Effect on Perceived Weight of Object Shapes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background of Object Perception in the Fields of Cognition and Medicine
3. Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Apparatus
3.3. Task
3.4. Procedure
4. Results
4.1. Individual Traits
4.2. Weight, Size, and Their Interaction
5. Discussion
5.1. Shape Effect on Perceived Weight
5.2. Weight-Estimation Model
5.3. SWI as a Cognitive and Medical Phenomenon
5.4. Research Limitations, Future Study, and Result Applications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jones, L.A. Perception of force and weight: Therory and research. Psychol. Bull. 1986, 100, 29–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ryu, T.; Park, J. Will product packaging density affect pre-purchase recognition? Foods 2019, 8, 352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Baugh, L.A.; Kao, M.; Johansson, R.S.; Flanagan, J.R. Material evidence: Interaction of well-learned priors and sensorimotor memory when lifting objects. J. Neurophysiol. 2012, 108, 1262–1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buckingham, G.; Ranger, N.S.; Goodale, M.A. The material–weight illusion induced by expectations alone. Atten. Percepttion Psychophys. 2011, 73, 36–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Naylor, C.E.; Proulx, M.J.; Buckingham, G. Using immersive virtual reality to examine how visual and tactile cues drive the material-weight illusion. Atten Percept Psychophys. 2022, 84, 509–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dijker, A.J.M. Why Barbie feels heavier than Ken: The influence of size-based expectancies and social cues on the illusory perception of weight. Cognition 2008, 106, 1109–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buckingham, G. Getting a grip on heaviness perception: A review of weight illusions and their probable causes. Exp. Brain Res. 2014, 232, 1623–1629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buckingham, G.; Goodale, M.A. Lifting without Seeing: The Role of Vision in Perceiving and Acting upon the Size Weight Illusion. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e9709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flanagan, J.; Beltzner, M. Independence of perceptual and sensorimotor predictions in the size–weight illusion. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3, 737–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, L.; Burgess, P.R. Neural gain changes subserving perceptual acuity. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 1998, 15, 190–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brayanov, J.B.; Smith, M.A. Bayesian and “anti-Bayesian” biases in sensory integration for action and perception in the size-weight illusion. J. Neurophysiol. 2010, 103, 1518–1531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ellis, R.R. Haptic Weight Illusions with and without Vision. Ph.D. Thesis, National Library of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Dresslar, F.B. Studies in the psychology of touch. Am. J. Psychol. 1894, 6, 313–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahrimanovic, M.; Tiest, W.M.B.; Kappers, A.M.L. Seeing and feeling volumes: The influence of shape on volume perception. Acta Psychol. 2010, 134, 385–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahrimanovic, M.; Tiest, W.B.; Kappers, A. Characterization of the Haptic Shape-Weight Illusion with 3D Objects. IEEE Trans. Haptics 2011, 4, 316–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arthur, T.; Vine, S.; Brosnan, M.; Buckingham, G. Predictive sensorimotor control in autism. Brain 2020, 143, 3151–3163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pant, R.; Guerreiro, M.J.S.; Ley, P.; Bottari, D.; Shareef, I.; Kekunnaya, R.; Roder, B. The size-weight illusion is unimpaired in individuals with a history of congenital visual deprivation. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 6693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cabrera Hidalgo, J.C.; Arévalo Delgado, J.D.; Bykbaev, V.R.; Robles Bykbaev, Y.; Pesántez Coyago, T. Serious game to improve fine motor skills using Leap Motion. In Proceedings of the 2018 Congreso Argentino de Ciencias de la Informática y Desarrollos de Investigación (CACIDI), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 28–30 November 2018; IEEE: Piscataway Township, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Cortes, R.A.; Green, A.E.; Barr, R.F.; Ryan, R.M. Fine motor skills during early childhood predict visuospatial deductive reasoning in adolescence. Dev. Psychol. 2022, 58, 1264–1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, X.; Liu, Z.; Li, R.; Xie, J.; Zhao, Y.; Luo, G.; Zhao, W.; Jin, B. Clinical observation on acupuncture plus occupation therapy for fine motor functions in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J. Acupunct. Tuina Sci. 2016, 14, 328–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Case-Smith, J. Fine motor outcomes in preschool children who receive occupational therapy services. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 1996, 50, 52–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maurer, M.; Roebers, C. New insights into visual-motor integration exploring process measures during copying shapes. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2021, 55, 101954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richards, M.; Cote, L.J.; Stern, Y. The relationship between visuospatial ability and perceptual motor function in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1993, 56, 400–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Peters, M.A.; Ma, W.J.; Shams, L. The Size-Weight Illusion is not anti-Bayesian after all: A unifying Bayesian account. PeerJ 2016, 4, e2124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ryu, T.; Park, J. Analysis of perceived weight according to temperature and weight of stainless steel cup. KOSES 2022, 25, 23–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, S.H.; Song, M.; Kwahk, J. A systematic method for analyzing magnitude estimation data. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 1999, 23, 513–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellis, R.R.; Lederman, S.J. The role of haptic versus visual volume cues in the size–weight illusion. Percept. Psychophys. 1993, 53, 315–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Keppel, G.; Wickens, T.D. Design and Analysis: A Researcher’s Handbook, 4th ed.; Pearson Prentice Hall: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004; pp. 249–251. [Google Scholar]
- Kawai, S.; Henigman, F.; MacKenzie, C.L.; Kuang, A.B.; Faust, P.H. A reexamination of the size-weight illusion induced by visual size cues. Exp. Brain Res. 2007, 179, 443–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saccone, E.J.; Chouinard, P.A. The influence of size in weight illusions is unique relative to other object features. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2019, 26, 77–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dijker, A.J. The role of expectancies in the size-weight illusion: A review of theoretical and empirical arguments and a new explanation. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2014, 21, 1404–1414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ref. | Hypothesis | Method | Result |
---|---|---|---|
[17] | Study of relationships between visual-haptic integration and early visual deprivation based on size-weight illusion | Experiments on the perception of weight and size of different objects depending on early visual deprivation experience | Size-weight illusion can be improved with adequate therapy for people with early visual problem experience |
[18] | Proposal of the 3D virtual game for the development of the children’s fine motor skills | 3D virtual experiment with different geometric and toy shapes and various difficulty task levels depending on personal children’s needs | An effective 3D environment for fine motor skill development was proposed with different geometric and toy objects and various difficult task levels |
[19] | The connection between motor functions and cognitive abilities, including spatial thinking and deduction | 1970 British Cohort Study (multi-disciplinary longitudinal monitoring with interviews) | The relationships between fine motor development, cognitive functions and spatial reasoning have been confirmed |
[20] | Effectiveness of combination of acupuncture and occupation therapy for fine motor skills of children with cerebral palsy | Applying a new treatment based on a combination of acupuncture and occupational therapy among 80 cerebral palsy kids with fine motor skills issues | The proposed treatment method showed better performance for fine motor skills development in comparison with existing approaches among children with cerebral palsy |
[21] | Study of occupational therapy effectiveness for fine motor function development. Connection of motor skills with self-care, mobility, and social function among preschool children | Long-term treatment of children using occupational therapy and observation of their ability of self-care, mobility, and social functions | The connection between fine motor skills, self-care function and mobility has been confirmed during the application of occupational therapy |
[22] | Study of connection between visual-motor integration and executive functions among preschool children | Experiment with five tasks of copying different geometric shapes | The connection between manual dexterity, visual-motor integration, and executive functions was supported |
[23] | Study of visuomotor response in Parkinson’s disease depending on the visuoperceptual function | Neurological outpatient evaluation of fourteen patients with Parkinson’s disease | Parkinsonian patients have medical issues with using sensory functions to perform the complex and new movements |
[24] | Development of Bayesian model for perception of size and weight of different objects | The developed model of the perceived weight of objects is based on relations between object size and object density | The developed Bayesian model is able qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate and explain the size and weight illusion |
Shape | Small (64,000 mm3) | Medium (125,000 mm3) | Large (216,000 mm3) |
---|---|---|---|
Tetrahedron | 82 | 102 | 122 |
Cube | 40 | 50 | 60 |
Sphere (diameter) | 49.6 | 62 | 74 |
Object No. | Volume | Weight (g) | Shape |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Small | 100 | Tetrahedron |
2 | Small | 100 | Cube |
3 | Small | 100 | Sphere |
4 | Medium | 150 | Tetrahedron |
5 | Medium | 150 | Cube |
6 | Medium | 150 | Sphere |
7 | Large | 200 | Tetrahedron |
8 | Large | 200 | Cube |
9 | Large | 200 | Sphere |
Factor | Subject Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Body Weight | Height | |
Main effect | F(1,34) = 0.93 | F(4,31) = 0.74 | F(3,32) = 0.48 |
p = 0.34 | p = 0.58 | p = 0.70 | |
Subject factor × Weight | F(2,68) = 1.51 | F(8,62) = 1.52 | F(6,64) = 2.06 |
p = 0.23 | p = 0.17 | p = 0.7 | |
Subject factor × Shape | F(2,68) = 0.55 | F(8,62) = 1.58 | F(6,64) = 1.34 |
p = 0.58 | p = 0.14 | p = 0.25 | |
Subject factor × Weight × Shape | F(4,136) = 0.09 | F(16,124) = 1.04 | F(12,128) = 0.15 |
p = 0.99 | p = 0.42 | p = 0.99 |
Source | SS | df | MS | F | p | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | 31,183.87 | 35 | 890.97 | |||
Weight | 45,247.93 | 2 | 22,623.96 | 45.03 | <0.0001 | 0.233 |
Weight × Subject | 35,170.08 | 70 | 502.43 | |||
Shape | 35,920.46 | 2 | 17,960.23 | 56.43 | <0.0001 | 0.185 |
Shape × Subject | 22,278.65 | 70 | 318.27 | |||
Weight × Shape | 1643.00 | 4 | 410.75 | 2.48 | 0.046 | 0.008 |
Weight × Shape × Subject | 23,156.91 | 140 | 165.41 |
Condition | Type of the Illusion | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Shape-Size (Kahrimanovic et al., 2010) | Shape-Weight (Expected) | Shape-Weight (Observed) | Shape-Weight (Calibrated) −0.63 | |
Tetra-Sphere | 32 | −18 | −27 | −28 |
Tetra-Cube | 11 | −5 | −10 | −8 |
Cube-Sphere | 21 | −11 | −16 | −16 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ryu, T.; Park, J.; Bitkina, O.V. Effect on Perceived Weight of Object Shapes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169877
Ryu T, Park J, Bitkina OV. Effect on Perceived Weight of Object Shapes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):9877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169877
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyu, Taebeum, Jaehyun Park, and Olga Vl. Bitkina. 2022. "Effect on Perceived Weight of Object Shapes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 9877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169877