than ambient conditions at 120 days. Among them, the expression of LBGAE was significantly higher than LBGALA and LBMS (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) ( Figure 5). In galactose metabolism (ko00052), LBGALA (EC: 3.2.1.22, alpha-galactosidase) acts at several places, including the conversion of stachyose, mannotriose, melibiose, epimelibiose and D-mannose, as well as glycerol and galactosyl-glycerol; it also converts raffinose into sucrose and stachyose. LBGALA is also involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism (K00561). Similarly, LBMS is involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism (K00630) and pyruvate metabolism (ko00620). The MS (EC: 2.3.3.9, malate synthase) is primarily responsible for the conversion of Acetyl-CoA to L(S)-Malate (Figure 4).

Expression Analysis of Genes LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS
Further evaluation of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS to eCO 2 by qRT-PCR was not consistent among leaves, stems, and fruits. The expression levels of the three genes in stems and leaves measured at 90 and 120 days indicated that the expression of LBGAE and LBGALA was significantly higher under ambient conditions at 120 days in stems (Figure 5e). In fruits, three genes' expression levels were significantly higher under ambient conditions at 90 days (Figure 5c). However, the same genes showed higher expression under elevated CO 2 than ambient conditions at 120 days. Among them, the expression of LBGAE was significantly higher than LBGALA and LBMS (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) ( Figure 5).

Sugar Content and Sucrose Metabolism-Related Enzymes Activities
Various sugar components and sucrose metabolism-related enzymes in goji berry fruits grown under ambient and elevated CO 2 for 90 and 120 days were determined to understand three genes' role in sugar metabolism ( Figure 6). All four estimated sugars, including reducing sugar, starch, polysaccharide, and sucrose, followed a downward trend under elevated CO 2 . The levels of reducing sugar and starch decreased significantly in fruit samples grown under eCO 2 at both 90 and 120 days (Figure 6a,b), while polysaccharide and sucrose declined only in 120-day samples (Figure 6c,d) (p < 0.05), compared to ambient CO 2 conditions. Various sugar components and sucrose metabolism-related enzymes in goji berry fruits grown under ambient and elevated CO2 for 90 and 120 days were determined to understand three genes' role in sugar metabolism ( Figure 6). All four estimated sugars, including reducing sugar, starch, polysaccharide, and sucrose, followed a downward trend under elevated CO2. The levels of reducing sugar and starch decreased significantly in fruit samples grown under eCO2 at both 90 and 120 days (Figure 6a,b), while polysaccharide and sucrose declined only in 120-day samples (Figure 6c,d) (p < 0.05), compared to ambient CO2 conditions.
The activity of four sucrose metabolism-related enzymes, sucrose phosphate synthase, neutral invertase, acid invertase, and sucrose synthase were also determined in the samples collected at 90 and 120 days. Fruits grown under elevated CO2 for 90 days showed a significant increase in the activity of four enzymes (Figure 6e-h) (p < 0.01). However, the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase decreased significantly in the samples collected at 120 days (Figure 6e,h) (p < 0.01) compared to ambient CO2 levels.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Sugar Metabolism Genes
The current study isolated three sugar metabolism genes LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS from goji berry fruit under elevated CO2 and analyzed their sequence characteristics and potential functions. The gene LBGAE has 1236 bp ORF that encodes a 411-amino acid polypeptide, a putative protein containing SDR (short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases) superfamily conserved domain. It constitutes a large family of NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases and a structurally diverse C-terminal region, with enzymes having critical roles in carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism [16]. The gene LBGALA has 1233 bp ORF that encodes a 410 amino acid polypeptide. The LBGALA putative protein includes an Amy-Ac (Alpha-amylase catalytic) domain family and is the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), usually acting on starch, glycogen, related oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The enzyme Amy-Ac can catalyze the conversion of alpha-1,4 Figure 6. The content of reducing sugar (a), starch (b), polysaccharide (c), sucrose (d) and activity of sucrose metabolismrelated enzymes sucrose phosphate synthase (e), neutral invertase (f), acid invertase (g), and sucrose synthase (h) of goji berry fruit samples grown under ambient and elevated CO 2 for 90 and 120 days. Red and blue bars represent elevated and ambient CO 2 concentration treatment, respectively. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.
The activity of four sucrose metabolism-related enzymes, sucrose phosphate synthase, neutral invertase, acid invertase, and sucrose synthase were also determined in the samples collected at 90 and 120 days. Fruits grown under elevated CO 2 for 90 days showed a significant increase in the activity of four enzymes (Figure 6e-h) (p < 0.01). However, the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase decreased significantly in the samples collected at 120 days (Figure 6e,h) (p < 0.01) compared to ambient CO 2 levels.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Sugar Metabolism Genes
The current study isolated three sugar metabolism genes LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS from goji berry fruit under elevated CO 2 and analyzed their sequence characteristics and potential functions. The gene LBGAE has 1236 bp ORF that encodes a 411-amino acid polypeptide, a putative protein containing SDR (short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases) superfamily conserved domain. It constitutes a large family of NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases and a structurally diverse C-terminal region, with enzymes having critical roles in carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism [16]. The gene LBGALA has 1233 bp ORF that encodes a 410 amino acid polypeptide. The LBGALA putative protein includes an Amy-Ac (Alpha-amylase catalytic) domain family and is the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), usually acting on starch, glycogen, related oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The enzyme Amy-Ac can catalyze the conversion of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6-glucose chains [17]. Similarly, LBMS has 1716 bp ORF that encodes a 571 amino acid polypeptide, the putative protein with a malate synthase conserved domain. The malate synthase catalyzes the Claisen condensation of glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA to malyl-CoA, which hydrolyzes to malate and CoA. In addition, malate is also involved in the glyoxylate cycle that allows certain organisms, such as plants and fungi, to derive their carbon requirements from two carbon compounds by bypassing the two carboxylation steps of the citric acid cycle [18]. These three genes influence the sucrose metabolismrelated enzymes sucrose phosphate synthase, neutral invertase, acid invertase, and sucrose synthase estimated in response to eCO 2 in this study (see the schematic representation of sugar metabolism in Figure 4) and strongly suggest the involvement of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS in the regulation of sugar metabolism under elevated CO 2 . Phylogenetic alignment of amino acid sequences revealed a very high sequence homology of putative LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS sequences with Capsicum annuum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum lycopersicum, and Nicotiana tabacum of Solanaceae family proteins.
Overall, the sequence analysis of these three genes revealed that the genes' protein structures contain some functional domains, which provide initial evidence of their involvement in sugar metabolism, and this information can be used to explore sugar metabolism to eCO 2 .

Regulation and Expression
The schematic representation of the transcriptome data of the three genes [9] in sugar metabolism pathways shows genes involved in four sugar metabolism pathways and their overexpression under elevated CO 2 in fruits (Figures 4 and 5). Along with sugar metabolism, LBGALA displayed an up-regulation in the other two lipid metabolism pathways ( Figure 4). These genes amplified their expression levels to eCO 2 treatment compared to ambient conditions in fruits at 120 days ( Figure 5). However, gene transcripts measured in leaf and stem were different from the results of the fruits. Mostly, the expression of these genes in eCO 2 treatment was significantly lower or not different than ambient CO 2 conditions both at 90 and 120 days in leaf and stem samples. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration in the long-term is known to affect the photosynthesis and its components as a response to increased carbohydrate production and metabolism. Long-term exposure to elevated CO 2 can result in reduced levels of mRNAs encoding specific photosynthesis genes due to increased glucose or sucrose levels in the leaves [5,19,20]. The differential expression of the sugar metabolism genes, hexokinase and sucrose phosphate synthase, was found to play a role in exerting regulatory influence on sucrose biosynthesis to accommodate enhanced photosynthesis in Jatropha subjected to a CO 2 -enriched environment [5]. In contrast, the variation in leaf soluble carbohydrate amount at elevated and ambient CO 2 concentrations reduced with crop development, whereas the difference in transcript levels increased [21]. In this study, the reduction in the levels of the three genes under eCO 2 over the ambient CO 2 conditions in leaves and stems might be related to increased sucrose and glucose levels in the leaves [19]. The increase in the levels of the genes expressed in the fruit to elevated CO 2 could be a feedback regulation to compensate for reduced sugar components. These results demonstrate that three genes' potential regulatory function in the sugar metabolism of goji berry influences enzyme activity and metabolism.

Response of Sugar and Sucrose Metabolism-Related Enzymes to Elevated CO 2
In previous studies with goji berry, CO 2 enrichment showed an influence on growth, photosynthesis, flavonoids, carotenoids, and sugars [9,22]. Enhanced CO 2 , especially in C3 plants, causes increased photosynthesis, which generally leads to increased production of carbohydrates [23]. However, in the present study, the estimated four different kinds of sugars showed a reduction under eCO 2 in samples treated for 90 and 120 days compared to ambient conditions. The results agree with other studies that the elevated CO 2 reduces the sugar content in goji berry fruits [9,22,24]. Some studies demonstrated an increase in reducing sugars, total sugar, and starch content under short-term eCO 2 (850 ppm) compared to ambient conditions. However, long-term exposure reduces their levels, possibly due to photosynthesis acclimation [25]. Other studies observed higher carbon exchange rates to eCO 2 in the first few weeks of treatment but later decreased due to photosynthesis acclimation and low sink source or high sugar accumulation [8,11]. The possible explanation for the reduction in the four sugar components estimated is photosynthesis acclimation. However, no significant differences in the sugars were observed between 90 and 120 days, which suggests the occurrence of photosynthesis acclimation before 90 days. Further studies measuring photosynthesis along with sugar levels at different developmental stages are required to understand the process of photosynthesis acclimation in goji berry.
Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are the main soluble sugars in the fruit of the plant, and the contents of these sugars play a key role in the quality of fruit. Research in goji berry and other fruit crops indicated a close relationship between fruit sugar accumulation and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, including sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, acid invertase, and neutral invertase [12,26,27]. In contrast to the sugar components response, a significant variation from 90 days to 120 days in the activity levels of sucrose metabolism-related enzymes was observed (Figure 6e-h). The activity levels were higher in samples of eCO 2 than ambient CO 2 at 90 days. However, a significant drop at 120 days, which might be related to a reduction in the sugar levels was observed. These results agree with previous studies where sucrose metabolism-related enzymes were affected; sugar and secondary metabolite levels were reduced [10,28]. In a study with Arabidopsis, overexpression of sucrose phosphate synthase increased foliar sucrose/starch ratios and decreased foliar carbohydrate contents when plants were grown for long periods under enriched CO 2 conditions [29]. In rice, a high leaf CO 2 exchange rate was observed to enhanced CO 2 resulting in increased peduncle exudate sucrose levels but decreased levels in the developing grains. The whole process was linked to the poor responses to enhanced CO 2 in the activity of sucrose synthase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and starch synthases enzymes that are involved in the conversion of sucrose to starch [30]. Overall, this study demonstrates that the elevated CO 2 levels affected the enzyme involved in the sucrose metabolism and quality of goji berry fruit by reducing its sugar components.

Plant Material and Elevated CO 2 Treatment
The cultivar used in the present study was "Ningqi NO.1", and experiments were conducted with a one-year-old goji berry seedling obtained from the Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, China. Experiments were conducted in open-top chambers (OTCs) [31,32] with two treatments ambient (400 µmol·mol −1 CO 2 ) and elevated CO 2 (700 µmol·mol −1 CO 2 ) for 120 days. The experimental site is located in Yongning county of yellow river alluvial plain in Central Ningxia of China (38 • 13 50.34 N; 106 • 14 22.19 E, 1116.86 m above sea level, located in the northwest inland). The experimental farm's climatic conditions are arid and middle temperate with a frost-free period of 140-160 days. The annual sunshine duration in the location was 3000 h, with an average annual temperature of 8.5 • C and precipitation of 180~300 mm. Matured fruit samples (red fruit after the color change period) were selected from the well-grown (treatment 120 days) and similar flowering period plants for the analysis. The collected samples were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 • C for further analysis.

Extraction of Total RNA and cDNA Synthesis
Total RNA was extracted from the fruits of goji berry by using RNAprep Pure Plant Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China), according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA concentration was measured using a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and the quality was assessed by performing electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel. First-strand cDNA synthesis was synthesized using the PrimeScript™RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, Dalian, China), and the samples were stored at −20 • C until sequenced.

Cloning Analyses of the LBGAE, LBGALA and LBMS
The sequences of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS obtained from transcriptome sequencing were searched in the NCBI database. Based on the search, the sequences of LBGAE and LBGALA were incomplete, and the LBMS gene has a complete sequence. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used to obtain the full-length cDNA sequence of LBGAE and LBGALA genes. The 3 and 5 RACE reactions were carried out using a SMARTer ® RACE 5 /3 Kit (Clontech, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer's recommendations. The RACE primers were synthesized using SNAPGENE and primer 5.0. The specific primers 3 -RACE (GSP1) and 5 -RACE (GSP2) were designed to be specific to the target gene (Table S1).
A primer pair, F2 and R2 (Table S1), was designed by employing PrimeSTAR Max DNA (Takara, Dalian, China) to amplify the full length of LBGAE and LBGALA. The steps of PCR amplification include a pre-denaturation at 94 • C for 5 min, followed by 33 cycles of 94 • C for 40 s, 58 • C for 30 s, 72 • C for 1 min 20 s, and then a final extension at 72 • C for 10 min and stored at 16 • C. Products of PCR were visualized and verified using 0.8% agarose gel. The product was then extracted and purified utilizing a PCR Purification Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China), and then ligated into the pMD18-T vector (Takara, Dalian, China) and sequenced.

Bioinformatics Analysis of Sequences
DNAMAN (V8.0) software was used to evaluate the molecular mass, base composition, and base distribution of the nucleic acid sequences. In addition, BioEdit (V7.0.5.3) software was used to perform sequence analysis of the enzyme digestion. Base-homology analysis was conducted utilizing BLAST of NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) (accessed on 5 January 2021), and protein structural domain analysis of the protein sequence was studied employing SMART (Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool) (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/) (accessed on 5 January 2021) tool. The open reading frame was identified by ORF finder (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/) (accessed on 5 January 2021). Protein tertiary structure was modeled by the homology-modeling server SWISS-MODEL (http://swissmodel.expasy.org/) (accessed on 5 January 2021), and the models were further analyzed and refined using Swiss-Pdb Viewer v4.1.0.

Gene Expression Analysis by qRT-PCR
The specific primers for qPCR of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS and β-actin (internal reference) were designed based on the full cDNA sequence (Table S1), and the primers were designed using PrimerQuest Tool (http://sg.idtdna.com/Primerquest/Home/Index) (accessed on 5 January 2021). The qRT-PCR assay was conducted using a Quantitative Flu-orescent assay that used the abm ® EvaGreen qPCR MasterMix-ROX kit (ABM, Vancouver, BC, Canada).
The qRT-PCR was performed with a 20 µL of reaction mix containing 10 µL abm ® EvaGreen qPCR MasterMix-No Dye (2×), 0.4 µL of each Primer (10 µM, 0.8 µL of PCR Reverse Primer), 10 µM, 1.0 µL of cDNA template, and 7.4 µL of sterilized ddH 2 O. The cycle of qRT-PCR reaction program was denaturation at 95 • C for 10 min, followed by 45 cycles of 94 • C for 15 s, 60 • C for 1 min, and stored at 16 • C. The qPCR assays were performed by using ABI StepOne Plus (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) with nine biological and three technical replicates. The relative expression levels of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS were calculated using the 2 −∆∆ct method [33]. Fruit samples were collected in nine replicates from ambient and elevated CO 2 OTC chambers on 90 and 120 days. The samples were stored at −80 • C until further the next stage. The content of polysaccharide, sucrose, reducing sugars, and starch was measured by following the method described by Ha et al. [10] using approximately 5.0 g sample. The enzyme activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, neutral invertase, acid invertase, and sucrose synthase was estimated as described by Liu et al. [28].

Conclusions
This study confirms the effect of eCO 2 on various sugar components and enzyme activities of goji berry fruit estimated at both 90 and 120 days. Furthermore, the three sugar metabolism genes that upregulated to eCO 2 were analyzed in detail to understand the molecular mechanism of the goji berry response to eCO 2 . The full-length cDNAs of LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS were cloned and analyzed for their protein characteristics. The potential regulatory functions of the proteins were identified; in addition, significant upregulation transcriptome of these three genes in fruits to CO 2 was confirmed. The expression of these genes might have played an important role in the sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activity and reduced the content of four sugars estimated. However, further studies are required to understand the underlying regulatory mechanism of these genes to eCO 2 . The results of this study provide theoretical references and lay the molecular basis to study metabolic regulation of sugar accumulation and the subsequent understanding of gene functions in goji berry to improve fruit quality in changing climate conditions. However, a detailed study on the role of three genes and their mechanism in regulating sugar metabolism by knock-out or knock-down mutants is needed.