Factors Affecting Care Workers’ Coping Abilities in Emergencies to the Korean Elderly
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design and Procedure
Measurements
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ General Characteristics and Differences of Variables according to Those Characteristics
3.2. Experience in Emergencies, First Aid Knowledge, and Emergency Coping Abilities of Care Workers
3.3. Correlations among Emergency Experience, First Aid Knowledge, and Coping Abilities in Emergencies
3.4. Factors Affecting Coping Abilities in Emergencies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- ①
- Yes
- ②
- No
- ①
- 5 or less
- ②
- 6–10
- ③
- 11–15
- ④
- 16–20
- ⑤
- 21 times
- ①
- Day
- ②
- Night
- ③
- Day or night
- ④
- Dawn
- ⑤
- Others
- ①
- Difficulty breathing, asphyxia, loss of consciousness, dysphagia, cardiac arrest, etc.
- ②
- Fracture, sprains, trauma, etc.
- ③
- Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, dementia-related mental behavior symptoms
- ④
- Hypertension, Hypotension
- ⑤
- Other, including abdominal pain, dehydration, bleeding, blood in stool, burns, etc.
- ①
- Office (Facility)
- ②
- Nurse
- ③
- Nursing assistant
- ④
- Care giver
- ⑤
- Emergency medical technician
- ①
- Change of appearance: skin redness, pale pus, cold sweat, etc.
- ②
- Changes in touch: edema, skin temperature, etc.
- ③
- Change of behavior: Asphyxiation, change of physical condition, different behavior from usual
- ④
- Change of reaction: change of vital signs, abnormal breathing, change of consciousness, no response to stimulation
- ⑤
- No special method
- ①
- Yes (Only answer 1-1)
- ②
- No (Please answer only 1-2 times)
- ①
- I think life may be dangerous
- ②
- I think I can do first aid
- ③
- The paramedics arrive late
- ④
- Care worker should conduct
- ⑤
- Others
- ①
- I am not confident in first aid treatment
- ②
- I do not have first aid equipment
- ③
- When I was first aid, my elderly condition could be worse
- ④
- When I was first aid, I thought it could be a legal matter
- ⑤
- Emergency treatment must be carried out by an emergency medical worker
- ①
- I do not know how to deal with it
- ②
- I know a little how to cope but it is difficult to cope
- ③
- I know how to cope, but I do not have confidence because I do not know exactly
- ④
- I know how to deal with it, and I have no problem to deal with it
- ⑤
- Other
- ①
- Immediately after confirming that there is no consciousness
- ②
- After lifting his head and lifting his chin
- ③
- After blowing in the artificial respiration
- ④
- After 2 minutes of CPR
- ①
- Raise your head back and raise your chin
- ②
- Breathe in your breath
- ③
- Press your chest with both hands
- ④
- Fix the neck bone
- ①
- Within 4 minutes after cardiac arrest
- ②
- Within 8 minutes after cardiac arrest
- ③
- Within 12 minutes after cardiac arrest
- ④
- Within 16 minutes after cardiac arrest
- ①
- Left chest
- ②
- Right chest
- ③
- Upper half of middle half of chest
- ④
- Middle of chest between both nipples
- ①
- 3 times: 1 time
- ②
- 5 times: 1 time
- ③
- 15 times: 2 times
- ④
- 30 times: 2 times
- ①
- minimum 2cm
- ②
- minimum 3cm
- ③
- minimum 4cm
- ④
- minimum 5cm
- ①
- Perform artificial respiration
- ②
- Watch whether the patient is responding
- ③
- Press the chest
- ④
- Check the pulse
- ①
- Lay down comfortably
- ②
- Take a comfortable position such as sitting and breathing
- ③
- Let’s lay down
- ④
- Take a position to lower your head and raise your legs
- ①
- Implement the Himiri Law
- ②
- I tug my back strongly
- ③
- I knock my chest
- ④
- Feed water
- ①
- Call 119 right away
- ②
- Pain relief to relieve chest pain
- ③
- Rest comfortably
- ④
- The head is lowered and the legs are raised
- ①
- Leave it alone
- ②
- Cover the wound with a clean cloth and press it with your hand
- ③
- Wrap the wound with a warm towel
- ④
- Wash the blood with water
- ①
- Provide food
- ②
- Get up and do activities
- ③
- Lift your legs about 20–30 cm
- ④
- Raise your head about 20–30 cm and rest easy
- ①
- Provide leprosy because constipation is suspected
- ②
- It is a temporary phenomenon and provides analgesics
- ③
- Rub your ship and rest assured that it will be okay in a little while
- ④
- Do not provide food, accurately identify the pain site and report to the manager
- ①
- Measure your blood pressure and raise your legs
- ②
- Provide cold water
- ③
- Take sleep
- ④
- Provide food
- ①
- Hold your arms and legs to avoid cramps
- ②
- Check for dangerous objects around and remove
- ③
- Pass the towel between the patient’s teeth
- ④
- Hold your hand
- ①
- Grind it
- ②
- Give it a splint so it will not move
- ③
- Put on warm fomentation
- ④
- Lower the ankle below the heart
- ①
- After measuring blood sugar, feed juice
- ②
- Report to 119 and wait until paramedics come
- ③
- Feed warm water
- ④
- I am tired and therefore take sleep
- ①
- feed a lot of water
- ②
- measure the body temperature, then feed the fever
- ③
- Take off your old clothes and wipe them with a lukewarm water towel
- ④
- Because you may have quit, try digestion agent
- ①
- After tightening your nose, pressure your nose
- ②
- Turn your head back and press the dorsum nasi
- ③
- pressure the nose while warming the panting
- ④
- Lean your head slightly forward and pressure your nose
- ①
- Soak in cold water
- ②
- Remove the clothes attached to the skin as soon as possible
- ③
- Burned arms and legs are dropped
- ④
- Blisters are blown out
- ①
- Use your finger to vomit
- ②
- Drink water
- ③
- Feed the milk, neutralize it, and bring it to the hospital
- ④
- Contact 119 to tell the type of detergent and follow the instructions
classification | content | Never | No | Usually | Good | Extremely Good |
BLS | 1. You can check whether or not you have changed your consciousness. | |||||
2. You can check whether the unconscious master is breathing. | ||||||
3. You can maintain the prayer of unconscious master. | ||||||
4. You can distinguish whether there is a pulse or not by touching the neck artery of an unconscious master. | ||||||
5. I can choose the chest pressure position for the non-pulse person. | ||||||
6. Know your first aid kit and AED (automatic defibrillator) location. | ||||||
7. I can activate the AED (Automatic Defibrillator). | ||||||
8. When using AED (Automatic Defibrillator), I know about pad attachment area. | ||||||
9. When using the AED (Automatic Defibrillator), you can re-confirm that someone is away from the subject before pressing the Shock button. | ||||||
General first aid | 10. You can distinguish the elderly from the dangerous situation (whether it is safe). | |||||
11. You can choose your chest pressure position for the elderly without motion | ||||||
12. Follow chest compressions depth and speed, and chest compressions can be performed. | ||||||
13. When performing artificial respiration, you can open your airway by lifting your head and lifting your jaw. | ||||||
14. You can breathe for one second to get your chest up when you apply artificial respiration. | ||||||
15. Abdominal thrust can be performed when foreign body is obstructing the airway. | ||||||
16. It is possible to fix the part where the fracture is suspected or not by moving or falling. | ||||||
17. Hemorrhagic bleeding can be done by direct compression of the bleeding site. | ||||||
18. Emergency treatment can be given to a burned elderly person. | ||||||
19. You can take an attitude that helps the elderly who are suspected of shock. | ||||||
20. If you find an unconscious master, you can immediately request a rescue at 119 |
- ①
- Man
- ②
- Woman
- ①
- Graduated elementary school
- ②
- Graduated from junior high school
- ③
- Graduated from high school
- ④
- Graduated from university
- ①
- Less than 1 year
- ②
- More than 1 year to less than 3 years
- ③
- More than 3 years to less than 5 years
- ④
- More than 5 years ~ Less than 10 years
- ⑤
- More than 10 years
- ①
- Elderly care facilities
- ②
- Home care center
- ①
- Every 3 months
- ②
- Every 6 months
- ③
- Every year
- ④
- Every 2 years
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Characteristics | Categories | n | Experience of Emergency Situation | Knowledge in Emergency Situation | Coping ability in Emergency Situation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BLS | General First Aid | ||||||||||
Yes, n(%) | No, n(%) | χ2 (p) | Mean ± SD | t or F (p) | Mean ± SD | t or F (p) (Scheffe) | Mean ± SD | t or F (p) (Scheffe) | |||
Gender | Male | 17 | 17(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 1.68 (0.210) | 2.18 ± 1.78 | 0.01 (0.991) | 4.53 ± 2.85 | 5.65 (0.018) | 50.99 ± 4.50 | 0.29 (0.770) |
Female | 310 | 282(91.0) | 28(9.0) | 2.58 ± 1.34 | 5.92 ± 2.31 | 54.47 ± 5.42 | |||||
Age in years (57.29 ± 7.53) | Less than 49 | 39 | 38(97.4) | 1(2.6) | 7.49 (0.022) | 2.18 ± 1.32 | 0.86 (0.414) | 5.85 ± 2.82 | 1.84 (0.160 *) | 52.41 ± 5.37 | 1.52 (0.221) |
50–59 | 155 | 146(94.2) | 9(5.8) | 2.85 ± 1.29 | 6.09 ± 2.20 | 53.46 ± 5.57 | |||||
over 60 | 133 | 115(86.5) | 18(13.5) | 2.33 ± 1.40 | 5.56 ± 2.38 | 52.45 ± 4.96 | |||||
Education | Middle school or less a | 67 | 61(91.0) | 6(9.0) | 4.75 (0.73) | 2.27 ± 1.34 | 1.47 (0.232) | 5.04 ± 2.16 | 9.17 (<0.001 *) (a, b < c) | 52.37 ± 5.07 | 0.70 (0.499) |
High school b | 199 | 178(89.4) | 21(10.6) | 2.65 ± 1.36 | 5.82 ± 2.31 | 53.20 ± 5.52 | |||||
College or above c | 61 | 60(98.4) | 1(1.6) | 2.57 ± 1.38 | 6.79 ± 2.42 | 52.66 ± 4.90 | |||||
Workplace | Home | 145 | 121(83.4) | 24(16.6) | 21.24 (<0.001) | 2.46 ± 1.31 | 1.40(0.162) | 5.18 ± 2.14 | 6.05 (<0.001) | 50.99 ± 4.50 | 5.74 (< 0.001) |
Facility | 182 | 178(97.8) | 4(2.2) | 2.69 ± 1.43 | 6.68 ± 2.36 | 54.47 ± 5.42 | |||||
Length of service | Less than 1 year | 50 | 45(90.0) | 5(10.0) | 4.44 (0.205) | 2.56 ± 1.50 | 1.50 (0.215) | 5.76 ± 2.88 | 0.54 (0.650 *) | 52.32 ± 4.74 | 1.96(0.075) |
1 to 4 years | 143 | 127(88.8) | 16(11.2) | 2.45 ± 1.34 | 5.72 ± 2.32 | 52.90 ± 5.62 | |||||
5 to 9 years | 106 | 99(93.4) | 7(6.6) | 2.75 ± 1.42 | 6.08 ± 2.20 | 53.22 ± 5.03 | |||||
Over 10 years | 28 | 28(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 2.39 ± 0.99 | 5.71 ± 2.14. | 53.07 ± 5.88 | |||||
Frequency of emergency education | Every 3–6 months | 244 | 60(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 9.75 (0.012) | 2.89 ± 1.48 | 1.38 (0.226) | 6.35 ± 2.39 | 1.72 (0.121 *) | 54.80 ± 5.41 | 0.71(0.545) |
6.11 ± 2.20 | 52.80 ± 5.37 | ||||||||||
every 1 year | 76 | 67(89.3) | 8(10.7) | 2.57 ± 1.53 | 6.00 ± 2.32 | 52.20 ± 5.42 | |||||
every 2 years | 7 | 5(71.4) | 2(28.6) | 2.14 ± 0.90 | 6.29 ± 1.80 | 53.29 ± 5.85 |
Variables | Characteristics | Categories | n (%) or Mean ± SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Experience of emergency situation | Emergency experience | Yes | 299(91.4) | |
No | 28(8.6) | |||
Experience timing of emergency situation | Daytime | 124(37.9) | ||
Night | 40(12.2) | |||
Daytime, Night | 163(49.8) | |||
Identification method for abnormal signals * | Change in appearance | 256(78.5) | ||
Change in feelings of touch | 216(66.3) | |||
Change in behavior | 201(61.7) | |||
Change in responses | 153(46.9) | |||
Report of emergency situation | Manager | 76(23.2) | ||
Nurse | 97(29.7) | |||
Emergency Medical Technician | 62(19.0) | |||
Care worker | 62(19.0) | |||
Nurse aide | 30(9.2) | |||
Details of emergency situation | Difficulty breathing, asphyxia, loss of consciousness, Dysphagia, cardiac arrest, etc. | 148(49.5) | ||
Fracture, sprains, trauma, etc. | 76(25.4) | |||
Hyperglycemia (hypoglycemia), dementia-related mental behavior symptoms | 54(18.1) | |||
Other, including abdominal pain, dehydration, bleeding, blood in stool, burns, etc. | 21(7.0) | |||
First aid knowledge | First aid experience | Yes | 119(36.4) | |
Reason for action | Life-threatening | 81(68.1) | ||
First aid ability | 33(27.7) | |||
Other | 5(4.2) | |||
No | ||||
Reason for no action | No confidence | 79(38.0) | ||
No equipment | 21(10.1) | |||
Worries of making it worse | 39(18.8) | |||
Causing legal problems | 18(8.7) | |||
Medical professional should act | 40(19.2) | |||
Other | 11(5.3) | |||
Emergency situation coping methods | No knowledge at all | 114(34.9) | ||
No accurate knowledge | 123(37.6) | |||
Good knowledge | 65(19.9) | |||
Other | 25(7.6) | |||
First aid knowledge | Total | 8.40 ± 3.07 | ||
Basic life support | 2.56 ± 1.36 | |||
General first aid | 5.84 ± 2.36 | |||
Coping ability in emergency situation | Emergency situation coping abilities | Total | 52.93 ± 6.18 | |
Basic life support | 31.12 ± 3.31 | |||
General first aid | 21.80 ± 2.87 |
Category | Emergency Situation Experience | First Aid Knowledge (Total) | First Aid Knowledge | Coping Abilities in Emergency Situation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BLS Knowledge | General First Aid Knowledge | ||||
Emergency situation experience | 1 | ||||
First aid knowledge | 0.656 ** | 1 | |||
BLS knowledge | 0.593 ** | 0.131 * | 1 | ||
General first aid knowledge | 0.772 ** | 0.151 ** | 0.318 ** | 1 | |
Coping abilities in emergency situation | 0.051 | 0.154 ** | 0.016 | 0.013 | 1 |
Predictors | Model I | Model II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (P) | 95% CI | β (P) | 95% CI | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Age (Ref: <50 years) | 0.01 (0.838) | −0.07–1.00 | 0.01 (0.865) | −0.07–1.00 | ||
Education (Ref: <college) | −0.21 (0.773) | −1.60–1.20 | −0.01 (0.863) | −1.54–1.30 | ||
Workplace (Ref: home) | −0.89 (0.346) | −2.74–0.96 | −0.10 (0.267) | −3.07–0.85 | ||
Size of workplace (Ref: <10 people) | 3.24 (0.001) | 1.34–5.13 | 0.30 (0.001) | 1.29–5.14 | ||
First aid experience (Ref: No) | −0.04 (0.469) | −2.80–1.29 | ||||
Emergency knowledge score (BLS) | 0.01 (0.860) | −0.39–0.46 | ||||
Emergency knowledge score (general first aid) | 0.03 (0.666) | −0.21–0.32 | ||||
Experience of emergency situation (Ref: No) | 0.33(0.001) | 1.44–5.59 | ||||
F(P) | 24.41(<0.001) | 26.76(<0.001) | ||||
R2 | 0.214 | 0.257 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.201 | 0.231 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, S.-O.; Shim, J. Factors Affecting Care Workers’ Coping Abilities in Emergencies to the Korean Elderly. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162946
Kim S-O, Shim J. Factors Affecting Care Workers’ Coping Abilities in Emergencies to the Korean Elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162946
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Soon-Ok, and JaeLan Shim. 2019. "Factors Affecting Care Workers’ Coping Abilities in Emergencies to the Korean Elderly" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162946