Next Article in Journal
Organic Nitrates: Past, Present and Future
Previous Article in Journal
Current and Potential Applications of Bismuth-Based Drugs
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 19
Issue 9
10.3390/molecules190915298
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Electrochemistry of the Self-Assembled Monolayers of Dyads Consisting of Tripod-Shaped Trithiol and Bithiophene on Gold

by
Toshikazu Kitagawa
1,*,
Hiroaki Matsubara
2,
Takao Okazaki
1 and
Koichi Komatsu
2
1
Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
2
Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2014, 19(9), 15298-15313; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915298
Submission received: 11 August 2014 / Revised: 2 September 2014 / Accepted: 17 September 2014 / Published: 24 September 2014
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of tripod-shaped trithiols, consisting of an adamantane core with three CH2SH legs and a bithiophene group, were prepared on a Au(111) surface. Adsorption in a tripod-like fashion was supported by polarization modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) of the SAMs, which indicated the absence of free SH groups. Cyclic voltammetry showed an irreversible cathodic wave due to reductive desorption. The SAM also showed an anodic wave due to the single-electron oxidation of the bithiophene moiety without concomitant desorption of the molecules. Although oxidation was irreversible in the absence of a protecting group, it became reversible with the introduction of a terminal phenyl group. The charge of the oxidation was one-third that of the reductive desorption, confirming a three-point adsorption. The surface coverage was ca. 50% of that expected for the anti bithiophene conformation, which suggested that an increase in the surface area per molecule had been caused by the presence of an energetically high-lying syn conformer. In accordance with this, the line shape of the oxidation wave suggested an electrostatic repulsive interaction between neighboring molecules.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The tight binding of a sulfur atom in an organic molecule to a metal gold surface provides a secure and facile way to prepare a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) [1,2,3,4], which allows a reliable means for interface functionalization. A variety of monolayers, prepared from properly designed thiols and bisulfides, have been extensively studied for applications to sensors [5,6,7], molecular machines [8,9,10,11] and molecular electronic devices [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22].
Tripod-shaped molecules that have three legs with a terminal sulfur group at the end of each leg can serve as tight-binding anchors for the construction of SAMs [8,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Previously, we reported that molecular tripod 1, composed of a rigid adamantane core and three CH2SH legs [23,24,27], forms a SAM on Au(111) with a highly ordered arrangement by three-point adsorption (Figure 1). We further succeeded in preparing a trithiol with terminal ferrocene 2, in which the ferrocenyl group was connected with an adamantane tripod through a linear phenyleneethynylene linker [25,26,27]. Due to the area-demanding tripod structure, 2 enabled the formation of a SAM with “ideal” behavior, where no electrostatic interaction among surface ferrocenyl groups was present, which is otherwise difficult to realize without the help of non-electroactive diluting molecules.
Molecules 19 15298 g001 550
Figure 1. Structures of tripod-shaped trithiols with an adamantane core. The structures of 3a and 3b represent anti conformers.
Figure 1. Structures of tripod-shaped trithiols with an adamantane core. The structures of 3a and 3b represent anti conformers.
Molecules 19 15298 g001
In the present study, we synthesized dyads 3a and 3b, which consist of another electroactive molecule, bithiophene, connected with the adamantane tripod, and investigated the electrochemistry of their SAMs. SAMs of oligothiophenes with a monodentate anchor [20,35,36], bidentate anchor [37] or triarylmethyl tripod anchor [17,18,19,20,21,22] have been used in the construction of molecular electronic devices, such as photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes. Oligothiophenes with an all-anti (all-transoid) conformation can adopt a near-perpendicular orientation in SAMs, while the presence of a syn-linkage could prevent dense packing because of its bent structure. Since 3a and 3b have no alkyl side chains on the thiophene rings, their anti conformers form SAMs with potentially the same surface density as that of 1 and 2. Thus, reduced surface coverages of tripods 3, if observed, could be good indicators for the presence of syn-linked bithiophene in SAMs (Figure 2).
Molecules 19 15298 g002 550
Figure 2. Schematic representation of a SAM of anti-3b containing the syn-conformer.
Figure 2. Schematic representation of a SAM of anti-3b containing the syn-conformer.
Molecules 19 15298 g002

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of Tripodal Trithiol–Bithiophene Dyads

Tripod-linked bithiophenes 3a and 3b were prepared via the Stille coupling of p-iodophenyl tris(thioacetate) 4 [23,26] with the corresponding 2-tributylstannylated bithiophenes, 5a and 5b, followed by deprotection of the thiol groups (Scheme 1). Unlike the good-to-fair yields that have been reported for the Stille coupling of stannylbithiophene [38,39,40], the reactions with 5 were relatively poor, which could be ascribed to possible catalyst poisoning by the sulfur atoms in the legs. Reduction of the acetylthio groups of 6 by LiAlH4 afforded the target trithiols 3a and 3b in good yields. The reactions were so clean, that the products could be obtained in a pure form with no purification (3a) or after simple flash chromatography (3b). Further purification by HPLC was not beneficial, owing to a significant loss of the sample, due to the immobilization of the molecules on the inner surface of the stainless-steel column during separation.
Molecules 19 15298 g008 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of trithiols 3a and 3b.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of trithiols 3a and 3b.
Molecules 19 15298 g008

2.2. Formation of the SAM of 3 and Characterization by PM-IRRAS

The SAMs of tripods 3a and 3b were prepared by immersing a Au(111) substrate, prepared by depositing gold on a mica sheet, into 0.1 mM solutions in ethyl acetate (3a) or dichloromethane (3b) at ambient temperature for 24 h or longer. The SAM-modified substrate was washed thoroughly with the same solvent and air-dried.
The infrared reflection absorption spectrum (IRRAS) of the SAMs, recorded in a polarization modulation mode (PM), showed no distinct peak of the S–H stretching vibration, which was seen at ca. 2570 cm−1 in the infrared spectrum of the neat samples of 3 (Figure 3). This is consistent with the formation of SAMs using all three sulfur legs, which leads to a perpendicular orientation of the molecules. The peaks of antisymmetric and symmetric CH2 stretching, which were observed at around 2915 and 2848 cm−1, respectively, for neat samples, were shifted to higher wavenumbers by 7–11 cm−1 in the SAMs. These shifts might indicate the tightening of the C–H bonds due to the fixation of the three legs on the Au surface.
Molecules 19 15298 g003 550
Figure 3. Infrared absorption spectra of trithiols 3a (A) and 3b (B): upper spectra, transmission spectra for drop-cast films prepared on a KBr plate using CHCl3 solutions; lower spectra, polarization modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) spectra for the thiolate SAMs on Au(111).
Figure 3. Infrared absorption spectra of trithiols 3a (A) and 3b (B): upper spectra, transmission spectra for drop-cast films prepared on a KBr plate using CHCl3 solutions; lower spectra, polarization modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) spectra for the thiolate SAMs on Au(111).
Molecules 19 15298 g003

2.3. Electrochemistry of the SAM of 3

2.3.1. Reductive Desorption

The cyclic voltammetry of the SAMs of 3a and 3b in aqueous KOH (Figure 4) showed irreversible reduction peaks at −1.057 and −1.085 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), respectively, due to the reductive desorption of the thiolate ion [41,42,43,44,45,46,47]:
RS–Au(s) + e− → RS− + Au(s)
A small oxidation wave at approximately −0.84 V was also observed due to a readsorption of the thiolate ion [43,44,45].
The peak potential (Ep), the charge of the reductive wave (Qred) and the full width at half-maximum (ΔEfwhm) are listed in Table 1, together with the values for related SAMs. The SAMs of long-chain n-alkanethiols are known to show a large negative Ep (<−1.0 V), because the adsorbed molecules resist desorption due to strong attractive interactions between van der Waals-contacting alkyl groups [46]. On the other hand, the large negative Eps for the SAMs of tripod molecules 1–3 should be rather attributed to the tight binding of the molecules to the substrate by the three S–Au bonds.
Molecules 19 15298 g004 550
Figure 4. Reductive desorption of the SAMs of 3a (A) and 3b (B) on Au(111), as observed by cyclic voltammetry using the surface-modified gold substrate as a working electrode in 0.5 M aqueous KOH: geometric area of the working electrode, 0.152 cm2; scan rate, 0.02 V·s−1 for 3a and 0.1 V·s−1 for 3b.
Figure 4. Reductive desorption of the SAMs of 3a (A) and 3b (B) on Au(111), as observed by cyclic voltammetry using the surface-modified gold substrate as a working electrode in 0.5 M aqueous KOH: geometric area of the working electrode, 0.152 cm2; scan rate, 0.02 V·s−1 for 3a and 0.1 V·s−1 for 3b.
Molecules 19 15298 g004
Table
Table 1. Peak potential (Ep), charge (Qred) and full width at half-maximum (ΔEfwhm) for the reductive desorption of thiol SAMs on Au(111), as measured by cyclic voltammetry a.
Table 1. Peak potential (Ep), charge (Qred) and full width at half-maximum (ΔEfwhm) for the reductive desorption of thiol SAMs on Au(111), as measured by cyclic voltammetry a.
ThiolEpQred bΔEfwhm
(V vs. Ag/AgCl)(µC·cm−2)(mV)
1 c−1.08810091
2 d−0.97791125
3a−1.05751108
3b−1.08549121
n-C12H25SH c−1.08410020
a In 0.5 M aqueous KOH; b calculated from the reduction peak area. The uncertainty due to sample-to-sample variations is ±10%; c [23]; d [26].
The small ΔEfwhm for n-dodecanethiol can also be ascribed to the strong attractive interaction between neighboring alkyl chains [46], while the much larger values observed for tripod trithiols indicate the insignificance of such interactions.
The surface coverage of the adsorbed molecules (Γred) is proportional to Qred:
Γred = Qred/nFA
Here, n = 3 electrons per molecule, F is the Faraday constant and A is the geometric area of the electrode (0.152 cm2). As indicated in Table 1, we previously reported [23,26] that the SAMs of bromine- and ferrocene-terminated trithiols (1 and 2) showed Qreds of ca. 100 µC·cm−2, which approximated that observed for n-dodecanethiol. On the other hand, the reductive charges of 3a and 3b were approximately 50 µC·cm−2, which may be explained by the greater area per molecule due to the bulky bithiophene moiety.
Figure 5 shows the density functional theory (DFT)-optimized structures of 3b with anti and syn conformations. The former had a near-perpendicular structure, while the latter was bent to a large extent and was 1.5 kJ·mol−1 higher in Gibbs energy than the former [48]. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of adjacent benzene and thiophene rings were constant within a range of 23°–27° in both structures, while those between two directly bound thiophene rings showed a large difference (anti: 18.5°, syn: 26.3°), due to the steric repulsion between the hydrogen atoms in syn-bithiophene. The anti conformation would be more favorable in SAMs, because of not only its lower energy, but also its small occupied area, which allows for higher surface coverage. However, the small anti-syn energy difference may allow some fraction of molecules to adopt the syn conformation.
Molecules 19 15298 g005 550
Figure 5. DFT-optimized structures of anti and syn conformers of trithiol 3b calculated at the B3LYP/3-21G(d) level. The dihedral angles between adjacent rings are shown. Lower structures represent top views, with the diphenylbithiophene moiety highlighted in light blue.
Figure 5. DFT-optimized structures of anti and syn conformers of trithiol 3b calculated at the B3LYP/3-21G(d) level. The dihedral angles between adjacent rings are shown. Lower structures represent top views, with the diphenylbithiophene moiety highlighted in light blue.
Molecules 19 15298 g005
Since adsorbate 3a is less bulky than 3b, the observed similar coverages of their SAMs would be due to either a greater syn/anti ratio or less complete adsorption of 3a. However, the latter possibility can be ruled out, because the surface coverage was not changed by prolongation of the SAM preparation time.

2.3.2. Oxidation of the Bithiophene Moiety

Cyclic voltammetry was performed in a positive potential range in CH2Cl2 to examine the oxidation process of the bithiophene moiety. The SAM of 3a showed an irreversible oxidation wave at 1.017 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3), corresponding to single-electron oxidation of the bithiophene moiety (Figure 6A). This wave disappeared in the second cycle, but a subsequent voltammetry over −0.2 to −1.2 V in aqueous KOH using the same substrate showed a reductive wave (Qred = 48 µC·cm−2) similar to that in Figure 4B (data not shown). These results rule out desorption during electrochemical oxidation and suggest that the bithiophene group underwent decomposition after single electron oxidation. Since oxidative coupling is prohibited for a surface-confined monolayer, it is more likely that the radical cation was captured by molecular oxygen, followed by ring cleavage [49]. The peak area of the oxidative wave corresponded to a charge of 16 ± 2 µC·cm−2.
Molecules 19 15298 g006 550
Figure 6. Cyclic voltammograms of the SAMs of 3a (A) and 3b (B) recorded in CH2Cl2: geometric area of the working electrode, 0.152 cm2; scan rate, 0.1 V·s−1 for 3a and 0.2 V·s−1 for 3b. Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) (0.1 M) was used as a supporting electrolyte.
Figure 6. Cyclic voltammograms of the SAMs of 3a (A) and 3b (B) recorded in CH2Cl2: geometric area of the working electrode, 0.152 cm2; scan rate, 0.1 V·s−1 for 3a and 0.2 V·s−1 for 3b. Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) (0.1 M) was used as a supporting electrolyte.
Molecules 19 15298 g006
An oxidative scan of the SAM of 3b, however, showed a reversible wave at E1/2 = 0.785 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3) with a charge of 17 ± 2 µC·cm−2 (Figure 6B). The anodic to cathodic peak separation (Epp = 97 mV) and the full width at half-maximum (Efwhm = 260 ± 20 mV) were considerably greater than those expected for an “ideal” Nernstian redox system: Epp = 0 and Efwhm = 3.53 RT/nF (90.6 mV at 25 °C and n = 1) [50]. This was in contrast to the result for the SAM of 2, which demonstrated ideal behavior as a result of the absence of the electrostatic interaction between neighboring ferrocenyl groups [26]. Large Epps and Efwhms have been commonly observed for other densely packed electroactive SAMs due to lateral molecular interaction [51,52,53]. In the present SAMs, such an interaction would be enhanced by the presence of the area-demanding syn conformer.
In Figure 6B, a ca. 7% decrease in the peak current was observed with each cycle. This is probably due to the partial desorption of the molecule, since a reductive desorption measurement after the fourth cycle showed a charge that was 40% less than that observed in Figure 4A [54].
For both 3a and 3b, the oxidative charge (16–17 µC·cm−2) was one-third of that observed for reductive desorption (Table 1), which was consistent with the 3:1 ratio of the densities of a S–Au bond and the bithiophene group, thus further confirming the achievement of three-point adsorption. The observed reversible behavior indicated that the phenyl end cap effectively improved the stability of the radical cation. In this context, the oxidized species from the parent bithiophene was reported to be stabilized by the capping with two terminal phenyl groups in solution [55]. The cyclic voltammetry of tris(thioacetate) 6b in solution (Figure 7) also showed a reversible first oxidation wave (E1/2 = 0.740 V) and an irreversible second one (Epa = 1.180 V). In the case of the SAM of 3b, however, only the first oxidation wave was observed, because the oxidative desorption of a sulfur atom, RS–Au(s) + 2H2O → Au(s) + RSO2H + 3e− + 3H+ [42], occurred at potentials higher than 1.1 V.
Molecules 19 15298 g007 550
Figure 7. Cyclic voltammograms of a CH3CN solution of 6b (1 mM) recorded over two different potential ranges. Ferrocene (1 mM) was added as a current standard: scan rate, 0.1 V·s−1; working electrode, glassy carbon; counter electrode, Pt wire. TBAP (0.1 M) was used as a supporting electrolyte.
Figure 7. Cyclic voltammograms of a CH3CN solution of 6b (1 mM) recorded over two different potential ranges. Ferrocene (1 mM) was added as a current standard: scan rate, 0.1 V·s−1; working electrode, glassy carbon; counter electrode, Pt wire. TBAP (0.1 M) was used as a supporting electrolyte.
Molecules 19 15298 g007

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General

Anhydrous solvents used for synthesis were prepared by standard methods. Other reagents were used as received, unless otherwise noted. Preparative gel permeation chromatography was performed in a recycle mode using Japan Analytical Industry JAIGEL 1H and 2H polystyrene columns, which were connected in a series.
1H-NMR spectra were obtained using either a JEOL AL400 (400 MHz) or a Varian Mercury-300 (300 MHz) instrument. 13C-NMR spectra were measured using a Varian Mercury 300 (75.5 MHz) instrument. High-resolution mass spectra were obtained using a JEOL JMS 700 spectrometer.
The IR spectra of neat samples were obtained with a Thermo-Mattson Infinity spectrometer using a drop-cast film prepared from a CHCl3 solution (5 mM) on a KBr plate at room temperature. The polarization modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) spectra were recorded using the same instrument equipped with a HgCdTe detector cooled with liquid N2 and a photoelastic modulator (Hinds, PEM-90) with an optical layout similar to that reported in the literature [56]. The signal was demodulated with a synchronous sampling demodulator (GWC Instruments). The differential reflectance was numerically converted to absorbance. All measurements were performed under an ambient atmosphere at room temperature.

3.2. Synthesis of 1-[4-(2,2′-Bithiophen-5-yl)phenyl]-3,5,7-tris(mercaptomethyl)adamantane (3a)

5-(Tributylstannyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (5a) [40]: To a solution of 2,2′-bithiophene (0.291 g, 1.75 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added 1.25 mL of BuLi (1.54 M in hexane) over 5 min at −78 °C, and the mixture was stirred at this temperature for 30 min. Tributyltin chloride (0.69 g, 2.1 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 40 min at −78 °C and then for 12 h at room temperature. The mixture was quenched with saturated. NH4Cl, and the product was extracted with ether. The ether solution was dried (MgSO4) and evaporated, and the residue was purified by gel permeation chromatography (CHCl3) to give 5a as a colorless oil (0.659 g, 83%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.90 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 9H), 1.09–1.14 (m, 6H), 1.35 (sext, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H), 1.56–1.61 (m, 6H), 6.98 (dd, J = 5.3, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.14–7.17 (m, 2H), 7.28 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, 75.5 MHz) δ 10.9, 13.6, 27.2, 28.9, 123.4, 123.9, 124.9, 127.7, 136.0, 136.5, 137.7, 142.7.
1-[4-(2,2′-Bithiophen-5-yl)phenyl]-3,5,7-tris(acetylthiomethyl)adamantane (6a): THF (2.5 mL) was added to a mixture of tris(thioacetate) 4 [26] (45.9 mg, 0.0762 mmol), 5a (59.1 mg, 0.130 mmol) and Pd(PPh3)4 (26.4 mg, 0.0228 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 70 °C for 21 h under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was quenched with water, and the product was extracted with ether. The ether solution was washed with 10% NaCl and dried (MgSO4). The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by gel permeation chromatography (CHCl3) to give 6a as a colorless oil (13.6 mg, 28%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 1.24 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 2.36 (s, 9H), 2.86 (s, 6H), 7.03 (dd, J = 5.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.18–7.20 (m, 2H), 7.21 (dd, J = 5.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, 75.5 MHz) δ 30.7, 35.8, 38.3, 41.0, 43.7, 45.4, 123.48, 123.53, 124.3, 124.5, 125.49, 125.53, 127.8, 131.9, 136.4, 137.4, 142.8, 148.0, 195.3. HRMS (EI+) m/z calcd. for C33H36O3S5 (M+) 640.1268, found 640.1262.
1-[4-(2,2′-Bithiophen-5-yl)phenyl]-3,5,7-tris(mercaptomethyl)adamantane (3a): A solution of tris(thioacetate) 6a (8.2 mg, 0.013 mmol) in THF (3.5 mL) was added to a stirred suspension of LiAlH4 (25.6 mg, 0.675 mmol) in THF (1 mL) over a period of 5 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and quenched by the addition of 10% HCl (1.5 mL). The product was extracted with CH2Cl2, and the organic layer was washed with 10% NaCl and dried (MgSO4). The solvent was evaporated to give 3a as a colorless oil (6.2 mg, 94%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 1.21 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 3H), 1.35 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 3H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 2.49 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 6H), 7.03 (dd, J = 5.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.19–7.23 (m, 3H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, 75.5 MHz) δ 35.9, 37.5, 38.4, 43.1, 45.4, 123.49, 123.52, 124.3, 124.5, 125.5, 125.6, 127.8, 131.9, 136.4, 137.4, 142.8, 148.4. HRMS (EI+) m/z calcd. for C27H30S5 (M+) 514.0951, found 514.0944.

3.3. Synthesis of 1-[4-(5′-Phenyl-2,2′-bithiophen-5-yl)phenyl]-3,5,7-tris(mercaptomethyl)adamantane (3b)

5-Phenyl-2,2′-bithiophene [57]: A DMF solution (2.5 mL) of bromobenzene (105 mg, 0.67 mmol) was added to a mixture of Pd(PPh3)4 (22.4 mg, 0.0194 mmol) and CuO (28.4 mg, 0.357 mmol) under an argon atmosphere. A DMF solution (1 mL) of 5a (153 mg, 0.336 mmol) was added at 100 °C, and the mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 1 h, filtered through a short SiO2 column and evaporated. The residue was purified by gel permeation chromatography (CHCl3) to give 5-phenyl-2,2′-bithiophene as a yellow solid (71.5 mg, 88%). 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.01 (dd, J = 5.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16–7.21 (m, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, 75.5 MHz) δ 123.6, 123.7, 124.3, 124.5, 125.5, 127.5, 127.8, 128.9, 134.0, 136.6, 137.4, 143.0.
5-(Tributylstannyl)-5′-phenyl-2,2′-bithiophene (5b): To a solution of 5-phenyl-2,2′-bithiophene (71.5 mg, 0.295 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added 0.22 mL of BuLi (1.6 M in hexane) over 5 min at −78 °C, and the mixture was stirred at this temperature for 30 min. Tributyltin chloride (0.17 g, 0.52 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 40 min at −78 °C and for 19 h at room temperature. The mixture was quenched with sat. NH4Cl, and the product was extracted with ether. The ether solution was dried (MgSO4) and evaporated, and the residue was purified by gel permeation chromatography (CHCl3) to give 5b as a yellow oil (0.147 g, 94%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.91 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 9H), 1.10–1.15 (m, 6H), 1.35 (sext, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H), 1.54–1.62 (m, 6H), 7.07 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, 75.5 MHz) δ 10.9, 13.7, 27.3, 28.9, 123.7, 124.3, 124.8, 125.5, 127.4, 128.9, 134.2, 136.1, 136.8, 137.0, 142.6, 142.7.
1-[4-(5′-Phenyl-2,2′-bithiophen-5-yl)phenyl]-3,5,7-tris(acetylthiomethyl)adamantane (6b): THF (4.5 mL) was added to a mixture of tris(thioacetate) 4 [26] (77.9 mg, 0.129 mmol), 5b (86.2 mg, 0.162 mmol) and Pd(PPh3)4 (30.0 mg, 0.0260 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 70 °C for 22 h under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was quenched with water, and the product was extracted with ether. The ether solution was washed with 10% NaCl and dried (MgSO4). The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by gel permeation chromatography (CHCl3) to give 6b as a yellow solid (20.6 mg, 22%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 1.23 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 2.36 (s, 9H), 2.86 (s, 6H), 7.15 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28–7.32 (m, 3H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, 75.5 MHz) δ 30.7, 35.8, 38.3, 41.0, 43.7, 45.4, 123.6, 123.8, 124.40, 124.45, 125.52, 125.55, 125.57, 127.6, 128.9, 131.9, 134.0, 136.4, 136.7, 142.9, 143.0, 148.1, 195.3. HRMS (EI+) m/z calcd. for C39H40O3S5 (M+) 716.1581, found 716.1547.
1-[4-(5′-Phenyl-2,2′-bithiophen-5-yl)phenyl]-3,5,7-tris(mercaptomethyl)adamantane (3b): A solution of tris(thioacetate) 6b (20.6 mg, 0.0287 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added to a stirred suspension of LiAlH4 (86.5 mg, 2.28 mmol) in THF (2.5 mL) over a period of 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and quenched by the addition of 10% HCl (2 mL). The product was extracted with CH2Cl2, and the organic layer was washed with water and dried (MgSO4). The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (CH2Cl2) to give 3b as a yellow solid (14.7 mg, 87%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 1.21 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 2.49 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 6H), 7.16 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29–7.41 (m, 5H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, 75.5 MHz) δ 35.9, 37.5, 38.5, 43.1, 45.5, 123.6, 123.8, 124.39, 124.44, 125.51, 125.55, 125.58, 127.6, 128.9, 131.9, 134.0, 136.4, 136.7, 142.8, 143.0, 148.4. HRMS (FAB+) m/z calcd. for C33H34S5 (M+) 590.1264, found 590.1273.

3.4. Preparation of the Self-Assembled Monolayer on a Au(111) Substrate

Gold (99.99%) was vapor-deposited on freshly cleaved mica sheets (0.05 mm thickness, 6 cm × 6 cm). The mica was pre-baked at 580 °C under high vacuum (<10−3 Pa) for at least 6 h. The deposition was carried out at this temperature with an evaporation rate of 1.0–1.5 nm·s−1 until a gold thickness of 200 ± 5 nm was reached. The obtained substrate was cut into 1 cm × 2 cm pieces and annealed at 530 °C in a furnace for 8 h under air to remove the surface contamination and to minimize defects. The hot pieces were quenched in Millipore purified water (resistivity >18 MΩ·cm, Millipore Simplicity 185 Water System). STM analysis of the gold film, thus prepared, showed the formation of large Au(111) terraces. The substrate was consecutively rinsed with EtOH and AcOEt and immersed in a 0.1 mM solution of 3a in AcOEt. After 24 h, or longer, in the dark, the substrate was rinsed with pure AcOEt and dried under an ambient atmosphere. The SAM of 3b was prepared in a similar manner using CH2Cl2 instead of AcOEt.

3.5. Cyclic Voltammetry

A surface-modified gold substrate was mounted at the bottom of a cone-shaped cell using an O-ring and a clamp to serve as a working electrode. The area of the electrode exposed to the electrolyte was 0.152 cm2 (4.4 mm diameter circle). Reductive desorption was recorded with aqueous 0.5 M KOH using a Ag/AgCl/sat. KCl reference electrode and a platinum wire counter electrode. Oxidative scans were conducted in a CH2Cl2 solution containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) using a Ag/AgNO3 (0.01 M in CH3CN) reference electrode and a platinum wire counter electrode. A Luggin capillary (0.5 mm bore) was placed at a distance of about 1 mm from the surface of the working electrode in order to minimize the IR drop in the solution. The electrolyte solution in the cell was deaerated by bubbling argon for 10 min before scanning. Voltammograms were recorded on a BAS 100B electrochemical analyzer.

3.6. Theoretical Calculations

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations [58] were performed using the Gaussian 03 program [59]. Geometry optimization was carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The resultant geometries were verified by frequency calculations to have no imaginary frequencies.

4. Conclusions

Dyads 3a and 3b, prepared from bithiophene and adamantane tripodal trithiol, formed SAMs on Au(111) via three-point adsorption, as evidenced by PM-IRRAS measurements and the charge of reductive desorption. A reversible cyclic voltammogram for the single-electron oxidation was obtained by capping the terminal thiophene ring with a phenyl group. An increase in the two-dimensional bulkiness due to the possible anti-syn conformational fluctuation resulted in surface coverage that was lower than that observed for a ferrocene-terminated analogue 2. This is in contrast to the fact that n-alkanethiols form closely packed SAMs, in which flexible alkyl chains are fixed at a linear conformation to maximize the intermolecular affinity. The adamantane tripod permits self-assembly in a well-controlled manner and serves as a rigid junction between a device molecule and a metal electrode. The present results provides insight into the molecular geometry of oligothiophene SAMs, which are promising systems for organic optoelectronic devices.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/9/15298/s1.

Supplementary Files

Supplementary File 1

Acknowledgments

We thank Takashi Kakiuchi for help in the PM-IRRAS measurement. This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Reaction Integration” (20116013) and the Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (24550155) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

Author Contributions

Toshikazu Kitagawa and Koichi Komatsu designed the study and analyzed the data. Hiroaki Matsubara and Toshikazu Kitagawa performed the experiments. Takao Okazaki executed the theoretical calculations. Toshikazu Kitagawa wrote the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Ulman, A. Formation and Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 1533–1554. [Google Scholar]
  2. Poirier, G.E. Characterization of Organosulfur Molecular Monolayers on Au(111) using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1117–1127. [Google Scholar]
  3. Love, J.C.; Estroff, L.A.; Kriebel, J.K.; Nuzzo, R.G.; Whitesides, G.M. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiolates on Metals as a Form of Nanotechnology. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1103–1169. [Google Scholar]
  4. Kind, M.; Wöll, C. Organic surfaces exposed by self-assembled organothiol monolayers: Preparation, characterization, and application. Prog. Surf. Sci. 2009, 84, 230–278. [Google Scholar]
  5. Chaki, N.K.; Vijayamohanan, K. Self-assembled monolayers as a tunable platform for biosensor applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2002, 17, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
  6. Gooding, J.J.; Mearns, F.; Yang, W.; Liu, J. Self-Assembled Monolayers into the 21st Century: Recent Advances and Applications. Electroanalysis 2003, 15, 81–96. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bertin, P.A.; Ahrens, M.J.; Bhavsar, K.; Georganopoulou, D.; Wunder, M.; Blackburn, G.F.; Meade, T.J. Ferrocene and Maleimide-Functionalized Disulfide Scaffolds for Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 3372–3375. [Google Scholar]
  8. Jian, H.; Tour, J.M. En Route to Surface-Bound Electric Field-Driven Molecular Motors. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 5091–5103. [Google Scholar]
  9. Zheng, X.; Mulcahy, M.E.; Horinek, D.; Galeotti, F.; Magnera, T.F.; Michl, J. Dipolar and Nonpolar Altitudinal Molecular Rotors Mounted on an Au(111) Surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4540–4542. [Google Scholar]
  10. Van Delden, R.A.; ter Wiel, M.K.J.; Pollard, M.M.; Vicario, J.; Koumura, N.; Feringa, B.L. Unidirectional molecular motor on a gold surface. Nature 2005, 437, 1337–1340. [Google Scholar]
  11. Kay, E.R.; Leigh, D.A.; Zerbetto, F. Synthetic Molecular Motors and Mechanical Machines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 72–191. [Google Scholar]
  12. Tour, J.M. Molecular Electronics. Synthesis and Testing of Components. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 791–804. [Google Scholar]
  13. Donhauser, Z.J.; Mantooth, B.A.; Kelly, K.F.; Bumm, L.A.; Monnell, J.D.; Stapleton, J.J.; Price, D.W., Jr.; Rawlett, A.M.; Allara, D.L.; Tour, J.M.; et al. Conductance Switching in Single Molecules through Conformational Changes. Science 2001, 292, 2303–2307. [Google Scholar]
  14. Park, J.; Pasupathy, A.N.; Goldsmith, J.I.; Chang, C.; Yaish, Y.; Petta, J.R.; Rinkoski, M.; Sethna, J.P.; Abruña, H.D.; McEuen, P.L.; et al. Coulomb blockade and the Kondoeffect in single-atom transistors. Nature 2002, 417, 722–725. [Google Scholar]
  15. Lewis, P.A.; Inman, C.E.; Yao, Y.; Tour, J.M.; Hutchison, J.E.; Weiss, P.S. Mediating Stochastic Switching of Single Molecules Using Chemical Functionality. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 12214–12215. [Google Scholar]
  16. McCreery, R.L. Molecular Electronic Junctions. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 4477–4496. [Google Scholar]
  17. Zhu, L.; Tang, H.; Harima, Y.; Yamashita, K.; Hirayama, D.; Aso, Y.; Otsubo, T. Electrochemical properties of self-assembled monolayers oftripod-shaped molecules and their applications to organiclight-emitting diodes. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1830–1831. [Google Scholar]
  18. Hirayama, D.; Takimiya, K.; Aso, Y.; Otsubo, T.; Hasobe, T.; Yamada, H.; Imahori, H.; Fukuzumi, S.; Sakata, Y. Large Photocurrent Generation of Gold Electrodes Modified with [60]Fullerene-Linked Oligothiophenes Bearing a Tripodal Rigid Anchor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 532–533. [Google Scholar]
  19. Zhu, L.; Tang, H.; Harima, Y.; Yamashita, K.; Aso, Y.; Otsubo, T. Enhanced hole injection in organic light-emitting diodes consisting of self-assembled monolayer of tripod-shaped π-conjugated thiols. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 2250–2254. [Google Scholar]
  20. Otsubo, T.; Aso, Y.; Takimiya, K. Functional oligothiophenes as advanced molecular electronic materials. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 2565–2575. [Google Scholar]
  21. Ie, Y.; Hirose, T.; Nakamura, H.; Kiguchi, M.; Takagi, N.; Kawai, M.; Aso, Y. Nature of Electron Transport by Pyridine-Based Tripodal Anchors: Potential for Robust and Conductive Single-Molecule Junctions with Gold Electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 3014–3022. [Google Scholar]
  22. Hirose, T.; Ie, Y.; Aso, Y. Synthesis of Tripodal-anchor Units Having Pyridine or Amine Functional Groupsand Their Adsorption Behavior on Metal Electrodes. Chem. Lett. 2011, 40, 204–205. [Google Scholar]
  23. Kitagawa, T.; Idomoto, Y.; Matsubara, H.; Hobara, D.; Kakiuchi, T.; Okazaki, T.; Komatsu, K. Rigid Molecular Tripod with an Adamantane Framework and Thiol Legs. Synthesis and Observation of an Ordered Monolayer on Au(111). J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1362–1369. [Google Scholar]
  24. Katano, S.; Kim, Y.; Matsubara, H.; Kitagawa, T.; Kawai, M. Hierarchical Chiral Framework Based on a Rigid Adamantane Tripod on Au(111). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 2511–2515. [Google Scholar]
  25. Katano, S.; Kim, Y.; Kitagawa, T.; Kawai, M. Self-Assembly and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Tip-Induced Motion of Ferrocene Adamantane Trithiolate Adsorbed onAu(111). Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 47, 6156–6159. [Google Scholar]
  26. Kitagawa, T.; Matsubara, H.; Komatsu, K.; Hirai, K.; Okazaki, T.; Hase, T. Ideal Redox Behavior of the High-Density Self-Assembled Monolayer of a Molecular Tripod on a Au(111) Surface with a Terminal Ferrocene Group. Langmuir 2013, 29, 4275–4282. [Google Scholar]
  27. Katano, S.; Kim, Y.; Kitagawa, T.; Kawai, M. Tailoring electronic states of a single molecule using adamantane-based molecular tripods. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 14229–14233. [Google Scholar]
  28. Fox, M.A.; Whitesell, J.K.; McKerrow, A.J. Fluorescence and Redox Activity of Probes Anchored through an Aminotrithiol to Polycrystalline Gold. Langmuir 1998, 14, 816–820. [Google Scholar]
  29. Kittredge, K.W.; Minton, M.A.; Fox, M.A.; Whitesell, J.K. α-Helical Polypeptide Films Grown From Sulfide or Thiol Linkers on Gold Surfaces. Helv. Chim. Acta 2002, 85, 788–798. [Google Scholar]
  30. Wei, L.; Padmaja, K.; Youngblood, W.J.; Lysenko, A.B.; Lindsey, J.S.; Bocian, D.F. Diverse Redox-Active Molecules Bearing Identical Thiol-Terminated Tripodal Tethers for Studies of Molecular Information Storage. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 1461–1469. [Google Scholar]
  31. Wei, L.; Tiznado, H.; Liu, G.; Padmaja, K.; Lindsey, J.S.; Zaera, F.; Bocian, D.F. Adsorption Characteristics of Tripodal Thiol-Functionalized Porphyrins on Gold. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 23963–23971. [Google Scholar]
  32. Weidner, T.; Zharnikov, M.; Hoßbach, J.; Castner, D.G.; Siemeling, U. Adamantane-Based Tripodal Thioether Ligands Functionalized with a Redox-Active Ferrocenyl Moiety for Self-Assembled Monolayers. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 14975–14982. [Google Scholar]
  33. Singhana, B.; Rittikulsittichai, S.; Lee, T.R. Tridentate Adsorbates with Cyclohexyl Headgroups Assembled on Gold. Langmuir 2013, 29, 561–569. [Google Scholar]
  34. Singhana, B.; Jamison, A.C.; Hoang, J.; Lee, T.R. Self-Assembled Monolayer Films Derived from Tridentate Cyclohexyl Adsorbates with Alkyl Tailgroups of Increasing Chain Length. Langmuir 2013, 29, 14108–14116. [Google Scholar]
  35. Ng, M.K.; Lee, D.C.; Yu, L. Molecular Diodes Based on Conjugated Diblock Co-oligomers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11862–11863. [Google Scholar]
  36. Martin, P.; Rocca, M.L.D.; Anthore, A.; Lafarge, P.; Lacroix, J.C. Organic Electrodes Based on Grafted Oligothiophene Units inUltrathin, Large-Area Molecular Junctions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 154–157. [Google Scholar]
  37. Wan, D.; Yuan, S.; Neoh, K.G.; Kang, E.T. Surface Functionalization of Copper via Oxidative Graft Polymerization of 2,2′-Bithiophene and Immobilization of Silver Nanoparticles for Combating Biocorrosion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2, 1653–1662. [Google Scholar]
  38. Malenfant, P.R.L.; Jayaraman, M.; Fréchet, J.M.J. Dendrimer-Supported Oligothiophene Synthesis: Aliphatic Ether Dendrimers in the Preparation of Oligothiophenes with Minimal Substitution. Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 3420–3422. [Google Scholar]
  39. Morin, J.F.; Leclerc, M. Syntheses of Conjugated Polymers Derivedfrom N-Alkyl-2,7-carbazoles. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 4680–4682. [Google Scholar]
  40. Idzik, K.R.; Frydel, J.; Beckert, R.; Ledwon, P.; Lapkowski, M.; Fasting, C.; Müller, C.; Licha, T. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of tetrathienyl-linked branched polymers with various aromatic cores. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 79, 154–161. [Google Scholar]
  41. Walczak, M.M.; Popenoe, D.D.; Deinhammer, R.S.; Lamp, B.D.; Chung, C.; Porter, M.D. Reductive Desorption of Alkanethiolate Monolayers at Gold: A Measure of Surface Coverage. Langmuir 1991, 7, 2687–2693. [Google Scholar]
  42. Widrig, C.A.; Chung, C.; Porter, M.D. The electrochemical desorption of n-alkanethiol monolayers from polycrystalline Au and Ag electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1991, 310, 335–359. [Google Scholar]
  43. Yang, D.F.; Wilde, C.P.; Morin, M. Studies of the Electrochemical Removal and Efficient Re-formation of a Monolayer of Hexadecanethiol Self-Assembled at an Au(111) Single Crystal in Aqueous Solutions. Langmuir 1997, 13, 243–249. [Google Scholar]
  44. Imabayashi, S.; Iida, M.; Hobara, D.; Feng, Z.Q.; Niki, K.; Kakiuchi, T. Reductive desorption of carboxylic-acid-terminated alkanethiol monolayers from Au(111) surfaces. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 428, 33–38. [Google Scholar]
  45. Hobara, D.; Miyake, K.; Imabayashi, S.; Niki, K.; Kakiuchi, T. In-Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging of the Reductive Desorption Process of Alkanethiols on Au(111). Langmuir 1998, 14, 3590–3596. [Google Scholar]
  46. Kakiuchi, T.; Usui, H.; Hobara, D.; Yamamoto, M. Voltammetric Properties of the Reductive Desorption of Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers from a Metal Surface. Langmuir 2002, 18, 5231–5238. [Google Scholar]
  47. Eggers, P.K.; Zareie, H.M.; Paddon-Row, M.N.; Gooding, J.J. Structure and Properties of Redox Active Self-Assembled Monolayers Formed from Norbornylogous Bridges. Langmuir 2009, 25, 11090–11096. [Google Scholar]
  48. A slightly higher energy (2.8 kJ•molࢤ1) of the syn conformer was also reported for parent 2,2′-bithiophene: Diaz-Quijada, G.A.; Weinberg, N.; Holdcroft, S.; Pinto, B.M. Investigation of Barriers To Conformational Interchange in Oligothiophenes and Oligo(Thienyl)furans. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 1266–1276. [Google Scholar]
  49. Wakamiya, A.; Nishinaga, T.; Komatsu, K. The stable radical cation of thiophene annelated with bicyclo[2.2.2]octene and its reaction with triplet oxygen to give a protonated cation of 2-butene-1,4-dione derivative. Chem. Commun. 2002, 1192–1193. [Google Scholar]
  50. Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2001; pp. 590–593. [Google Scholar]
  51. Dudek, S.P.; Sikes, H.D.; Chidsey, C.E.D. Synthesis of Ferrocenethiols Containing Oligo(phenylenevinylene) Bridges and Their Characterization on Gold Electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8033–8038. [Google Scholar]
  52. Lee, L.Y.S.; Sutherland, T.C.; Rucareanu, S.; Lennox, R.B. Ferrocenylalkylthiolates as a Probe of Heterogeneity in Binary Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold. Langmuir 2006, 22, 4438–4444. [Google Scholar]
  53. Guo, Y.; Zhao, J.; Zhu, J. Study on the intermolecular interactions between the functional moieties inferrocene-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer on gold. Thin Solid Films 2008, 516, 3051–3057. [Google Scholar]
  54. The large current decrease in the second cycle may be ascribed to a double layer reorganization
  55. Van Haare, J.A.E.H.; van Boxtel, M.; Janssen, R.A.J. Dimers of Prototype High-Spin Polaronic Oligomers. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 1166–1175. [Google Scholar]
  56. Barner, B.J.; Green, M.J.; Saez, E.I.; Corn, R.M. Polarization modulation Fourier transform infrared reflectance measurements of thin films and monolayers at metal surfaces utilizing real-time sampling electronics. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 55–60. [Google Scholar]
  57. Yokooji, A.; Satoh, T.; Miura, M.; Nomura, M. Synthesis of 5,5′-diarylated 2,2′-bithiophenes viapalladium-catalyzed arylation reactions. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 6757–6763. [Google Scholar]
  58. Koch, W.; Holthausen, M.C. A Chemist’s Guide to Density Functional Theory, 2nd ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  59. Frisch, M.J.; Trucks, G.W.; Schlegel, H.B.; Scuseria, G.E.; Robb, M.A.; Cheeseman, J.R.; Montgomery, J.A., Jr.; Vreven, T.; Kudin, K.N.; Burant, J.C.; et al. Gaussian 03, Revision E.01; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, USA, 2004.
  • Sample Availability: Not available.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kitagawa, T.; Matsubara, H.; Okazaki, T.; Komatsu, K. Electrochemistry of the Self-Assembled Monolayers of Dyads Consisting of Tripod-Shaped Trithiol and Bithiophene on Gold. Molecules 2014, 19, 15298-15313. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915298

AMA Style

Kitagawa T, Matsubara H, Okazaki T, Komatsu K. Electrochemistry of the Self-Assembled Monolayers of Dyads Consisting of Tripod-Shaped Trithiol and Bithiophene on Gold. Molecules. 2014; 19(9):15298-15313. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915298

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kitagawa, Toshikazu, Hiroaki Matsubara, Takao Okazaki, and Koichi Komatsu. 2014. "Electrochemistry of the Self-Assembled Monolayers of Dyads Consisting of Tripod-Shaped Trithiol and Bithiophene on Gold" Molecules 19, no. 9: 15298-15313. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915298

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop