The Mechanisms Underlying the Cytotoxic Effects of Copper Via Differentiated Embryonic Chondrocyte Gene 1
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Cytotoxic Effects of Copper Sulfate in HeLa Cells
2.2. Effects of Copper Sulfate on ROS, Senescence, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in HeLa Cells
2.3. Effects of Copper Sulfate on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in HeLa Cells
2.4. The Effects of Copper-Containing Compounds on the Stability of HIF-1α Protein in HeLa Cells
2.5. Mechanism of Copper Sulfate-Induced Protein Expression in HeLa Cells
2.6. The Cell Type-Dependent Effects of Copper Sulfate on the Stability of HIF-1α
3. Discussion
4. Methods and Materials
4.1. Cell Culture and Reagents
4.2. Cell Survival Analysis
4.3. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), Cell Cycle Profiles, ROS, Senescence, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Analyses
4.4. Western Blotting
4.5. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
4.6. Detection of the Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) and Extracellular Acidification Rate (ECAR)
4.7. DEC-1 mRNA Interference
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACC | AMP-activated protein kinase |
ACTN | α-actinin |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
C12FDG | 5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-β-D-galactopyranoside |
DCFH-DA | 2′,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate |
DEC1 | Differentiated embryonic chondrocyte gene 1 |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
DSF | Disulfiram |
FACS | Fluorescence-activated cell sorting |
FASN | Fatty acid synthase |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
FCCP | Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase 1 |
JC-1 | 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolyl carbo-cyanine iodide |
LC3B | Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B |
MTT | Thiazolyl blue tetrazlium bromide |
NAC | N-acetyl cysteine |
OCR | Oxygen consumption rate |
cPARP | Cleaved Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase |
PBS | Phosphate buffered saline |
pVHL | Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein |
PI | Propidium iodide |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RPMI | Roswell Park Memorial Institute |
RT-PCR | Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Gene Name | Primer Sequence (5′→3′) |
---|---|
cyclin D1 | Forward: 5′-ATGGAACACCAGCTCC-3′ Reverse: 5′-TCAGATGTCCACGTCCCGC-3′ |
DEC1 | Forward: 5′-GTACCCTGCCCACATGTACC-3′ Reverse: 5′-GCTTGGCCAGATACTGAAGC-3′ |
GAPDH | Forward: 5′-CTTCATTGACCTCAACTAC-3′ Reverse: 5′-GCCATCCACAGTCTTCTG-3′ |
p21 | Forward: 5′-CTGAGCCGCGACTGTGATGCG-3′ Reverse: 5′-GGTCTGCCGCCGTTTTCGACC-3′ |
p53 | Forward: 5′-CTCTGACTGTACCACCATCCACTA-3′ Reverse: 5′-GAGTTCCAAGGCCTCATTCAGCTC-3′ |
ATF3 | Forward: 5′-ATGGGTGCCCCGACGTTG-3′ Reverse: 5′-AGAGGCCTCAATCCATGG-3′ |
c-Fos | Forward: 5′-GACTACGAGGCGTCATCCTC-3′ Reverse: 5′-GCTCTGGTCTGCGATGGGGCC-3′ |
VEGF | Forward: 5′-GGACATCTTCCAGGAGTACC-3′ Reverse: 5′-GTTCCCGAAACCCTGAGGG-3′ |
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Chen, S.-Y.; Liu, S.-T.; Lin, W.-R.; Lin, C.-K.; Huang, S.-M. The Mechanisms Underlying the Cytotoxic Effects of Copper Via Differentiated Embryonic Chondrocyte Gene 1. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205225
Chen S-Y, Liu S-T, Lin W-R, Lin C-K, Huang S-M. The Mechanisms Underlying the Cytotoxic Effects of Copper Via Differentiated Embryonic Chondrocyte Gene 1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205225
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Ssu-Yu, Shu-Ting Liu, Wun-Rong Lin, Chi-Kang Lin, and Shih-Ming Huang. 2019. "The Mechanisms Underlying the Cytotoxic Effects of Copper Via Differentiated Embryonic Chondrocyte Gene 1" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205225