Appetite-Suppressing and Satiety-Increasing Bioactive Phytochemicals: A Systematic Review

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Bioactive phytochemicals in food supplements are a trending approach to facilitate dieting and to improve patients’ adherence to reducing food and caloric intake. The aim of this systematic review was to assess efficacy and safety of the most commonly used bioactive phytochemicals with appetite/hunger-suppressing and/or satiety/fullness-increasing properties. To be eligible, studies needed to have included at least 10 patients per group aged 18 years or older with no serious health problems except for overweight or obesity. Of those studies, 32 met the inclusion criteria, in which 27 different plants were tested alone or as a combination, regarding their efficacy in suppressing appetite/hunger and/or increasing satiety/fullness. The plant extracts most tested were derived from Camellia sinensis (green tea), Capsicum annuum, and Coffea species. None of the plant extracts tested in several trials showed a consistent positive treatment effect. Furthermore, only a few adverse events were reported, but none serious. The findings revealed mostly inconclusive evidence that the tested bioactive phytochemicals are effective in suppressing appetite/hunger and/or increasing satiety/fullness. More systematic and high quality clinical studies are necessary to determine the benefits and safety of phytochemical complementary remedies for dampening the feeling of hunger during dieting.

428453 4 1 and 2 and 3 1364 5 limit 4 to (english or german) 1340 6 5 not (animals not humans).sh. 1062  Table S4. 3 Three different ways of reporting: measurements over several days: there is a value for follow-up days, but no value for follow-up minutes; measurements over several minutes on just one day: there is a value for follow-up minutes, but no value for follow-up days; measurements over several days and over several minutes on each of these days: there are values for both follow-up days and follow-up minutes. 3) BMI 25 to 35 kg/m 2 4) No significant alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism (glucose 6.11 mmol/l, total cholesterol 6.20 mmol/l, TAG 2.28 mmol/l) 5) Any acute or disabling conditions 6) Any endocrinological-, neoplastic-and autoimmune disease 7) No history, signs or symptoms of heart disease (mild hypertension with systolic pressure 140 -150 mmHg and diastolic pressure 80 -95 mmHg was allowed 1) Major depressive disorder 2) History or current diagnosis of bulimia, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar I or II disorder, or schizophrenia 3) Use of psychoactive drugs, including anti-obesity agents n.a.
Roshan et al.
[63] 2018 RCT Imam Hossein Hospital diabetes clinic, Tehran, Iran 1 1) Age 18 to 70 years 2) BMI > 25 kg/m 2 3) Metabolic syndrome (according to the new International Diabetes Federation definition: central obesity (waist circumference > 102 cm in men or > 88 cm in women) in conjunction with two of the following risk factors: fasting blood glucose 1) Insulin administration for controlling blood glucose 2) Hypo-or hyperthyroidism 3) Renal failure 4) Routine coffee consumption 5) Pregnancy or breast-feeding n.a.

Study
Year Type of study Study location Number of sites Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Outwashing, days > 100 mg/dl (> 5.55 mmol/l), TAG > 150 mg/dl (> 1.6 mmol/l), HDL-cholesterol < 50 mg/dl (< 1.29 mmol/l) in women or < 40 mg/dl (< 1.03 mmol/l) in men, systolic blood pressure > 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure > 85 mmHg) 6) Use of corticosteroids, hormone replacement therapy as oestrogen or progesterone or weight loss supplements 7) Following unusual weight loss plans 8) Cancer 9) Experiencing cerebrovascular accident and other cognitive problems or chronic diseases that impaired their compliance 10) Alteration of the medication controlling blood glucose, blood pressure or lipid profile 11) Not consumed over 10 % of the supplements Urbina et al.
1) Age 18 to 56 years 2) Apparently healthy and free from disease 3) No use of any ergogenic supplements in the last 6 months 4) Able to do everything required in the study 5) Agree to not do strenuous activity 24 to 48 hours before appointment 6) Agree to not smoke or use caffeine and tobacco for 12 hours before appointment 7) Agree to not eat or drink anything for 12 hours before appointment 8) Agree to not drink alcohol 24 hours before appointment 9) BMI 24.5 to 29.5 kg/m 2 n.r. n.a.

Study
Year Type of study Study location Number of sites Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Outwashing, days 5) Diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, chronic kidney disease or liver disease 6) Undergone bariatric surgery 7) Chronic alcoholics or smokers 8) Use of hormonal medications (e.g., contraceptives) or appetite/body weightmanagement drugs (e.g., appetite suppressants) in the last 12 months 9) Use of pump inhibitor medications 10) Participated in any food restriction program 11) Use of nutritional supplements during the past 12 months 12) Lactose or fructose intolerant  1   7) Age 18 to 50 years 8) BMI 20 to 30 kg/m 2 9) Good health 10) Nonsmoking 11) No use of dietary supplement and medication except for oral contraceptives 12) Not more than moderate amount of alcohol (less than 10 g alcohol per drink, less then 10 drinks per week) or caffeine-containing beverages (less than 2 cups per day) 13) Weight stable (weight change < 3 kg during the last 6 months) and dietary unrestrained 14) Lightly or moderately active (1 to 5 hours moderate exercise per week) 15) Used to spicy foods on a regular basis (1 to 2 days per week, in a low dosage with one meal/day) 3) Dislike and/or unwillingness to consume items listed as study foods (breakfast and lunch meals) 4) Unwilling/unable to comply with study protocol 5) Current participation in another clinical intervention trial  If the subject's daily caloric intake was at or above their total energy expenditure, they were recommended a diet that was 30 % or 2092 kJ / 500 kcal per day (whichever was greater) less than what they had been consuming. However, the maximum restriction did not exceed 41841 kJ / 1000 kcal per day. Regular exercise schedule including at least 3 days per week, for 30 minutes per day at an intensity that that would elicit between 60 to 75% of the subject'smaximum heart rate. For 3 days before the test day: Isoenergetic diet to maintain body weight by providing 55 % of energy as carbohydrates, 15 % as protein, and 30 % as fat. Test day: Arrival after 12 hours of fasting and abstinence from water, Consumption of a standard breakfast at 9.00 hours (3 slices of whole meal bread, a cup of skimmed milk [150 ml], 1 teaspoon of jam) and of a standard lunchtime mal at 12.00 hours (80 g rice, 80 g ham, 50 g white bread, 100 g lettuce, 150 g apple, 15 g olive oil and 500 ml tap water). 4) Not to use alcohol 5) Not perform exercise during the 48 hours prior to each laboratory visit 6) To eat an identical small breakfast at the same time of day, with no snacks or lunch prior to each lab visit Greenberg et al.
Between laboratory sessions, participants were asked: 1) To eat similar quantities of foods that contained constituents from the same food groups and with similar amounts of macronutrients during the same periods of the day after midnight of the day before each laboratory session 2) To avoid chocolate or cocoa beverages, tea, coffee, or other caffeinated drinks or tobacco or nicotine products for the duration of the study 3) To refrain from exercise and use of alcohol or psychotropic drugs during the 48 hours before laboratory sessions Standardized breakfast: four rolls, 3 slices of bread, 100 g strawberry jam, 60 g honey, 4 slices of ham, 4 slices of cheese, 180 g yogurt, 80 g creamery butter, 20 g sugar, 40 g coffee creamer, 200 ml water, and 200 ml coffee or tea (total energy content of 12.1 MJ / 2890 kcal; 355 g carbohydrates, 126 g fats, and 80 g proteins). Test day: arrival after an overnight fast.
Janssens et al.
[ The day before test day: standardized dinner until 22.00 hours. Test day: arrival after an overnight fast, consumption of the pudding (259 kJ / 62 kcal; 9.5 g carbohydrates, 5.5 g protein, 0.2 g fat) and a standardized breakfast (1314 kJ / 314 kcal; 45.1 g carbohydrates, 8.7 g protein, 10.6 g fat).
Panek Before each meal Participants came fasting in the morning and were served standardized breakfast and lunch during weekdays, whereas they prepared their usual food in the evenings and weekends at home.