Associations between Stigma, Cognitive Appraisals, Coping Strategies and Stress Responses among Japanese Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants and Procedure
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Sociodemographic Factors and Clinical Characteristics
2.4.2. The Japanese Version of the Infertility Stigma Scale (ISS)
2.4.3. The Cognitive Appraisal Rating Scale (CARS)
2.4.4. The Japanese Version of the Brief Cope Inventory
2.4.5. The Stress Response Scale-18 (SRS-18)
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Hierarchical Linear Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | N | % | Stress (SRS-18) | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD a | |||||
Age (Mean, SD: 35.9, 5.5) | 0.242 b | |||||
20–29 | 36 | 14.2 | 23.4 | 13.0 | ||
30–39 | 147 | 57.9 | 20.3 | 13.0 | ||
≥40 | 71 | 28.0 | 18.8 | 13.5 | ||
Education | 0.014 *b | |||||
Less than high school | 1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | NA | ||
High school graduate | 43 | 16.9 | 23.9 | 11.9 | ||
Vocational school graduate | 33 | 13.0 | 19.5 | 11.2 | ||
Junior college or technical college graduate | 44 | 17.3 | 22.2 | 14.7 | ||
University graduate | 125 | 49.2 | 19.6 | 13.2 | ||
Graduate school graduate | 8 | 3.1 | 8.0 | 10.1 | ||
Annual household income d | 0.208 b | |||||
Less than JPY 2,000,000 (low) | 12 | 4.7 | 26.1 | 14.7 | ||
JPY 2,000,000 to JPY 4,000,000 (low) | 38 | 15.0 | 23.2 | 13.0 | ||
JPY 4,000,000 to JPY 6,000,000 (medium) | 72 | 28.3 | 20.4 | 11.9 | ||
JPY 6,000,000 to JPY 8,000,000 (high) | 59 | 23.2 | 20.3 | 14.7 | ||
JPY 8,000,000 to JPY 10,000,000 (high) | 33 | 13.0 | 16.7 | 11.9 | ||
More than JPY 10,000,000 (high) | 40 | 15.7 | 18.7 | 13.4 | ||
Employment status | 0.903 c | |||||
Unemployed | 80 | 31.5 | 20.2 | 13.7 | ||
Employed | 174 | 68.5 | 20.4 | 13.0 | ||
Duration of marriage (Mean, SD: 4.7, 3.8) | 0.863 c | |||||
<5 years | 171 | 67.3 | 20.2 | 13.4 | ||
≥5 years | 83 | 32.7 | 20.5 | 12.9 | ||
Living with your parents | 0.005 **c | |||||
No | 239 | 94.1 | 19.7 | 13.0 | ||
Yes | 15 | 5.9 | 30.0 | 11.9 | ||
Duration of infertility (Mean, SD: 3.3, 2.9) | 0.602 c | |||||
<5 years | 205 | 80.7 | 20.1 | 12.9 | ||
≥5 years | 49 | 19.3 | 21.3 | 14.4 | ||
Duration of infertility treatment (Mean, SD: 2.3, 2.4) | 0.993 c | |||||
<3 years | 190 | 74.8 | 20.3 | 13.3 | ||
≥3 years | 64 | 25.2 | 20.3 | 13.0 | ||
Determinant of etiology | 0.181 c | |||||
No | 117 | 46.1 | 21.5 | 13.2 | ||
Yes | 137 | 53.9 | 19.3 | 13.2 | ||
Treatment for infertility | 0.363 c | |||||
Other | 134 | 52.8 | 21.0 | 13.0 | ||
IVF and ICSI | 120 | 47.2 | 19.5 | 13.4 | ||
Total | 254 | 20.3 | 13.2 |
Step1 | Step2 | Step3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE a | Stdβ b | t | p | B | SE a | Stdβ b | t | p | B | SE a | Stdβ b | t | p | |
(Intercept) | 20.315 | 0.613 | 33.139 | <0.001 | 20.315 | 0.584 | 34.812 | <0.001 | 20.315 | 0.544 | 37.343 | <0.001 | |||
Age (years) | −0.206 | 0.136 | −0.016 | −1.509 | 0.133 | −0.208 | 0.130 | −0.016 | −1.594 | 0.112 | −0.140 | 0.126 | −0.011 | −1.111 | 0.268 |
Education c | −1.417 | 0.544 | −0.108 | −2.606 | 0.010 | −1.028 | 0.524 | −0.078 | −1.961 | 0.051 | −1.092 | 0.495 | −0.083 | −2.207 | 0.028 |
Annual household income d | −0.245 | 0.484 | −0.019 | −0.507 | 0.613 | −0.445 | 0.463 | −0.034 | −0.961 | 0.338 | −0.194 | 0.440 | −0.015 | −0.440 | 0.660 |
Employment status e | −0.570 | 1.378 | −0.043 | −0.414 | 0.679 | −0.710 | 1.318 | −0.054 | −0.539 | 0.590 | −0.476 | 1.254 | −0.036 | −0.379 | 0.705 |
Duration of marriage (years) | 0.063 | 0.300 | 0.005 | 0.210 | 0.834 | 0.047 | 0.289 | 0.004 | 0.163 | 0.870 | 0.124 | 0.274 | 0.009 | 0.454 | 0.650 |
Living with your parents f | 8.914 | 2.626 | 0.676 | 3.394 | <0.001 | 7.592 | 2.522 | 0.576 | 3.010 | 0.003 | 8.029 | 2.366 | 0.609 | 3.393 | <0.001 |
Duration of infertility (years) | −0.253 | 0.510 | −0.019 | −0.496 | 0.620 | −0.244 | 0.487 | −0.019 | −0.501 | 0.617 | −0.322 | 0.455 | −0.024 | −0.706 | 0.481 |
Duration of infertility treatment (years) | −0.561 | 0.506 | −0.043 | −1.108 | 0.269 | −0.336 | 0.485 | −0.026 | −0.693 | 0.489 | −0.327 | 0.459 | −0.025 | −0.712 | 0.477 |
Determinant of etiology g | −3.612 | 1.262 | −0.274 | −2.863 | 0.005 | −3.183 | 1.206 | −0.242 | −2.639 | 0.009 | −3.044 | 1.139 | −0.231 | −2.672 | 0.008 |
Treatment for infertility h | 0.648 | 1.399 | 0.049 | 0.463 | 0.644 | 0.359 | 1.334 | 0.027 | 0.269 | 0.788 | 0.685 | 1.271 | 0.052 | 0.539 | 0.590 |
Stigma (ISS) i | 0.405 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 13.271 | <0.001 | 0.287 | 0.037 | 0.022 | 7.748 | <0.001 | 0.227 | 0.039 | 0.017 | 5.862 | <0.001 |
Commitment (CARS) j | 0.142 | 0.543 | 0.011 | 0.262 | 0.794 | −0.174 | 0.529 | −0.013 | −0.329 | 0.742 | |||||
Appraisal of effect (CARS) j | 0.361 | 0.560 | 0.027 | 0.645 | 0.519 | 0.475 | 0.532 | 0.036 | 0.892 | 0.373 | |||||
Appraisal of threat (CARS) j | 1.767 | 0.413 | 0.134 | 4.284 | <0.001 | 0.969 | 0.419 | 0.074 | 2.310 | 0.022 | |||||
Self-distraction (Brief COPE) k | −0.338 | 0.505 | −0.026 | −0.669 | 0.504 | ||||||||||
Active coping (Brief COPE) k | −0.257 | 0.558 | −0.020 | −0.461 | 0.645 | ||||||||||
Using emotional support (Brief COPE) k | 0.282 | 0.515 | 0.021 | 0.548 | 0.584 | ||||||||||
Using instrumental support (Brief COPE) k | −0.142 | 0.494 | −0.011 | −0.287 | 0.775 | ||||||||||
Behavioral disengagement (Brief COPE) k | −0.055 | 0.457 | −0.004 | −0.120 | 0.905 | ||||||||||
Venting (Brief COPE) k | 1.399 | 0.477 | 0.106 | 2.935 | 0.004 | ||||||||||
Positive reframing (Brief COPE) k | −1.047 | 0.467 | −0.079 | −2.245 | 0.026 | ||||||||||
Acceptance (Brief COPE) k | −0.158 | 0.530 | −0.012 | −0.299 | 0.766 | ||||||||||
Religion (Brief COPE) k | 0.731 | 0.398 | 0.055 | 1.837 | 0.068 | ||||||||||
Self-blame (Brief COPE) k | 1.901 | 0.463 | 0.144 | 4.106 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
R2 | 0.475 | 0.530 | 0.608 | ||||||||||||
Adjust R2 | 0.451 | 0.502 | 0.567 | ||||||||||||
F (p value) | 19.87 | (p < 0.001) | 19.23 | (p < 0.001) | 14.82 | (p < 0.001) | |||||||||
ΔR2 (p value) | 0.475 | 0.055 | (p < 0.001) | 0.078 | (p < 0.001) |
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Yokota, R.; Okuhara, T.; Okada, H.; Goto, E.; Sakakibara, K.; Kiuchi, T. Associations between Stigma, Cognitive Appraisals, Coping Strategies and Stress Responses among Japanese Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101907
Yokota R, Okuhara T, Okada H, Goto E, Sakakibara K, Kiuchi T. Associations between Stigma, Cognitive Appraisals, Coping Strategies and Stress Responses among Japanese Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101907
Chicago/Turabian StyleYokota, Rie, Tsuyoshi Okuhara, Hiroko Okada, Eiko Goto, Keiko Sakakibara, and Takahiro Kiuchi. 2022. "Associations between Stigma, Cognitive Appraisals, Coping Strategies and Stress Responses among Japanese Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101907