Analysis of Non-Local Integro-Differential Equations with Hadamard Fractional Derivatives: Existence, Uniqueness, and Stability in the Context of RLC Models

: In this study, we focus on the stability analysis of the RLC model by employing differential equations with Hadamard fractional derivatives. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions using Banach’s contraction principle and Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. To facilitate our key conclusions, we convert the problem into an equivalent integro-differential equation. Ad-ditionally, we explore several versions of Ulam’s stability findings. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the applications of our main results. We also observe that modifications to the Hadamard fractional derivative lead to asymmetric outcomes. The study concludes with an applied example demonstrating the existence results derived from Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. These findings represent novel contributions to the literature on this topic, significantly advancing our understanding.


Introduction
Fractional calculus extends traditional differential and integral calculus by introducing the concept of non-integer orders.Utilizing fractional derivatives such as the Caputo-Hadamard and Riemann-Liouville derivatives, this discipline provides a robust framework for modeling systems with nonlocal or memory-dependent behaviors [1][2][3].Fractional differential equations, a key component of fractional calculus, represent a vibrant area of research with significant implications across various disciplines.Researchers have extensively explored the applications of these equations in fields such as physics, biology, and finance [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].These equations have been instrumental in systematically examining and understanding phenomena like anomalous diffusion, fractal characteristics, and long-range interactions.The study of fractional calculus has revolutionized mathematical modeling and analysis, offering deeper insights into the complexities of dynamical processes that conventional calculus methods cannot adequately address.The literature reflects a growing body of research focused on leveraging the power of fractional differential equations to tackle real-world challenges and phenomena across diverse domains see in [11][12][13][14].
In recent years, the study of Hadamard fractional derivatives has emerged as a focal point in mathematical research.The Hadamard fractional derivative offers advantages over other fractional derivatives due to its capability to handle non-differentiable functions and its suitability for various applications [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].This derivative has found applications in modeling complex systems where memory effects or nonlocal interactions play a crucial role.Moreover, its application in differential equations has expanded the scope of mathematical modeling, enabling more accurate descriptions of real-world phenomena.Researchers have employed Hadamard fractional derivatives in diverse contexts, including physics, engineering, and stochastic processes.For example, Ref. [24] discusses the implications of Hadamard fractional differential equations with varying coefficients, emphasizing their relevance in probabilistic applications.This work highlights the flexibility of Hadamard derivatives in capturing complex dynamics where coefficients vary over time, enhancing the modeling capabilities in probabilistic contexts.Ref. [25] explores numerical methods for Caputo-Hadamard fractional derivatives (HFD), demonstrating their effectiveness in the long-term integration of fractional differential systems.Their study underscores the practical utility of these derivatives in numerical simulations, providing robust techniques for handling fractional differential equations with varying initial conditions and system parameters.
Fixed point theorems, such as Banach's contraction mapping principle and Schaefer's fixed point theorem, are pivotal in establishing the existence and uniqueness of solutions in mathematical analysis.Banach's theorem asserts that in a complete metric space, a contraction mapping has a unique fixed point, essential for proving solutions to equations f (x) = x.Schaefer's theorem extends these principles to more general settings, allowing for the study of mappings defined on Banach spaces and providing versatile tools for stability analysis and solution validation in differential equations with HFDs [26][27][28].
The study of fractional stochastic differential equations has advanced mathematical modeling and analysis, offering valuable insights into real-world phenomena.Research on stability analysis is widely available across different platforms across in a stability analysis, such as physics and engineering, highlights the promising potential of differential equations in unraveling and forecasting complex system dynamics [29][30][31].Recently, the stability analysis of systems described by differential equations involving Hadamard fractional derivatives has also attracted considerable research interest.Stability is a fundamental property in understanding the behavior of dynamical systems under perturbations.Techniques such as Banach's contraction principle and Schaefer's fixed point theorem have been applied to establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions in this context.Ref. [30] focused on Lyapunov stability analysis, and Ref. [31] explored averaging techniques for stability assessment.Ulam-Hyers (UH) stability theory, named after Stanislaw Ulam and Donald Hyers, deals with the stability of functional equations and has applications in various branches of mathematics.This theory provides a framework for investigating the robustness of solutions to perturbations, offering valuable insights into the stability properties of mathematical models in diverse contexts.Moreover, the Ulam-Hyers stability theory provides a robust framework for assessing the stability of solutions to functional equations, including those involving fractional derivatives [32].
The differential equations are extensively applied in scientific and engineering fields, particularly in circuit analysis.Based on Kirchhoff's second law, the equations for the RLC circuit demonstrate the principle of energy conservation, which states that the total voltage drop around a closed loop must equal the applied voltage E(t).This relationship can be represented mathematically as follows: An RLC circuit is a fundamental component in electrical engineering, comprising a resistor R, inductor L, and capacitor C connected in series with a voltage source, such as a battery or generator, providing a time-dependent voltage E(t).The resistor dissipates energy as heat, the inductor stores energy in its magnetic field, and the capacitor stores energy in its electric field.The behavior of the circuit can be analyzed in different frequency domains, which is crucial for applications in signal processing, communications, and power distribution.By solving the differential equation, one can determine the current I(ϖ) and voltage across each component over time, leading to insights into the circuit's transient and steady-state response.This configuration, illustrated in Figure 1, embodies the essence of complex electrical networks.With its resistor offering resistance R ohms, inductor providing inductance L henries, and capacitor furnishing capacitance C farads, the RLC circuit forms a fundamental structure for understanding electrical dynamics.and steady-state response.This configuration, illustrated in Figure 1, embodies the essence of complex electrical networks.With its resistor offering resistance R ohms, inductor providing inductance L henries, and capacitor furnishing capacitance C farads, the RLC circuit forms a fundamental structure for understanding electrical dynamics.The authors in [33] recently explored the fractional-order (FO) RLC derivative using three numerical methodologies.This research sheds light on the intricate behavior of FO systems within the RLC framework.

R C L
Motivated by the aforementioned research, our study investigates the Hadamard FO RLC circuit integro-differential equation (IDE), coupled with nonlocal boundary constraints.Our goal is to prove existence and uniqueness of solutions by applying fixed point theorems of Schaefer and Banach.Additionally, our investigation extends to Ulam stability analysis, offering insights into the system's robustness.Drawing upon the Hyers-Ulam stability theory and the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias (UHR) stability framework, we explore the stability characteristics of the system.
The relationship between stability and symmetry in differential equations has long been a topic of interest, explored by many researchers across various fields.For instance, it has been examined in contexts like irreversible thermodynamics [34] and time-reversal symmetry in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics [35].Additionally, the interaction between symmetries and stability plays a crucial role in understanding and controlling nonlinear dynamical systems and networks [36].
As such, this issue also becomes pertinent in differential equations involving fractional derivatives.The stability of solutions is recognized as a fundamental property of functional differential equations.In this paper, we investigate stability in the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias sense of Equation (4), providing theoretical insights supported by an illustrative example.The authors in [33] recently explored the fractional-order (FO) RLC derivative using three numerical methodologies.This research sheds light on the intricate behavior of FO systems within the RLC framework.
Motivated by the aforementioned research, our study investigates the Hadamard FO RLC circuit integro-differential equation (IDE), coupled with nonlocal boundary constraints.Our goal is to prove existence and uniqueness of solutions by applying fixed point theorems of Schaefer and Banach.Additionally, our investigation extends to Ulam stability analysis, offering insights into the system's robustness.Drawing upon the Hyers-Ulam stability theory and the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias (UHR) stability framework, we explore the stability characteristics of the system.
The relationship between stability and symmetry in differential equations has long been a topic of interest, explored by many researchers across various fields.For instance, it has been examined in contexts like irreversible thermodynamics [34] and time-reversal symmetry in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics [35].Additionally, the interaction between symmetries and stability plays a crucial role in understanding and controlling nonlinear dynamical systems and networks [36].
As such, this issue also becomes pertinent in differential equations involving fractional derivatives.The stability of solutions is recognized as a fundamental property of functional differential equations.In this paper, we investigate stability in the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias sense of Equation (4), providing theoretical insights supported by an illustrative example.Through rigorous analysis and numerical simulations, we validate our findings, ensuring the reliability and applicability of the obtained results.
The main contribution of this work can be given as follows: 1.In this paper, we have presented a unique application of the fractional Hadamard derivative in the stability analysis of the RLC model, which is not frequently studied in the existing literature.2. By applying Banach's contraction principle and Schaefer's fixed point theorem, new results on the existence and uniqueness of solutions for fractional differential equations are established, which is a challenging mathematical approach.And 3. The investigation of different versions of Ulam's stability provides new insights and extends the current understanding of stability in fractional differential Equation ( 4).The theoretical results are validated by numerical examples.

Preliminaries and Problem Statement
In this section, we review some fundamental definitions, properties, theorems, and lemmas that are essential for the subsequent sections of this paper.These foundational concepts will provide the necessary framework for our analysis and help in understanding the more advanced discussions that follow.By familiarizing ourselves with these basics, we can better appreciate the complexities of the topics addressed later in the paper.In Table 1, we have provided the definition of a Banach space along with the norm condition.
This formulation establishes a foundational framework for our subsequent analysis, providing a mathematical basis for the exploration of the properties and behavior of functions within E .The Banach space structure of E enables us to employ powerful analytical tools to investigate the solutions and dynamics of the FO RLC circuit IDEs.Through this groundwork, we pave the way for accurate mathematical analysis and insightful interpretations in our study.

Problem Formulation
Consider the integro-differential equation for the Hadamard fractional-order RLC circuit: along with its nonlocal boundary conditions.
For the system described by Equation ( 5), we can define the nonlocal boundary condition as follows: where, I ϑ κ is the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order The structure of the RLC model is as follows: and We establish the solutions of Equation ( 5) by applying Banach's and Schaefer's fixed point theorems.These powerful mathematical tools provide robust guarantees regarding the existence and uniqueness of solutions, ensuring the validity of our analysis.Through the application of these theorems, we demonstrate the fundamental properties of solutions to Equation ( 5), laying a solid mathematical foundation for further investigation and analysis.

Definition 3 ([38]
).The HF derivative of order v > 0 for a function φ : [a, ∞) → R e is defined by where Γ(•) is the gamma function. (2) In particular, for q = 1, we have which satisfies the following equation: suppressive case Proof.According to the results in [37], the solution to the HDE described in (11) can be formulated as follows: Utilizing the provided BCs, it follows that c 2 = 0. Consequently, we derive: from our condition, and by using BCs (11), one has from which we obtain Upon substituting the values of c 1 and c 2 into (14), we arrive at the solution (12).This concludes the proof.□ Assumption 1.The function J 1 : κ × E × E → E is completely continuous, and there exists a function µ ∈ L 1 (Θ 1 , R e ) satisfying: Assumption 2. The function J 1 exhibits continuity, with positive constants L 1 and L 2 satisfying: Assumption 3. The function J 1 maintains continuity, with the existence of a positive constant M satisfying:

Main Results
Here, we establish certain assumptions for the subsequent analysis.Considering Lemma 2, we can introduce K : E → E as follows: Suitable for computation, we represent: Theorem 1.If Assumption 1 holds true, then Equation ( 5) has at least one solution defined on Θ 1 .
Proof.To establish the existence of a fixed point for K on E , we will employ Schaefer's fixed point theorem.Notably, the continuity of J 1 ensures the continuity of K on E .This fundamental continuity property underscores the applicability of Schaefer's theorem in our analysis, providing a solid foundation for our proof.
Next, we aim to demonstrate that K → E .Consider r > 0, and let (φ Then, for each ϖ, we have: Step 1: Continuity of K. To establish the continuity of K, we consider a sequence φ n converging to φ in E .For any ϖ ∈ Θ 1 , we examine the behavior of K under this convergence.By the properties of K, we aim to show that K(φ n , ϖ) converges to K(φ, ϖ) as n tends to infinity.This continuity property is crucial for subsequent analysis involving K.
Given the continuity of the function J 1 , we can conclude that Hence, we establish the continuity of the operator K.

Now, let us proceed to
Step 2: Demonstrating that K(B r ) is bounded.This step is crucial in our analysis, as it ensures the boundedness of the image of bounded sets under the operator K, a prerequisite for the application of Schaefer's fixed point theorem.Through rigorous analysis, we aim to provide a clear understanding of how K transforms bounded sets within E , underscoring its significance in our proof.
Step 3: Establishing the equi-continuity of K(B r ).This step is essential, as it confirms that the images of bounded sets under K exhibit uniform continuity.By demonstrating the equi-continuity of K(B r ), we strengthen our argument for the applicability of Schae- fer's fixed point theorem.Through meticulous analysis, we aim to elucidate the uniform behavior of K across bounded sets, further validating its role in our proof.
For 1 ≤ ϖ 1 < ϖ 2 ≤ T, and φ ∈ B r , we obtain As ϖ 2 approaches ϖ 1 , the right-hand side of the inequality converges to zero.This observation leads to the conclusion that K is completely continuous, given its behavior under varying parameters.This property is essential for ensuring the stability and convergence of subsequent analyses reliant on K.
Step 4: Establish a priori bounds.This step is crucial in demonstrating the boundedness of solutions to the fractional-order RLC circuit integro-differential equation under consideration.By establishing a priori bounds, we provide essential insights into the behavior of solutions within a specified domain, laying the groundwork for further analysis and interpretation.Through meticulous examination, we aim to ascertain the boundedness of solutions and their implications for the stability and dynamics of the system.
We need to show that the set Λ = {φ ∈ E : φ = Ω(K(φ)); Ω ∈ (0, 1)} is bounded.For this, let φ ∈ Λ, φ = Ω(K(φ)) for some Ω ∈ (0, 1).Thus, for each ϖ ∈ Θ 1 , one has This implies, by Assumption 2, that: Thus, ||µ (ς 1 )|| E ≤ R. Consequently, the set Λ is bounded.Therefore, we can conclude that K possesses a fixed point, which corresponds to a solution of the proposed problem (5), as guaranteed by Schaefer's fixed point theorem.This result underscores the significance of our analysis and establishes the existence of solutions to the fractional-order RLC circuit integro-differential equation under consideration.Through the accurate application of mathematical principles, we have demonstrated the existence and stability of solutions, providing valuable insights into the behavior of the system.□ The subsequent theorem presents the second main result of this paper, focusing on the uniqueness of the solution to the proposed problem (5).
Theorem 2. Suppose that conditions Assumption 2 and Assumption 3 hold, ensuring: Then, we establish the uniqueness of solutions for the proposed problem (5) over the interval κ.
Proof.To demonstrate this, we define the operator K : E → E as follows: Let us demonstrate that K behaves as a contraction mapping.Take φ, P ∈ E .For every ϖ ∈ Θ 1 , we have: Therefore, we obtain Thus, in light of condition (24) and applying the Banach contraction principle, we ascertain the existence of a standard fixed point for K.As a consequence, the presence of a unique solution to the proposed problem (5) is established.□

Ulam Stability Results
Ulam stability results offer crucial insights into the robustness of solutions under perturbations, elucidating the system's resilience to external influences.Through accurate analysis, these results provide a quantitative understanding of the stability properties of solutions, shedding light on their long-term behavior.We aim to ascertain the Ulam stability characteristics of solutions to the fractional-order RLC circuit integro-differential equation, enhancing our understanding of its dynamics.
Proof.Let z ∈ C[Θ 1 ] be a solution of inequality (27), and P ∈ C[Θ 1 ] denote the unique solution of the following system: where 1 < ϱ < 2, Given Remark 1, we have Then, for each ϖ ∈ Θ 1 , we obtain where, This shows that ( 5) is UH stable.
Proof.Suppose Ξ 1 ∈ C[1, T] satisfies the inequality (29), and let φ ∈ C[Θ 1 ] denote the unique solution of the provided system.This formulation establishes a crucial link between the solution Ξ 1 and the function φ, forming the foundation for subsequent analysis and conclusions in the study.
Example 2. Consider the HFD equation modeled by the RLC circuit: where Ψ D ϱ denotes the HFD, I(ϖ) represents the current, E(ϖ) is the input voltage, RL is the resistance-inductance product, CL is the capacitance-inductance product, R e (ϖ) is a constant.The values of R, I, C, and E are 4, 2, 5, and 10, respectively.
To initiate the trajectory simulation in both examples of Systems ( 39) and (41), we set step size 10 −8 .With the choosing parameters ϱ = 1.1 in Example 1 and ϱ = 1.2 in Example 2, we show in Figures 2 and 3 the trajectory simulation of φ(ϖ) (blue) and Ξ 1 (ϖ) (red).Hence, we can see from Figures 2 and 3 that the solution trajectory of the inequations ( 27) almost coincides with that of System (39).It follows that the distance between φ(ϖ) and Ξ 1 (ϖ) is less than a constant, which shows that System (39) and (41) are UH stable according to Definition 4.

Conclusions
This study investigates the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the RLC circuit equation using Schaefer's fixed point theorem and Banach's contraction principle.It investigates Ulam-type stability results for fractional Hadamard-IDEs applied to the RLC model with nonlocal boundary conditions.By using advanced mathematical techniques, this research improves our understanding of stability and solution properties in fractional calculus and provides insights into complex dynamical systems.Through rigorous analysis, the study aims to shed light on the behavior and properties of these equations.Numerical examples validate the theoretical findings and improve practical understanding and applicability.The solutions depend on symmetric parameters that fulfill certain conditions.The RLC circuit model is analyzed using the fixed point approach, which ensures the existence and uniqueness of the solution under conditions derived from Banach contraction and Schaefer's theorem.Future research could extend the stability analysis to multi-component and higher-order systems, and develop advanced numerical methods for solving Hadamard fractional differential equations.Applications in diverse domains such as control theory and biological systems, along with real-world implementations in engineering, could validate and expand the practical utility of this work.  39on the interval [1,2] for ϱ = 1.1.

Conclusions
This study investigates the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the RLC circuit equation using Schaefer's fixed point theorem and Banach's contraction principle.It investigates Ulam-type stability results for fractional Hadamard-IDEs applied to the RLC model with nonlocal boundary conditions.By using advanced mathematical techniques, this research improves our understanding of stability and solution properties in fractional calculus and provides insights into complex dynamical systems.Through rigorous analysis, the study aims to shed light on the behavior and properties of these equations.Numerical examples validate the theoretical findings and improve practical understanding and applicability.The solutions depend on symmetric parameters that fulfill certain conditions.The RLC circuit model is analyzed using the fixed point approach, which ensures the existence and uniqueness of the solution under conditions derived from Banach contraction and Schaefer's theorem.Future research could extend the stability analysis to multi-component and higher-order systems, and develop advanced numerical methods for solving Hadamard fractional differential equations.Applications in diverse domains such as control theory and biological systems, along with real-world implementations in engineering, could validate and expand the practical utility of this work.  41on the interval [1,2] for ϱ = 1.2.

Conclusions
This study investigates the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the RLC circuit equation using Schaefer's fixed point theorem and Banach's contraction principle.It investigates Ulam-type stability results for fractional Hadamard-IDEs applied to the RLC model with nonlocal boundary conditions.By using advanced mathematical techniques, this research improves our understanding of stability and solution properties in fractional calculus and provides insights into complex dynamical systems.Through rigorous analysis, the study aims to shed light on the behavior and properties of these equations.Numerical examples validate the theoretical findings and improve practical understanding and applicability.The solutions depend on symmetric parameters that fulfill certain conditions.The RLC circuit model is analyzed using the fixed point approach, which ensures the existence and uniqueness of the solution under conditions derived from Banach contraction and Schaefer's theorem.Future research could extend the stability analysis to multi-component and higher-order systems, and develop advanced numerical methods for solving Hadamard fractional differential equations.Applications in diverse domains such as control theory and biological systems, along with real-world implementations in engineering, could validate and expand the practical utility of this work.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Block diagram for the RLC series circuit.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Block diagram for the RLC series circuit.

Table 1 .
Banach space and Norm.