Chemical Composition of Volatile Extracts from Black Raspberries, Blueberries, and Blackberries and Their Antiproliferative Effect on A549 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. GC/GC-MS Analysis of Berry Volatiles
2.4. Cell Culture and Berry Volatile Treatment
2.5. Cell Viability Assay
2.6. Apoptosis ELISA Assay
2.7. Flow Cytometry Analysis for Apoptosis
2.8. Cell Cycle Analysis
2.9. Western Blot Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Composition of Berry Volatile Extracts
3.2. Effect of Berry Volatile Extracts on A549 Cell Viability
3.3. Apoptosis ELISA Assay
3.4. Flow Cytometric Analysis for Apoptosis
3.5. Cell Cycle Analysis
3.6. Western Blot Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Black Raspberry | Blueberry | Blackberry |
---|---|---|---|
(μg/L) | |||
Acid | 81.3 ± 22.63 Cc * | 303.1 ± 40.8 Ac | 182.8 ± 45.8 Bb |
Alcohol | 190.9 ± 5.5 Cb | 733.0 ± 97.5 Ab | 463.1 ± 43.5 Ba |
Aldehyde | 203.0 ± 31.9 b | 203.1 ± 5.1 cd | 173.0 ± 6.5 b |
Ester | 13.8 ± 0.5 Bd | 188.8 ± 41.5 Acde | 43.0 ± 14.8 Bc |
Hydrocarbon | 8.1 ± 2.3 Ad | 0.4 ± 0.0 Be | 2.8 ± 1.0 Bc |
Ketone | 10.9 ± 4.4 Ad | 4.4 ± 0.1 Be | 3.2 ± 0.5 Bc |
Monoterpene | 2659.5 ± 52.5 Aa | 1515.5 ± 177.4 Ba | 505.3 ± 67.8 Ca |
Norisoprenoid | 0.1 ± 0.0 Cd | 0.7 ± 0.1 Be | 1.1 ± 0.1 Ac |
Sesquiterpene | 1.7 ± 0.5 Bd | 157.1 ± 43.6 Acde | 175.1 ± 73.1 Ab |
Others | 1.5 ± 0.4 Cd | 15.56 ± 2.6 Bde | 39.1 ± 7.1 Ac |
Total | 3184.9 ± 75.3 A | 3107.5 ± 256.4 A | 1588.5 ± 170.9 B |
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Gu, I.; Brownmiller, C.; Howard, L.; Lee, S.-O. Chemical Composition of Volatile Extracts from Black Raspberries, Blueberries, and Blackberries and Their Antiproliferative Effect on A549 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Life 2022, 12, 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122056
Gu I, Brownmiller C, Howard L, Lee S-O. Chemical Composition of Volatile Extracts from Black Raspberries, Blueberries, and Blackberries and Their Antiproliferative Effect on A549 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Life. 2022; 12(12):2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122056
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Inah, Cindi Brownmiller, Luke Howard, and Sun-Ok Lee. 2022. "Chemical Composition of Volatile Extracts from Black Raspberries, Blueberries, and Blackberries and Their Antiproliferative Effect on A549 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells" Life 12, no. 12: 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122056