Intensive Mechanical Site Preparation to Establish Short Rotation Hybrid Poplar Plantations—A Case-Study in Qu é bec, Canada

: Because they generate more wood per area and time, short rotation plantations are likely to play an increasing role in meeting the global increase in the demand for wood ﬁber. To be successful, high-yield plantations require costly intensive silviculture regimes to ensure the survival and maximize yields. While hybrid poplar ( Populus spp.) is frequently used in intensive, short rotation forestry, it is particularly sensitive to competition and resource levels. Mechanical site preparation is thus of great importance to create microsites that provide su ﬃ cient light levels and adequate soil water and nutrient availability. We conducted an experiment in Qu é bec (Canada) to compare two intensive site preparation treatments commonly used to establish hybrid poplar. We compared the e ﬀ ects of double-blade site preparation (V-blade), mounding and a control on hybrid poplar growth and nutritional status four growing seasons after planting on recently harvested forested sites. We also evaluated the e ﬀ ects of site preparation and planted poplar on inorganic soil N. Our results conﬁrmed general positive e ﬀ ects of site preparation on the early growth of hybrid poplar clones. After four growing seasons, survival was higher in the mounding treatment (99%) than in the V-blade (91%) and the control (48%). Saplings planted in the V-blade and in the mounding treatments had mean diameters that were respectively 91% and 155% larger than saplings planted in the control plots. Saplings were 68% taller in the mounding treatment than the control plots, but di ﬀ erences between the V-blade and controls were not signiﬁcant. We did not detect signiﬁcant e ﬀ ects of site preparation or the presence of planted hybrid poplar on soil inorganic N. Sapling foliar nutrient concentrations were not inﬂuenced by the site preparation treatments. Based on these results, mounding appears to be a good management approach to establish hybrid poplar plantations under the ecological conditions we have studied, as it is less likely to cause erosion because of the localized nature of the treatment. However, these environmental beneﬁts need to be balanced against economic and social considerations. was also applied in the unplanted sub-plots so that the presence of hybrid poplars was the only factor differentiating the planted from the unplanted treatment. The resulting design was a 3 × 2 split-plot with three levels of site preparation (V-blade, Mounding, Control), and two levels of plantation (with plantation, without plantation), replicated four (i.e., on four different


Introduction
Fast-growing plantations established using performant plant material and managed over short rotations are increasingly being considered as a solution to meet the global increase in the demand for wood fiber. Moreover, when integrated into functional zoning, high-yield plantations contribute to offsetting timber production losses related to extensive management and conservation areas [1]. They also provide an opportunity to produce wood fiber over shorter periods of time than in natural forests or less intensively-managed plantations, thus reducing the time crop trees are exposed to biotic and abiotic risk factors. The annual increase in area of planted forests worldwide was 1.2% between 2010-2015, which is half of the rate estimated to be needed to meet the six billion cubic meters of the global wood demand in 2050 [2,3].
To be successful and meet their production objectives, high-yield plantations require intensive silviculture regimes to ensure the survival and maximize the growth of planted seedlings. After harvesting of boreal and sub-boreal forest ecosystems, thick soil organic horizons and competition for resources by fast-growing herb and shrub species limit root growth of planted seedlings or cuttings and jeopardize successful establishment [4]. Mechanical site preparation is thus frequently used to create a sufficient number of suitable planting microsites that provide adequate light levels as well as proper soil water and nutrient availability, while limiting waterlogged conditions [5]. Hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) is frequently used in intensive, short rotation forestry [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]; this species offers fast growth rates and high productivity [13]. However, adequate site preparation is mandatory to ensure survival and promote early growth, as the species is particularly sensitive to competition and resource levels [14,15].
We conducted an experiment in Québec, a Canadian province characterized by the abundance of its forest resources, which extend over 760,000 km 2 and represent 2% of the world's forests. With 40% of the world's certified forest area within its border, Canada has the largest area of third-party independently certified forests in the world [16], and provincial forest acts, including the one in force in Québec, are based on the principles of sustainable forest management [17]. Forestry activities must thus protect ecosystem functions. For example, management activities have to ensure that site productivity is maintained over the long-term with minimal or no impacts on soil and water quality, even under intensive silviculture regimes. Additionally, in Québec, herbicide use is restricted on private lands and prohibited on public lands [18], which creates a further challenge for the establishment of hybrid poplar, a species known to be highly sensitive to root competition [19].
In this context, we compared two intensive mechanical site preparation treatments commonly used to establish hybrid poplar in Québec, namely double-blade site preparation and mounding. Blading creates series of~3 m-wide furrows oriented parallel to each other, in which the mineral soil is entirely exposed. This technique displaces a large volume of soil and reduces competing vegetation but might negatively affect soil physical and microbial characteristics [20] and favor N leaching from the site. Mounding, on the other hand, creates~0.7 m 3 mounds composed of bare mineral soil deposited on top of inverted organic material; mounds are dispersed on the site, approx. 3 m from each other. This technique generates greater cost than blading (~1500 CAN$ ha −1 for mounding vs.~1200 CAN$ ha −1 for blading), because it requires more costly equipment and more machine time. Mounding is generally effective in enhancing soil drainage and aeration and in increasing soil temperature, thus favoring high survival and early growth of planted seedlings [21,22], including for fast growing species like hybrid poplar [19]. Although both blading and mounding create a severe soil disturbance at the microsite scale, blading results in greater site disturbance when considered at the stand scale [23][24][25]. The use of this technique is thus raising concerns as it can promote soil erosion, especially at the early stages of plantation establishment [26]. However, because of its fast growth rates and high nutritional needs, hybrid poplar can significantly influence soil nutrient dynamics [27] and potentially act as a buffer of site preparation effects on soils.
Our objective was to compare the effects of two site preparation treatments (plus a control) on hybrid poplar growth and nutritional status four growing seasons after planting on recently harvested forested sites. We also compared site preparation and planted poplar effects on inorganic soil N as an indicator of site potential productivity. We predicted that sapling height and diameter at breast height would be greater in site prepared plots compared to control conditions, but that blading and mounding would result in similar sapling dimensions. We however posited that blading would result in lower concentrations of soil inorganic N, compared to the other treatments, with correspondingly lower foliar macronutrient concentrations in saplings planted in these plots than in the other treatments. Finally, we also tested the effect planting hybrid poplar on soil inorganic N, and expected that the presence of hybrid poplars would have a positive effect on soil inorganic N by buffering out the negative site preparation impact (significant site preparation × plantation interaction).

Study Site and Experimental Design
The experiment was implemented between September 2012 and June 2013 at four sites located approximately 11 km east of the municipality of Saint-Pascal, Québec (Canada) and 4 km south of the municipality of Rivière-Bleue, Québec (Canada). More specifically, the four sites were located at 47 • 5048200 N, 69 • 6610600 W; 47 • 4801800 N, 69 • 6539300 W; 47 • 4714900 N, 69 • 0555400 W; and 47 • 4728400 N, 69 • 0535300 W, respectively. The study sites are within the balsam fir (Abies balsamea L. [Mill])-yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) bioclimatic domain as described in the Québec ecological classification system [28]. In this region, climate is humid-continental with a mean annual temperature of 3.1 • C (± 0.9 • C) and total annual precipitation of 1012 mm (28% fall as snow) [29]. The altitude varies between 240-360 m above sea level. Based on the Canadian System of Soil Classification [30], soils are Gleysolic Podzols and were formed from a moderate (0.5-1 m) to deep (>1 m) coarse glacial till deposit (47% sand, 34% silt, 19% clay; pH = 5.2). After harvesting, mesic sites in this region are typically invaded by fast growing, light demanding shrub and tree species such as Rubus idaeus L., Prunus pensylvanica L., Acer spicatum Lam., and Populus tremuloides Michx [31].
We established a complete block 3 × 2 split-plot design with four replicated blocks (one block per site). Each block was divided into three main plots of approx. 700 m 2 , each of which was randomly selected to receive one of three site preparation treatments: Two mechanical site preparation treatments plus a control. The first treatment, performed between September and November 2012, was a double-blade scarification as described and illustrated in Hébert et al. [24]: A first scarification pass was executed by a "V-blade" attached in front of a bulldozer that created a 2.7 m wide × 0.47 m deep furrow that exposed the mineral soil. Then, a second pass with a smaller "V-blade" (back hoe) mounted on the back of the same bulldozer was done to increase furrow depth at its center. Furrows were laid out in parallel strips within the plots (Figure 1a). The second treatment was mounding site preparation performed with a 0.8 m 3 bucket mounted on an excavator that dug the soil to collect the mineral layers. Afterwards, the content of the bucket was inverted next to the hole, and created a 0.3 m high × 1.5 m wide × 1.5 m long mound (Figure 1b). Mounds were positioned at about 3 m from each other within each treated main plot. The third main plot of each block was left unprepared to serve as a control (Figure 1c).
After site preparation, each main plot was divided into two sub-plots, each of which was randomly selected to be either planted with a hybrid poplar clone or left unplanted. Following provincial guidelines, we selected a clone of Populus maximowiczii × P. deltoides × P. trichocarpa [32] for plantation in the selected sub-plots. Planting was performed in May 2013, as described by Hébert et al. [24]. In summary, we planted one-year-old unrooted cuttings of approximately 100 cm in height, 30 cm deep in the soil at a spacing of approx. 4 m × 3 m (~833 stems ha −1 ) using a metallic rod to create a planting hole. In the double-blade scarification treatment, the cuttings were planted at the hinge position of the scarification furrows [24]. In the mounding treatment, we planted cuttings at the top of the mound. Based on operational practices in this region, we fertilized all planted cuttings in May 2014 with 460 g of a 15-30-5 NH 4 -NO 3 granular fertilizer, within a radius of 50 cm around the cutting base.
Granular fertilizer was also applied in the unplanted sub-plots so that the presence of hybrid poplars was the only factor differentiating the planted from the unplanted treatment. The resulting design was a 3 × 2 split-plot with three levels of site preparation (V-blade, Mounding, Control), and two levels of plantation (with plantation, without plantation), replicated four times (i.e., on four different sites). After site preparation, each main plot was divided into two sub-plots, each of which was randomly selected to be either planted with a hybrid poplar clone or left unplanted. Following provincial guidelines, we selected a clone of Populus maximowiczii × P. deltoides × P. trichocarpa [32] for plantation in the selected sub-plots. Planting was performed in May 2013, as described by Hébert et al. [24]. In summary, we planted one-year-old unrooted cuttings of approximately 100 cm in height, 30 cm deep in the soil at a spacing of approx. 4 m × 3 m (~833 stems ha −1 ) using a metallic rod to create a planting hole. In the double-blade scarification treatment, the cuttings were planted at the hinge position of the scarification furrows [24]. In the mounding treatment, we planted cuttings at the top of the mound. Based on operational practices in this region, we fertilized all planted cuttings in May 2014 with 460 g of a 15-30-5 NH4-NO3 granular fertilizer, within a radius of 50 cm around the cutting base. Granular fertilizer was also applied in the unplanted sub-plots so that the presence of hybrid poplars was the only factor differentiating the planted from the unplanted treatment. The resulting design was a 3 × 2 split-plot with three levels of site preparation (V-blade, Mounding, Control), and two levels of plantation (with plantation, without plantation), replicated four times (i.e., on four different sites).

Sapling Measurements
Cuttings were identified and mapped following planting. In September 2016, we measured diameter at breast height (DBH, at 1.3 m) of all saplings, and measured total height on trees selected for foliar analyses (see below). We assessed tree survival based on initial measurements.

Foliar and Soil Nutrients
In each planted sub-plot of every block, we selected five planted trees for foliar sampling in September 2016 (end of the fourth growing season since planting). The selected trees were located in the four corners and near the centre of the sub-plot, respecting a buffer of one planted tree from the sub-plot borders. On each selected tree, we collected 10 leaves that we grouped to form one composite sample per tree. Leaves were collected randomly from the base of the tree crown up to a maximum height of about 2 m. Samples were kept cold until further analyzes. They were then oven-dried at 60 • C and ground to pass a 0. In each sub-plot, we collected four soil cores at the end of the 2016 growing season using a 4.8 cm diameter metal cylinder inserted down to the first 15 cm of mineral soil. In planted sub-plots, sampling spots were located at the base of the four corner-saplings that were sampled for foliar analyses. In unplanted sub-plots, we collected samples in the four corners in microsites that would have been adequate for planting. Soil samples were dried to 5% mass based moisture content and sieved at 2 mm. Five grams of soil (±0.02 g) were extracted with 50 mL 2M KCl solution [34] and inorganic N (NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N) was analysed by spectrophotometry (QuikChem R8500 Series 2, Lachat Instruments, Milwaukee, WI, USA) after 30 min. agitation and filtration.

Statistical Analyses
Data regarding DBH, height and foliar nutrients were analyzed using linear mixed models with site preparation as a fixed effect and the block as a random effect following a fully randomized block design. Results regarding inorganic soil N were analyzed using a linear mixed model with site preparation, plantation, and site preparation × plantation interaction as fixed effects and the block as a random effect following a split-plot design. An α threshold of 0.05 was used to identify significant effects. Normality and homoscedasticity were verified for all data using visual distribution of data and by analysis of residues. Natural logarithmic transformations were made when necessary. Comparisons between site preparation treatments were assessed with Tukey's a posteriori mean comparison tests. All statistical analyses were performed with the nlme and emmeans packages of R, version 3.5.3 [35][36][37].

Results
We found a significant effect of treatments on height and DBH as measured 4 growing seasons after planting (p ≤ 0.006; Figure 2). Saplings were 68% taller in the mounding treatment than the control plots (p = 0.005), but height in V-blade treated plots was not different from height in control conditions (p = 0.116; Figure 2a). Sapling height was statistically equivalent in plots treated with mounding and V-blade (p = 0.065). Saplings in the V-blade and in the mounding treated plots had a DBH that was respectively 91% and 155% larger than saplings planted in the control plots (p ≤ 0.021; Figure 2b). DBH was equivalent between the mounding and V-blade treatments (p = 0.195). Survival was higher in the mounding (99%), compared to 91% in the V-blade and 48% in the control treatments.   F (1,9) 3.1 ± 0.2 2.6 0.155 3.9 0.080 2.6 0.132 None of the foliar nutrient concentrations differed between site preparation treatments four growing seasons after planting (Table 1). Soil inorganic N was equivalent between site preparation treatments and was not influenced by the presence/absence of planted hybrid poplars (Table 1).

Discussion
Our results confirm the global positive effects of site preparation on the survival and the early growth of hybrid poplar clones, a fast growing species that is sensitive to nutrient deficiencies and competition by vegetation after planting, especially on forested sites [15,18]. Previous studies in temperate and boreal regions have reported positive effects of mechanical site preparation on species like Populus spp., Pine spp., and Picea spp. [38][39][40][41]. The objective of mechanical site preparation is to create adequate microsites for seedling rooting and early growth. Soil disturbance affects substrate temperature, moisture and density (porosity), and ultimately nutrient availability and light exposure ( [20] and references therein). The advantages of mounding over blading might be related to the microtopography created by the treatment. Mounding is not recommended on drought-prone sites because mounds are susceptible to drying, which might compromise cutting survival, particularly during the first season after planting. However, soil elevation creates a well-drained, aerated and uncompact substrate that provides better rooting conditions, an advantage given the high annual precipitation regime in our study region (1012 mm). On the other hand, cuttings planted in furrows created by blading might suffer from soil water saturation and root hypoxia, particularly if the water table is high [39,42]. Site preparation can indeed modify rooting patterns; root distribution is more even on mounds than in furrows created by disc trenching [43].
Site preparation such as soil inversion or ploughing has been reported to increase [18,44] or decrease [45,46] soil N pool or mineralized N concentration. In our study, conducted on relatively rich boreal mixedwood sites of Eastern Canada, we did not measure any significant effect of site preparation on soil inorganic N. Similarly, sapling foliar nutrient concentrations were not influenced by the treatments either, although foliar nutrient concentrations suggest that N is below the optimum range while other nutrients appeared to be near the optimum [47]. The effects of site preparation are highly dependent on soil characteristics, including management history, surficial deposit and climate. Benefits from site preparation on nutrient availability and subsequently, on planted cutting nutritional status, are less likely to occur on sites with thin humus relative to boreal forest sites with thick humus layers [48,49]. We expected that the presence of hybrid poplar would, by itself, influence soil inorganic N. Indeed, because of the quality of its litter, the presence of Populus tremuloides in boreal stands has been shown to improve cation exchangeable capacity and pH of the forest floor [50]. We posit that we have not detected these effects on the sites we have studied because litter input is still too low to influence soil physical and chemical properties and because tree growth appears to be mainly N limited. Longer-term monitoring of the planted/unplanted plots of this experiment will allow testing the impacts of hybrid poplar on soil properties and disentangle them from those of site preparation.

Conclusions
Both of the mechanical site preparation treatments we have tested in this study significantly increased the radial growth of planted hybrid poplar, but only mounding had a significant effect on sapling height growth relative to control conditions. These effects could not be explained by improved soil nutrient availability or foliar nutritional status and might be the results of improved root growth, water status or abiotic or biotic interactions not studied here. Based on these results, mounding, with a higher survival rate, appears as a good management approach to establish hybrid poplar plantations under the ecological conditions studied here. Although the differences with V-blading were small in terms of sapling growth, mounding is less likely to cause erosion and nutrient lixiviation than blading because of the localized nature of the treatment. These environmental benefits need, however, to be balanced against economic and social considerations in the context of sustainable forest management. For example, apart for being more costly, the mounding treatment creates a rough microtopography that can be a challenge for vegetation management operations using motor-manual brushsaws as an alternative to chemical herbicides [51], contrary to V-blading that creates regular corridors in which workers can easily circulate.