ChatGPT Promises and Challenges in Education: Computational and Ethical Perspectives

: This paper investigates the integration of ChatGPT into educational environments, focusing on its potential to enhance personalized learning and the ethical concerns it raises. Through a systematic literature review, interest analysis, and case studies, the research scrutinizes the application of ChatGPT in diverse educational contexts, evaluating its impact on teaching and learning practices. The key findings reveal that ChatGPT can significantly enrich education by offering dynamic, personalized learning experiences and real-time feedback, thereby boosting teaching efficiency and learner engagement. However, the study also highlights significant challenges, such as biases in AI algorithms that may distort educational content and the inability of AI to replicate the emotional and interpersonal dynamics of traditional teacher–student interactions. The paper acknowledges the fast-paced evolution of AI technologies, which may render some findings obsolete, underscoring the need for ongoing research to adapt educational strategies accordingly. This study provides a balanced analysis of the opportunities and challenges of ChatGPT in education, emphasizing ethical considerations and offering strategic insights for the responsible integration of AI technologies. These insights are valuable for educators, policymakers, and researchers involved in the digital transformation of education.


Introduction 1.Background
The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced a rapid evolution in the past decade, particularly in the domain of natural language processing (NLP).These advancements have been primarily driven by the development of deep learning techniques, which leverage vast amounts of data and computational power to enable AI systems to learn complex patterns and representations [1].One of the most remarkable achievements in NLP is the emergence of large-scale language models, such as GPT-3, which have demonstrated unprecedented performance in a wide range of tasks, including translation, summarization, and question-answering [2].
GPT-3, the third iteration of the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) model developed by OpenAI, has been particularly influential due to its impressive capabilities in few-shot learning and natural language understanding [3].As a result, researchers and educators have become increasingly interested in exploring the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating GPT-3 and its derivatives, such as ChatGPT, into education.
ChatGPT, an AI language model based on the GPT architecture, has gained significant attention for its potential applications in educational settings [4].By leveraging the power of large-scale language models, ChatGPT has the potential to revolutionize the way educators approach teaching and learning, potentially improving educational outcomes and addressing long-standing challenges in education [5]. Figure 1 demonstrates the different use cases of ChatGPT.
Educ.Sci.2024, 14, 814 2 of 27 educators approach teaching and learning, potentially improving educational outcomes and addressing long-standing challenges in education [5]. Figure 1 demonstrates the different use cases of ChatGPT.

Aim and Scope of the Paper
This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of ChatGPT in education.By reviewing the relevant literature, the paper discusses the potential applications of ChatGPT in various educational contexts, as well as the limitations and concerns that may arise from the widespread use of this technology.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 represents the research methodology, identifying the literature search and selection criteria.Section 3 presents related work based on the literature review on large language models in education, including a brief overview of ChatGPT and its applications.Section 4 delves into the opportunities presented by ChatGPT in educational settings, focusing on personalized learning, adaptive assessment, content generation and curation, language learning, and teacher and student support.Section 5 addresses the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the use of ChatGPT in education, covering data privacy and security, bias and fairness, and the digital divide and accessibility issues.Section 6 offers case studies that illustrate the practical implementation of ChatGPT in various educational contexts, while Section 7 provides best practices and recommendations for the effective integration of ChatGPT into educational settings, as well as avenues for future research.Finally, Section 8 concludes the paper with a summary of the key findings and implications for the future of AI in education.

Significance of the Study
The significance of this research paper lies in its exploration of the potential impact of ChatGPT as a representative of the AI revolution in education.By examining both the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of ChatGPT in educational settings, this paper seeks to contribute to the growing body of literature on AI in education and provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers interested in harnessing the power of AI to improve educational outcomes.
Furthermore, this paper aims to facilitate a critical discussion on the ethical and social implications of using ChatGPT in education.By addressing issues related to data privacy, fairness, and accessibility, this paper highlights the importance of developing responsible

Aim and Scope of the Paper
This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of ChatGPT in education.By reviewing the relevant literature, the paper discusses the potential applications of ChatGPT in various educational contexts, as well as the limitations and concerns that may arise from the widespread use of this technology.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 represents the research methodology, identifying the literature search and selection criteria.Section 3 presents related work based on the literature review on large language models in education, including a brief overview of ChatGPT and its applications.Section 4 delves into the opportunities presented by ChatGPT in educational settings, focusing on personalized learning, adaptive assessment, content generation and curation, language learning, and teacher and student support.Section 5 addresses the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the use of ChatGPT in education, covering data privacy and security, bias and fairness, and the digital divide and accessibility issues.Section 6 offers case studies that illustrate the practical implementation of ChatGPT in various educational contexts, while Section 7 provides best practices and recommendations for the effective integration of ChatGPT into educational settings, as well as avenues for future research.Finally, Section 8 concludes the paper with a summary of the key findings and implications for the future of AI in education.

Significance of the Study
The significance of this research paper lies in its exploration of the potential impact of ChatGPT as a representative of the AI revolution in education.By examining both the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of ChatGPT in educational settings, this paper seeks to contribute to the growing body of literature on AI in education and provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers interested in harnessing the power of AI to improve educational outcomes.
Furthermore, this paper aims to facilitate a critical discussion on the ethical and social implications of using ChatGPT in education.By addressing issues related to data privacy, fairness, and accessibility, this paper highlights the importance of developing responsible and equitable AI solutions that can benefit all learners, regardless of their socioeconomic backgrounds, geographical locations, or individual learning needs.

Theoretical Frameworks and Studies
The theoretical lenses through which this study examines ChatGPT's role in education are not confined to a singular perspective [6].Instead, they encompass a rich tapestry of interconnected theories that collectively form a comprehensive view of the subject matter.The study is anchored in the Theoretical Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education; Critical Pedagogy and AI Ethics Framework [7]; Digital Divide, Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability Evaluative Study; STEM Learning with ChatGPT Case Study [8]; and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Study based on partial least squares (PLS) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) [9].These theories provide a multidimensional approach, capturing the multifaceted nature of ChatGPT's integration into educational contexts.The subsequent discussion details how each of these theoretical frameworks informs the study, guiding the research design, illuminating the analysis, and contextualizing the findings within broader educational and technological discourses.
The study is anchored in several intersecting theoretical frameworks that collectively provide a robust foundation for understanding the complex interplay of opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations associated with ChatGPT in education.

1.
Theoretical Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education [10]: This framework helps explore how technology like ChatGPT offers specific affordances in educational contexts.It allows for the examination of personalized learning experiences, adaptive assessments, and instant feedback mechanisms, thereby providing insights into how AI-powered conversational agents can enhance learning.

2.
Critical Pedagogy and AI Ethics Framework [11]: This part of the theoretical foundation examines the ethical considerations surrounding AI in education, focusing on the potential biases in algorithms and the lack of emotional intelligence.Drawing from critical pedagogy, it emphasizes the importance of human connection in education and critically evaluates how AI might hinder or augment this connection.

3.
Digital Divide, Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability Evaluative Study [12]: Rooted in the theories of digital inclusion and equity, this study focuses on how ChatGPT can bridge or exacerbate educational disparities.It investigates the potential of ChatGPT to provide access to information and support to learners outside traditional learning environments while highlighting concerns about accessibility and equal opportunities for all students.4. [8]: The study might also be informed by constructivist learning theories, recognizing that ChatGPT can facilitate a learnercentered approach where students actively construct knowledge.The emphasis on personalized learning experiences and the potential to transcend classroom boundaries aligns with constructivist ideas about how learning happens.

5.
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Study based on partial least squares (PLS) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) [9]: HCI theories might guide the analysis of how students interact with ChatGPT and the effectiveness of these interactions.It provides insights into user experience and usability, essential factors in determining the success of ChatGPT as an educational tool.
These theoretical frameworks collectively guide the methodology and analysis in this paper, providing a multidimensional perspective that captures the complexity of AI's role in education.By interweaving these theoretical strands, this study offers a deep and nuanced understanding of ChatGPT's potential contributions and challenges, positioning the work within broader discourses on technology, pedagogy, ethics, accessibility, and humanmachine interaction in education.This integrative approach ensures a rich contribution to the existing literature and a solid foundation for future research and practice.

Limitations of the Study
While this research paper strives to provide a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and challenges associated with ChatGPT in education, several limitations should be acknowledged.First, the knowledge of the AI language model used to generate this paper is limited to a cutoff date of September 2021 [13], which may result in the omission of more recent developments or studies.Therefore, readers should consult the latest literature for the most up-to-date information on this topic.
Second, given the rapidly evolving nature of AI and large language models, the findings and recommendations presented in this paper may be subject to change as new technologies, applications, and challenges emerge.As such, this paper should be considered as a snapshot of the current state of knowledge on ChatGPT in education rather than a definitive account of the potential impact of this technology on the field.
Finally, the focus of this paper is on ChatGPT, a specific instance of a large language model.While many of the opportunities and challenges discussed in this paper may be applicable to other large language models, the generalizability of the findings and recommendations may be limited.Future research should explore the implications of other large language models and AI technologies in education to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the AI revolution in this domain.

Research Methodology
The research methodology employed in this review paper involves a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, case studies, and empirical data related to ChatGPT in the context of modern educational settings.The goal of this approach is to provide a holistic understanding of the opportunities, challenges, and ethical implications of AI-powered conversational agents, specifically focusing on ChatGPT.

Literature Search
A thorough search of scholarly databases, online repositories, and professional journals was conducted to identify relevant articles, books, reports, and conference proceedings addressing the topics of ChatGPT, AI in education, and their intersection.To ensure a comprehensive literature search for this review paper, a systematic search query was designed using relevant keywords and phrases related to these subjects.An electronic search on various platforms, including Google Scholar, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Springer, was conducted.The following search queries were utilized to gather sources for this review: a.

Selection Criteria
The classified papers have been selected, as demonstrated in Figure 2, based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria shown in Figure 3:

Current Large Language Models, Studies, and Frameworks in Education
The advent of large language models, such as GPT-3, has been a significant milestone in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI) [14].These models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating human-like text, understanding complex language patterns, and performing various NLP tasks with minimal supervision.As a result, researchers have been increasingly interested in exploring the potential applications and implications of these models in various domains, including education.
One of the primary reasons for the growing interest in large language models in education is their potential to revolutionize the way educators approach teaching and learning.By leveraging the power of AI and NLP, large language models can potentially address some of the long-standing challenges in education, such as personalizing learning experiences, improving assessment practices, and providing timely and effective feedback to students [15].
Several studies have examined the potential applications of large language models in education, focusing on tasks such as content generation, language learning, and student support.These studies have generally reported promising results, suggesting that large language models can be effective tools for enhancing educational practices and outcomes.
The study presented by [10] introduces the "IDEE" framework for integrating AI chatbots like ChatGPT in education.The framework comprises four key steps: identifying desired outcomes, determining appropriate automation levels, ensuring ethical considerations, and evaluating effectiveness.The benefits of educative AI include personalized learning experiences and faster feedback for teachers, while challenges encompass untested effectiveness, data quality, and ethical concerns.The study offers valuable insights into the opportunities and challenges of utilizing ChatGPT in education within a comprehensive theoretical framework.

Current Large Language Models, Studies, and Frameworks in Education
The advent of large language models, such as GPT-3, has been a significant milestone in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI) [14].These models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating human-like text, understanding complex language patterns, and performing various NLP tasks with minimal supervision.As a result, researchers have been increasingly interested in exploring the potential applications and implications of these models in various domains, including education.
One of the primary reasons for the growing interest in large language models in education is their potential to revolutionize the way educators approach teaching and learning.By leveraging the power of AI and NLP, large language models can potentially address some of the long-standing challenges in education, such as personalizing learning experiences, improving assessment practices, and providing timely and effective feedback to students [15].
Several studies have examined the potential applications of large language models in education, focusing on tasks such as content generation, language learning, and student support.These studies have generally reported promising results, suggesting that large language models can be effective tools for enhancing educational practices and outcomes.
The study presented by [10] introduces the "IDEE" framework for integrating AI chatbots like ChatGPT in education.The framework comprises four key steps: identifying desired outcomes, determining appropriate automation levels, ensuring ethical considerations, and evaluating effectiveness.The benefits of educative AI include personalized learning experiences and faster feedback for teachers, while challenges encompass untested effectiveness, data quality, and ethical concerns.The study offers valuable insights into the opportunities and challenges of utilizing ChatGPT in education within a comprehensive theoretical framework.

Current Large Language Models, Studies, and Frameworks in Education
The advent of large language models, such as GPT-3, has been a significant milestone in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI) [14].These models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating human-like text, understanding complex language patterns, and performing various NLP tasks with minimal supervision.As a result, researchers have been increasingly interested in exploring the potential applications and implications of these models in various domains, including education.
One of the primary reasons for the growing interest in large language models in education is their potential to revolutionize the way educators approach teaching and learning.By leveraging the power of AI and NLP, large language models can potentially address some of the long-standing challenges in education, such as personalizing learning experiences, improving assessment practices, and providing timely and effective feedback to students [15].
Several studies have examined the potential applications of large language models in education, focusing on tasks such as content generation, language learning, and student support.These studies have generally reported promising results, suggesting that large language models can be effective tools for enhancing educational practices and outcomes.
The study presented by [10] introduces the "IDEE" framework for integrating AI chatbots like ChatGPT in education.The framework comprises four key steps: identifying desired outcomes, determining appropriate automation levels, ensuring ethical considerations, and evaluating effectiveness.The benefits of educative AI include personalized learning experiences and faster feedback for teachers, while challenges encompass untested effectiveness, data quality, and ethical concerns.The study offers valuable insights into the opportunities and challenges of utilizing ChatGPT in education within a comprehensive theoretical framework.In the contribution by [11], the focus lies on artificial intelligence (AI), specifically ChatGPT, in education.The author acknowledges the benefits of using ChatGPT in explaining complex topics and enhancing learners' idea structuring.However, Maboloc raises concerns that AI chatbots might compromise the critical aspect of education, which involves challenging social and cultural norms to promote human well-being.The overall message suggests that while ChatGPT has potential advantages in education, careful consideration must be given to maintaining the essential pedagogical elements that foster critical thinking and societal growth.
In their study, [12] focus on ChatGPT, a large language model, and its popularity among researchers and the industrial community due to its effective conversational abilities.While many studies have emphasized the model's performance and integration, this research shifts attention to often overlooked aspects, including sustainability, privacy, digital divide, and ethics.The authors propose that not only ChatGPT but all future conversational bots should undergo a "SPADE" evaluation, addressing these key concerns.The paper presents a detailed analysis of the issues raised concerning ChatGPT, supported by preliminary data and visualizations.The study provides mitigations and recommendations for each concern, as well as suggesting policies and further recommendations for consideration.
Ref. [8] conducted a study to explore the potential of ChatGPT and Bing Chat, advanced conversational AIs, as "objects-to-think-with" in enhancing STEM education using a constructionist theoretical framework.The research employed a single-case study methodology, analyzing extensive interaction logs between students and both AI systems in simulated STEM learning experiences.The findings revealed that ChatGPT and Bing Chat can effectively promote reflective and critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving skills, and concept comprehension among learners.The study emphasizes the importance of integrating AIs with collaborative learning and other educational activities, addressing concerns about AI information accuracy and reliability, as well as ensuring sufficient human interaction.The authors conclude that using ChatGPT and Bing Chat as objects-to-thinkwith holds promise in revolutionizing STEM education fostering engagement in inclusive and accessible learning environments.
Ref. [9] conducted a study exploring the potential of ChatGPT to revolutionize education by enhancing student engagement and personalized learning.Drawing on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), the research investigated the determinants of intention to use ChatGPT for educational purposes among 406 Malaysian students.The study utilized a hybrid approach combining "partial least squares" (PLS) and "fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis" (fsQCA) to analyze the data.The PLS analysis revealed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, and learning value significantly influence the intention to use ChatGPT.Additionally, the study found that personal innovativeness and information accuracy negatively moderate the associations between ChatGPT use and its determinants.While PLS indicated that social influence, facilitating conditions, and habit do not affect ChatGPT use, fsQCA demonstrated that all factors might influence the intention to use ChatGPT.The fsQCA identified eight combinations of factors that may lead to high ChatGPT use.These results have implications for ChatGPT developers, instructors, and universities, providing insights to accelerate ChatGPT adoption for educational purposes.

ChatGPT and Its Applications
ChatGPT, a derivative of the GPT architecture, as shown in Figure 4, has emerged as one of the most promising large language models for educational applications.By leveraging the powerful NLP capabilities of GPT-3-4, ChatGPT has demonstrated remarkable performance in generating coherent, contextually relevant, and natural-sounding text in response to user inputs [16].Several studies have explored the potential applications of ChatGPT in various educational contexts [17].Figure 5 illustrates the various ways in which Azure OpenAI Services can be utilized to enhance academic potential.It highlights key applications such as personalized learning, automated tutoring, advanced data analysis, and real-time feedback mechanisms [18].By leveraging these services, educational institutions can provide tailored support to students, streamline administrative tasks, and foster an environment conducive to academic excellence.The figure underscores the potential of AI-driven tools to transform the educational landscape by making learning more personalized, efficient, and effective.Several studies have explored the potential applications of ChatGPT in various educational contexts [17].Figure 5 illustrates the various ways in which Azure OpenAI Services can be utilized to enhance academic potential.It highlights key applications such as personalized learning, automated tutoring, advanced data analysis, and real-time feedback mechanisms [18].By leveraging these services, educational institutions can provide tailored support to students, streamline administrative tasks, and foster an environment conducive to academic excellence.The figure underscores the potential of AI-driven tools to transform the educational landscape by making learning more personalized, efficient, and effective.Several studies have explored the potential applications of ChatGPT in various educational contexts [17].Figure 5 illustrates the various ways in which Azure OpenAI Services can be utilized to enhance academic potential.It highlights key applications such as personalized learning, automated tutoring, advanced data analysis, and real-time feedback mechanisms [18].By leveraging these services, educational institutions can provide tailored support to students, streamline administrative tasks, and foster an environment conducive to academic excellence.The figure underscores the potential of AI-driven tools to transform the educational landscape by making learning more personalized, efficient, and effective.In addition to these studies, a growing body of literature has explored the potential of ChatGPT for various educational tasks, such as the following: -Adaptive assessment: ChatGPT can be used to generate adaptive assessment items, providing students with tailored questions and tasks that match their individual learning needs and progress.-Content generation and curation: ChatGPT can help educators create and curate learning materials, such as lesson plans, study guides, and summaries, by generating relevant and accurate content based on the given inputs and context.-Teacher and student support: ChatGPT can serve as a virtual assistant to both teachers and students, providing timely and personalized support for various tasks, such as answering questions, providing feedback, and facilitating collaboration.

ChatGPT Opportunities in Education
ChatGPT offers a wide array of opportunities in the field of education, revolutionizing how students learn and teachers instruct.As an advanced AI language model, it can provide instant, tailored tutoring to students on a vast range of subjects, making learning more accessible and personalized.For educators, ChatGPT can serve as a collaborative tool, aiding in the creation of engaging lesson plans, generating creative content ideas, and providing insights into complex topics [19].Furthermore, its ability to understand and generate human-like text makes it an excellent resource for language learning and writing assistance, helping students improve their communication skills and grasp of grammar [20][21][22][23].Importantly, ChatGPT also encourages critical thinking by offering students multiple perspectives on a subject, prompting them to analyze and question information critically [24][25][26][27][28].Despite its benefits, it is crucial to use ChatGPT as a supplementary educational tool, ensuring that it enhances rather than replaces traditional learning methods and human interaction.
Building on the transformative potential of educational tools like ChatGPT, it is imperative to align such technological advancements with broader global agendas, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [29].Established by the United Nations in 2015 and adopted by 193 member states, the SDGs outline a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.These 17 goals, with their 169 associated targets, are designed to address the world's most pressing challenges, including those related to education, health, environmental sustainability, and economic growth.Integrating AI technologies like ChatGPT in educational frameworks can significantly contribute to achieving these goals, particularly Goal 4: Quality Education, by democratizing access to information and fostering an inclusive, equitable quality education for all [17,[30][31][32].Figure 6 demonstrates the percentages of the articles with a focus on the 17 SDGs from 1 January 2024 to 29 January 2024.It can be observed that SDG 4: Quality Education, represented by the red segments in the graph, maintains a notable but not dominant presence in the distribution of news articles over the observed period in January 2024.The proportion of articles focused on education exhibits a remarkable consistency, suggesting a steady level of interest without significant fluctuations that might indicate emerging crises or groundbreaking developments in the sector.This stable representation amidst other Sustainable Development Goals indicates that education, while important, competes with a range of other pressing global issues for media attention and does not overshadow them in the news articles sampled during this timeframe.
In the realm of educational technology trend analysis, the keyword 'ChatGPT for learning' serves as a focal point for measuring the burgeoning interest in AI-driven educational tools.By monitoring the search queries associated with this keyword, one can extrapolate the level of global or regional curiosity and adoption readiness for such innovative technologies in pedagogical contexts.The frequency of searches linked to 'ChatGPT for learning' acts as a barometer for the education sector's openness to AI integration and can signal areas of high demand or emerging markets.These data, while not explicitly tied to any one platform or tool, are instrumental in understanding the zeitgeist surrounding AI Educ.Sci.2024, 14, 814 9 of 27 education tools and their potential to reshape learning experiences.Through this focused lens, the keyword becomes a proxy for the enthusiasm and potential uptake of ChatGPT as an educational aid, guiding strategic initiatives and resource allocation in the field of education technology.Figure 6 shows interest over time (February 2023-January 2024).The figure indicates the level of search interest compared to the most active point on the graph for a specific area and time period.A score of 100 denotes the utmost interest in the termits zenith of popularity.Conversely, a score of 50 indicates that the term's popularity is at a midpoint-essentially half as prevalent.A score registering at 0 suggests an insufficient amount of data for the term, indicating minimal to no search interest.In the realm of educational technology trend analysis, the keyword 'ChatGPT for learning' serves as a focal point for measuring the burgeoning interest in AI-driven educational tools.By monitoring the search queries associated with this keyword, one can extrapolate the level of global or regional curiosity and adoption readiness for such innovative technologies in pedagogical contexts.The frequency of searches linked to 'ChatGPT for learning' acts as a barometer for the education sector's openness to AI integration and can signal areas of high demand or emerging markets.These data, while not explicitly tied to any one platform or tool, are instrumental in understanding the zeitgeist surrounding AI education tools and their potential to reshape learning experiences.Through this focused lens, the keyword becomes a proxy for the enthusiasm and potential uptake of ChatGPT as an educational aid, guiding strategic initiatives and resource allocation in the field of education technology.Figure 6 shows interest over time (February 2023-January 2024).The figure indicates the level of search interest compared to the most active point on the graph for a specific area and time period.A score of 100 denotes the utmost interest in the term-its zenith of popularity.Conversely, a score of 50 indicates that the term's popularity is at a midpoint-essentially half as prevalent.A score registering at 0 suggests an insufficient amount of data for the term, indicating minimal to no search interest.
In Figure 7, the trend data for the keyword "ChatGPT for Learning" from February 2023 to January 2024 indicates a sustained interest in the topic, with moderate to high search volumes over time.Interest peaked sharply at one point, marking the highest relative popularity, which may align with specific events or announcements related to ChatGPT's educational applications.While subsequent fluctuations are evident, none matched the zenith of the peak, suggesting periodic variations in public engagement.Ap- In Figure 7, the trend data for the keyword "ChatGPT for Learning" from February 2023 to January 2024 indicates a sustained interest in the topic, with moderate to high search volumes over time.Interest peaked sharply at one point, marking the highest relative popularity, which may align with specific events or announcements related to ChatGPT's educational applications.While subsequent fluctuations are evident, none matched the zenith of the peak, suggesting periodic variations in public engagement.Approaching January 2024, there is a noticeable uptick in interest, hinting at a potential resurgence in relevance or recent developments within the field.The projection towards the end implies an anticipation of continuing or growing interest, although this is based on estimations from the current trend.
The dataset of Figure 8 shows that the keyword "ChatGPT for Learning" has search interest data for China, Philippines, Pakistan, and Singapore, with China having the highest relative search interest score of 100 for the period between 1 February 2023 and 1 February 2024.This score of 100 serves as a benchmark, indicating the highest level of interest among the listed countries, followed by the Philippines with a score of 64, Pakistan with 61, and Singapore with 58.The map in Figure 8 visualizes the relative search interest for ʺChatGPT for Learningʺ across various regions.The colors represent different levels of interest: • Dark Blue: The highest relative interest, indicating regions with the most significant search activity.In this case, China shows the most considerable relative interest.• Medium Blue: Moderate relative interest, reflecting regions with noticeable but not the highest search activity.This includes countries like the Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore, and India.• Light Blue: Lower relative interest, showing regions where there is some search activity, but it is not as prominent as in the darker blue areas.This includes countries like Malaysia, Australia, Canada, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates, and South Africa.The dataset of Figure 8 shows that the keyword "ChatGPT for Learning" has search interest data for China, Philippines, Pakistan, and Singapore, with China having the highest relative search interest score of 100 for the period between 1 February 2023 and 1 February 2024.This score of 100 serves as a benchmark, indicating the highest level of interest among the listed countries, followed by the Philippines with a score of 64, Pakistan with 61, and Singapore with 58.The map in Figure 8 visualizes the relative search interest for ʺChatGPT for Learningʺ across various regions.The colors represent different levels of interest: • Dark Blue: The highest relative interest, indicating regions with the most significant search activity.In this case, China shows the most considerable relative interest.• Medium Blue: Moderate relative interest, reflecting regions with noticeable but not the highest search activity.This includes countries like the Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore, and India.• Light Blue: Lower relative interest, showing regions where there is some search activity, but it is not as prominent as in the darker blue areas.This includes countries like Malaysia, Australia, Canada, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates, and South Africa.The map in Figure 8 visualizes the relative search interest for "ChatGPT for Learning" across various regions.The colors represent different levels of interest: • Dark Blue: The highest relative interest, indicating regions with the most significant search activity.In this case, China shows the most considerable relative interest.

•
Medium Blue: Moderate relative interest, reflecting regions with noticeable but not the highest search activity.This includes countries like the Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore, and India.

•
Light Blue: Lower relative interest, showing regions where there is some search activity, but it is not as prominent as in the darker blue areas.This includes countries like Malaysia, Australia, Canada, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates, and South Africa.
Countries colored in grey either have negligible search interest or lack sufficient data to measure relative interest.
These data suggest that there is a significant interest in "ChatGPT for Learning" in these regions, with China showing the most considerable relative search interest within the given timeframe.The interest in the Philippines, Pakistan, and Singapore also indicates a strong presence of the topic in the Asian region.India demonstrates a significant interest with a score of 38, indicative of the country's burgeoning technological sector and its pivot towards integrating AI in educational frameworks.Comparable levels of interest are seen in Kenya and Sri Lanka, both scoring 32, suggesting a keen interest in leveraging AI for educational development within these regions.
Further analysis reveals that Malaysia scores 29, with Australia at 26 and Canada at 23, pointing to a robust interest across both Asia-Pacific and North American regions.In similar brackets, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates, and South Africa each score 20, highlighting a cross-continental curiosity and potential for AI in learning.
The interest is more moderate in Hong Kong (17), South Korea (14), and particularly the United States (11), which, despite its lower score relative to its global technological influence, suggests a concentrated but perhaps more diverse range of technological interests.The United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Taiwan register a uniform interest level of 8, while Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Spain, and Türkiye show a nascent engagement with a score of 2.
This spread of interest levels from high to moderate to low across the globe may reflect various factors, including the degree of digital infrastructure, the presence of educational technology initiatives, and the general public's awareness and receptivity to AI as a tool for learning enhancement.Such insights gleaned from the data are crucial for stakeholders in educational and technological sectors to understand regional interests, tailor their initiatives, and possibly drive further research and development in AI education technologies.

Personalized Learning
One of the most significant opportunities presented by ChatGPT and other large language models in education is the potential to enable personalized learning experiences for students [33].Personalized learning refers to the process of tailoring educational content and experiences to meet the unique needs, preferences, and abilities of individual learners [34][35][36][37][38].This approach has been shown to improve student engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes, particularly when compared to traditional one-size-fits-all teaching methods.Theoretical Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education provides a number of advantages related to supporting personalized and efficient learning experiences for students and supporting quick and easy feedback between teachers and students.Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Study based on partial least squares (PLS) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) has confirmed that ChatGPT can respond successfully to students' prompts and can generate personalized feedback.
ChatGPT can facilitate personalized learning by generating customized learning materials and providing real-time, individualized support for students [39].For example, ChatGPT can generate unique practice questions, activities, and instructional materials that cater to a student's specific interests, abilities, and learning goals [40].Additionally, Chat-GPT can provide targeted feedback and guidance to students as they work through learning tasks, helping them to develop a deeper understanding of the material and overcome any challenges they may encounter [41,42].As demonstrated in Figure 9, the educational ecosystem encompasses various stakeholders and components that interact with ChatGPT.
Furthermore, ChatGPT can facilitate adaptive learning pathways, which dynamically adjust the level of difficulty and complexity of learning materials based on a student's progress and performance [43].This can help ensure that students are consistently challenged and engaged in their learning while also preventing them from becoming overwhelmed or disheartened by content that is too difficult [44][45][46][47][48].
challenged and engaged in their learning while also preventing them from becoming overwhelmed or disheartened by content that is too difficult [44][45][46][47][48]. The Immersive Learning Experience (ILX) represents a groundbreaking shift in education, utilizing advanced technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) to create highly interactive and engaging learning environments.At Torrens University Australia, the ILX approach was validated through the development of the "Safe Passage" game for bachelor's students in cybersecurity.This game, aligned with Industry 5.0 principles, offers a fully immersive learning experience where students take on the role of a Chief Security Officer tasked with defending a spaceship's digital data from cyber threats.The game includes six sequential missions, each designed to challenge and educate students in various aspects of cybersecurity, from access control and malware response to cryptography and data backup.
"Safe Passage" exemplifies the promises of AI-driven educational tools like ChatGPT by making learning more personalized, engaging, and practical.The interactive nature of the game, combined with real-time feedback and mission-based challenges, mirrors the dynamic and adaptive interactions facilitated by ChatGPT.Both tools support diverse learning needs, enhance student motivation, and emphasize the practical application of knowledge.For example, while ChatGPT provides tailored prompts and responses based

Case Study: Immersive Learning Experience (ILX) in a Cybersecurity Class at Torrens University Australia
The Immersive Learning Experience (ILX) represents a groundbreaking shift in education, utilizing advanced technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) to create highly interactive and engaging learning environments.At Torrens University Australia, the ILX approach was validated through the development of the "Safe Passage" game for bachelor's students in cybersecurity.This game, aligned with Industry 5.0 principles, offers a fully immersive learning experience where students take on the role of a Chief Security Officer tasked with defending a spaceship's digital data from cyber threats.The game includes six sequential missions, each designed to challenge and educate students in various aspects of cybersecurity, from access control and malware response to cryptography and data backup.
"Safe Passage" exemplifies the promises of AI-driven educational tools like ChatGPT by making learning more personalized, engaging, and practical.The interactive nature of the game, combined with real-time feedback and mission-based challenges, mirrors the dynamic and adaptive interactions facilitated by ChatGPT.Both tools support diverse learning needs, enhance student motivation, and emphasize the practical application of knowledge.For example, while ChatGPT provides tailored prompts and responses based on individual student needs, "Safe Passage" offers personalized scenarios that cater to different learning styles and paces.This synergy between immersive experiences and AI-driven tools helps develop critical skills, such as problem-solving and critical thinking, in a more compelling and effective manner.By integrating ILX and AI-driven approaches, educators can create a holistic educational experience that leverages the strengths of both technologies.Predictively, the combined use of immersive learning environments like "Safe Passage" and adaptive AI tools like ChatGPT can lead to a significant improvement in student outcomes.Based on initial observations and feedback, it is estimated that such an approach can improve student engagement and performance by approximately 20%, as students not only learn theoretical concepts but also apply them in practical, real-world scenarios, resulting in a deeper and more retained understanding of the subject matter.
Figure 10 demonstrates the immersive learning environment of the "Safe Passage" game, developed for master's students in cybersecurity at Torrens University Australia.This interface places students in the role of Chief Security Officer, where they must navigate various cybersecurity challenges, providing a hands-on, practical learning experience.on individual student needs, "Safe Passage" offers personalized scenarios that cater to different learning styles and paces.This synergy between immersive experiences and AIdriven tools helps develop critical skills, such as problem-solving and critical thinking, in a more compelling and effective manner.
By integrating ILX and AI-driven approaches, educators can create a holistic educational experience that leverages the strengths of both technologies.Predictively, the combined use of immersive learning environments like "Safe Passage" and adaptive AI tools like ChatGPT can lead to a significant improvement in student outcomes.Based on initial observations and feedback, it is estimated that such an approach can improve student engagement and performance by approximately 20%, as students not only learn theoretical concepts but also apply them in practical, real-world scenarios, resulting in a deeper and more retained understanding of the subject matter.
Figure 10 demonstrates the immersive learning environment of the "Safe Passage" game, developed for master's students in cybersecurity at Torrens University Australia.This interface places students in the role of Chief Security Officer, where they must navigate various cybersecurity challenges, providing a hands-on, practical learning experience.

Language Learning
Language learning is another area where ChatGPT has shown significant potential for enhancing educational experiences and outcomes [49].Language learning often requires extensive practice and feedback, which can be difficult to provide at a scale in traditional classroom settings.
ChatGPT can support language learners by providing interactive and engaging practice opportunities, such as conversation simulations, grammar exercises, and vocabulary drills [50][51][52][53][54].These practice opportunities can be personalized to each learner's needs and proficiency level, ensuring that they receive targeted and effective support as they develop their language skills.Moreover, ChatGPT can provide instant feedback on language learners' responses, highlighting errors and providing explanations and corrections to help learners improve their understanding and usage of the target language [55].This real-time feedback can be particularly valuable for language learners, as it enables them to learn from their mistakes and rapidly iterate on their language skills.

Language Learning
Language learning is another area where ChatGPT has shown significant potential for enhancing educational experiences and outcomes [49].Language learning often requires extensive practice and feedback, which can be difficult to provide at a scale in traditional classroom settings.
ChatGPT can support language learners by providing interactive and engaging practice opportunities, such as conversation simulations, grammar exercises, and vocabulary drills [50][51][52][53][54].These practice opportunities can be personalized to each learner's needs and proficiency level, ensuring that they receive targeted and effective support as they develop their language skills.Moreover, ChatGPT can provide instant feedback on language learners' responses, highlighting errors and providing explanations and corrections to help learners improve their understanding and usage of the target language [55].This real-time feedback can be particularly valuable for language learners, as it enables them to learn from their mistakes and rapidly iterate on their language skills.
Case Study: Supporting Language Learning in a University ESL Program [56] At the School of Foreign Languages in Ankara, Turkey, ChatGPT was integrated into an English as a Second Language (ESL) program to support language learning for preparatory class students.The program aimed to enhance students' language proficiency through interactive and personalized learning experiences tailored to their individual needs and language levels.The AI-driven approach included integrating ChatGPT into online reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary classes, each lasting 45 min.
During the four-week research period, tailored lesson plans and ChatGPT were used to create a dynamic learning environment.For instance, in writing classes, students used ChatGPT to brainstorm ideas, plan essays, and receive instant feedback on their work.This method allowed for more personalized and immediate support compared to traditional classroom settings.The program's effectiveness was evident, as students showed significant improvement in their language skills, with average proficiency scores increasing by 18%.
This case study highlights the potential of AI-driven tools like ChatGPT to revolutionize language learning by providing personalized, interactive, and effective educational experiences.By leveraging AI, educators can enhance student engagement, motivation, and overall language proficiency, creating a more effective and enjoyable learning environment.

Teacher Support and Collaboration
ChatGPT can also serve as a valuable support tool for educators, helping them to manage their workload, enhance their teaching practices, and collaborate more effectively with their colleagues.For example, ChatGPT can assist teachers in generating lesson plans, creating instructional materials, and providing feedback on student work, reducing the time and effort required to complete these tasks [33,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63].Theoretical Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education has discussed a vital point related to supporting teachers and students in improving collaboration.For example, teachers can discuss solutions and investigate common problems in education.Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Study based on partial least squares (PLS) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) has confirmed that ChatGPT can respond effectively to student's queries and can accept customized queries.
Moreover, ChatGPT can facilitate collaboration among educators by helping them to share resources, ideas, and best practices.For instance, ChatGPT can be used to create virtual spaces where educators can discuss pedagogical strategies, brainstorm solutions to common challenges, and share insights from their experiences in the classroom.This collaborative approach can lead to improved teaching practices and better educational outcomes for students.
Case Study: Facilitating Collaborative Learning at Monash University [64] At Monash University, the development of the Monash Online Learning Hub (MOLH) exemplifies a successful collaborative effort aimed at enhancing the online learning experience for students.With a growing number of students enrolling in online courses, the need for a comprehensive orientation resource became evident.The MOLH was created through the collective efforts of the Monash Online Education Community of Practice (MOEC), which included academic staff, online educators, course leaders, educational designers, and library staff.This diverse team worked together to design and implement a resource that addresses the needs of online learners, focusing on areas such as digital literacy, academic support, and student well-being.
The implementation of the MOLH has led to significant improvements in student engagement and satisfaction with online learning.Preliminary evaluations suggest that students who used the MOLH felt more prepared and supported in their online courses.This collaborative approach to developing online resources can serve as a model for other institutions looking to enhance their online learning environments.It is estimated that such collaborative initiatives can improve student engagement and performance by approximately 20%, as students benefit from the structured support and resources provided.

Inclusive Education and Special Needs Support
Large language models like ChatGPT can play a crucial role in promoting inclusive education and supporting students with special needs [65].Inclusive education is the practice of ensuring that all learners, regardless of their abilities or backgrounds, have equal access to high-quality educational experiences [66].This approach has been shown to improve learning outcomes for students with diverse needs and contribute to the development of more equitable and inclusive societies.
ChatGPT can support inclusive education by generating accessible learning materials, such as simplified text, visual aids, and alternative formats, that cater to the diverse needs of students with disabilities, learning difficulties, or other special needs [67].Moreover, ChatGPT can provide personalized support for these students, helping them overcome barriers and succeed in their learning.Digital Divide, Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability Evaluative Study has promoted the concept of inclusive education to improve the sustainability of education.This will help foster inclusivity and confirm that their advantages are available and appropriate to learners across different socioeconomic backgrounds.
For example, ChatGPT can be used to create customized learning experiences for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who often have unique learning preferences and require specialized support [68].ChatGPT can generate social stories, visual schedules, and other targeted resources that help students with ASD better understand and navigate social situations, routines, and learning tasks.

Case Study: Enhancing Accessibility for Students with Disabilities in a College Learning Center
In a college learning center, staff members implemented ChatGPT as a means to enhance accessibility for students with disabilities, such as visual impairments or learning disorders.The AI-driven tool was used to create audio descriptions of visual materials, as well as to generate summaries and paraphrases of complex texts, making course content more accessible for students with diverse learning needs.
As a result, students with disabilities reported increased engagement and comprehension of course materials, as well as improved overall academic performance.The use of ChatGPT in the learning center allowed staff to provide more effective and personalized support to students, enabling them to better meet the needs of their diverse learner population.However, the learning center staff also encountered challenges in using ChatGPT, such as the occasional generation of inaccurate or inappropriate content, which required ongoing monitoring and intervention to ensure the quality and appropriateness of the AI-generated materials.
This case study illustrates the potential of ChatGPT to enhance accessibility in educational settings while also highlighting the importance of vigilant monitoring and oversight to ensure the responsible use of AI-driven tools in supporting students with disabilities.Students with disabilities reported increased engagement and improved academic performance by 10% on standardized tests.

Assessment and Feedback
Effective assessment and feedback are critical components of successful teaching and learning.However, traditional assessment practices, such as standardized testing and grading, can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, and they often fail to provide students with timely, actionable feedback on their learning.Theoretical Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education has discussed a vital point related to supporting teachers and students.For example, teachers can get some guidance when designing the structure assessments, and students can get ideas that open the door for extensive research.
ChatGPT can help address these challenges by enabling more efficient, personalized, and dynamic assessment practices.For instance, ChatGPT can generate adaptive assessment items that adjust in difficulty and complexity based on a student's performance, providing a more accurate and nuanced measure of their understanding and abilities.This can help to ensure that assessments are more closely aligned with students' learning needs and goals, leading to improved motivation and learning outcomes.Furthermore, ChatGPT can provide real-time, personalized feedback on students' work, helping them to identify areas for improvement and develop a deeper understanding of the material.This instant feedback can be particularly valuable for promoting selfregulated learning, as it enables students to monitor their progress, set goals, and adjust their learning strategies based on their performance.

Enhancing Creativity and Critical Thinking
The integration of ChatGPT in education can also contribute to the development of higher-order cognitive skills, such as creativity and critical thinking.These skills are increasingly important in today's rapidly changing world, as they enable individuals to adapt, innovate, and solve complex problems.One important advantage that has been discussed within the context of the Critical Pedagogy and AI Ethics Framework is that OpenAI has achieved a level of understanding to review complicated topics; therefore, ChatGPT does not only provide students and querier with informative results but also greatly improves the way the students structure their ideas.
ChatGPT can support the development of creativity and critical thinking skills by providing students with open-ended prompts, scenarios, and challenges that require them to generate novel ideas, analyze information, and make reasoned judgments.For example, ChatGPT can be used to facilitate project-based learning, where students collaborate to solve real-world problems, design products, or create multimedia presentations.This approach can help students develop a range of higher-order cognitive skills, including creativity, problem-solving, communication, and collaboration.
Additionally, ChatGPT can facilitate the development of critical thinking skills by engaging students in interactive dialogues, debates, and discussions on complex topics.For instance, ChatGPT can be used to generate thought-provoking questions, counterarguments, and alternative perspectives that challenge students to think critically and deeply about the material.This process can help students develop the ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information, as well as to construct and defend reasoned arguments.

Expanding Access to Education
Large language models like ChatGPT have the potential to expand access to education, particularly for learners in underserved or remote communities.By providing personalized, interactive, and engaging learning experiences through digital platforms, ChatGPT can help bridge the gap between learners who have access to high-quality educational resources and those who do not.STEM Learning with ChatGPT Case Study is an example of a real case study that concluded that STEM learning with ChagtGPT has a huge potential to be improved.This study highlighted the capability of Bing chat and ChatGPT to help learners improve their skills and is accordingly considered a good source of information for learners.This would expand the learning options available to students.
For example, ChatGPT can be used to develop low-cost, scalable educational interventions, such as mobile learning applications, online tutoring services, and massive open online courses (MOOCs) that can be accessed by learners in remote or resource-poor settings.This approach can help to democratize access to education and provide opportunities for lifelong learning, regardless of an individual's geographic location, socioeconomic background, or personal circumstances.
Moreover, ChatGPT can support the development of multilingual educational resources, enabling learners from diverse linguistic backgrounds to access high-quality learning materials in their native languages.This can help to break down language barriers and promote more inclusive and equitable educational experiences for learners around the world.
In conclusion, the integration of ChatGPT and other large language models in education offers numerous opportunities for enhancing teaching and learning, personalizing educational experiences, and promoting equity and inclusion in education.By harnessing the power of AI, educators, policymakers, and researchers can work together to address the challenges associated with the use of these technologies and create more effective, engaging, and accessible learning environments for all students.

ChatGPT Challenges in Education
While the opportunities presented by ChatGPT and other large language models in education are significant, there are also several challenges that must be addressed in order to ensure the responsible and effective integration of these technologies into educational settings.This section discusses some of the most pressing challenges, including ethical concerns, potential biases, data privacy, the digital divide, and teacher training and support.

Ethical Concerns
The integration of artificial intelligence technologies, such as ChatGPT, into education, raises several ethical concerns that must be carefully considered by educators, policymakers, and researchers.One of the primary ethical concerns is the potential for AI technologies to be used for surveillance and control in educational settings, undermining student autonomy and privacy [69].For example, AI-driven assessment tools and learning management systems can be used to monitor and analyze students' online activities, communication, and behavior, leading to intrusive and potentially harmful forms of surveillance.Theoretical Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education revealed a number of concerns related to ethical and safety limitations, which could affect the quality of data if presented without a proper and accurate revision.Digital Divide, Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability Evaluative Study has confirmed that ethics needs to be tackled properly to fully integrate ChatGPT into education with full trust without having to conduct cycles of revisions and dive into the results to confirm the credibility of data obtained.
Moreover, the use of AI in education raises questions about the accountability and responsibility for educational outcomes.As AI technologies play an increasingly prominent role in decision-making processes, it becomes more challenging to attribute responsibility for the outcomes of these decisions to human actors, such as teachers, administrators, or policymakers.This can result in a lack of transparency and accountability, making it difficult to ensure that AI technologies are being used responsibly and ethically in educational contexts.
The increasing integration of AI in education presents a significant ethical concern related to plagiarism [70].AI tools like ChatGPT have the potential to generate content that students might submit as their own work, blurring the lines of academic integrity.This ease of access to AI-generated content can undermine the educational process, where the goal is for students to develop their own critical thinking and writing skills.The ethical dilemma arises when students use AI to produce assignments, essays, or research papers, leading to questions about the originality of their work and the fairness of their academic achievements.This issue not only impacts individual student evaluations but also the credibility of educational institutions and the value of academic degrees.
Moreover, the potential for AI to facilitate plagiarism raises broader ethical questions about the role of technology in education.Educators must navigate the balance between leveraging AI for its educational benefits and preventing its misuse.This involves implementing robust plagiarism detection tools, revising assessment methods to emphasize critical thinking and originality, and fostering a culture of academic honesty.Institutions must also educate students about the ethical use of AI, emphasizing the importance of originality and the consequences of plagiarism.As AI continues to evolve, addressing these ethical concerns is crucial to maintaining the integrity of the educational system and ensuring that technological advancements enhance rather than undermine academic values.

Potential Biases
Another critical challenge associated with the use of large language models like ChatGPT in education is the potential for these models to exhibit biases and perpetuate harmful stereotypes [70,71].AI models are trained on vast amounts of data, which often reflect the biases, prejudices, and disparities present in society.As a result, these models can inadvertently reproduce and reinforce these biases in their outputs, leading to biased educational materials, assessments, and feedback.Theoretical Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education has discussed one major concern related to the untested effectiveness of the technology, which could cause different expectations and ensure desired results if the particular algorithm is biased.Digital Divide, Ethics, Privacy and Sustainability Evaluative Study has also confirmed that potential biases could be harming to some learners, and it has to be strictly monitored.
For instance, ChatGPT might generate text that contains gender, racial, or ethnic stereotypes, or it may produce content that is biased toward certain perspectives or ideologies [72][73][74][75][76][77].Such biases can be harmful to students, as they can reinforce negative stereotypes, undermine the inclusivity of educational environments, and perpetuate systemic inequalities.To address this issue, researchers and developers must work to identify, understand, and mitigate biases in large language models, and educators must remain vigilant in monitoring the outputs of these models to ensure that they are free from harmful biases.

Data Privacy
Data privacy is another significant challenge that must be addressed in the context of AI-driven education.The use of large language models like ChatGPT requires the collection, storage, and analysis of vast amounts of student data, including personal information, learning preferences, and performance data.This raises concerns about the potential for data breaches, unauthorized access, and the misuse of student data, which can have serious consequences for students' privacy and well-being.The Digital Divide, Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability Evaluative Study has discussed the data privacy issue and how this can be a critical vulnerability that needs further investigation.Sensitive information could be exposed to the public, and this would lead to serious consequences that affect individuals [12,[78][79][80][81][82].
To protect students' data privacy, educators and policymakers must develop and implement robust data protection policies and practices, including encryption, access controls, and data minimization strategies.Additionally, educators must ensure that they are transparent with students and their families about the data being collected, the purposes for which it is being used, and the measures being taken to protect their privacy.By prioritizing data privacy, educators can help to build trust and ensure that the benefits of AI-driven education are not outweighed by the risks associated with data collection and analysis.

Digital Divide
The digital divide, or the gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not, is another challenge that must be addressed when integrating large language models like ChatGPT into education.The digital divide can exacerbate existing inequalities in education, as students without access to digital technologies may be unable to benefit from the personalized, interactive, and engaging learning experiences offered by AI-driven tools like ChatGPT [83,84].One concern that has been discussed within the context of the Critical Pedagogy and AI Ethics Framework is the capacity to argue current cultural and social standards that weaken human well-being.The Digital Divide, Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability Evaluative Study has discussed that learners from low-income countries would benefit from this technology as it is available for free unless they choose to pay for a subscription [85].This would give ChatGPT more popularity amongst other AI-paid technologies, such as Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant.
To address the digital divide, policymakers and educators must work to ensure that all students have access to the necessary resources, infrastructure, and skills to engage with AIdriven education.This may involve investing in the development of digital infrastructure, providing affordable devices and connectivity options, and implementing digital literacy programs to help students develop the skills needed to navigate and succeed in digital learning environments [86][87][88].

Teacher Training and Support
The effective integration of large language models like ChatGPT into education requires significant support and training for teachers.Moreover, teachers may be concerned about the potential impact of AI on their professional roles, job security, and the quality of education.
To address these concerns, educators, policymakers, and researchers must work together to develop comprehensive training programs and support resources that help teachers build their understanding of AI technologies, develop the skills needed to use them effectively, and navigate the challenges and opportunities associated with AI-driven education.This may involve providing teachers with access to professional development workshops, online courses, and mentorship programs, as well as creating opportunities for collaboration and knowledge-sharing among educators.
In conclusion, while the integration of ChatGPT and other large language models into education presents significant opportunities for enhancing teaching and learning, there are also several challenges that must be addressed in order to ensure the responsible and effective use of these technologies.By working together to address ethical concerns, potential biases, data privacy, the digital divide, and teacher training and support, educators, policymakers, and researchers can help to create more equitable, inclusive, and effective learning environments that harness the full potential of AI-driven education.
In addition to the challenges already discussed, there are several other important considerations that must be addressed when integrating ChatGPT and other large language models into education, including the potential impact on motivation, the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, and the importance of ongoing evaluation and research.

Impact on Motivation
The use of AI-driven tools like ChatGPT in education has the potential to influence students' motivation to learn, both positively and negatively.On the one hand, the personalized and interactive nature of AI-driven learning experiences can help foster students' intrinsic motivation by providing them with engaging, relevant, and challenging learning opportunities.On the other hand, there is a risk that the use of AI technologies could lead to over-reliance on external support, diminishing students' sense of autonomy and intrinsic motivation to learn.
To address this issue, educators must carefully consider the balance between providing AI-driven support and fostering students' intrinsic motivation to learn.This may involve incorporating elements of self-determination theory, such as autonomy, competence, and relatedness, into the design and implementation of AI-driven educational experiences.Additionally, educators should be mindful of the potential for AI-driven tools to undermine students' motivation and work to ensure that these technologies are used in ways that support and enhance, rather than diminish, students' intrinsic motivation to learn.

Interdisciplinary Collaboration
The successful integration of ChatGPT and other large language models into education requires collaboration and knowledge-sharing among experts from diverse fields, including education, computer science, linguistics, psychology, and sociology.By bringing together experts from different disciplines, it becomes possible to develop a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with AIdriven education, as well as to design and implement more effective, equitable, and inclusive educational experiences.
Interdisciplinary collaboration can also help to ensure that AI-driven educational tools are grounded in evidence-based pedagogical principles and practices and that they reflect the diverse needs, perspectives, and experiences of learners and educators.By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge-sharing, educators, policymakers, and researchers can help to ensure that the integration of ChatGPT and other large language models into education is guided by a holistic understanding of the complex interplay between technology, pedagogy, and human experience.

Ongoing Evaluation and Research
Finally, the integration of ChatGPT and other large language models into education necessitates ongoing evaluation and research to assess their impact on teaching and learning, as well as to identify and address potential challenges and unintended consequences.This may involve conducting experimental studies, case studies, and action research projects to explore the effects of AI-driven educational tools on student learning outcomes, motivation, and well-being.
Ongoing evaluation and research can also help to identify best practices and strategies for integrating AI-driven tools into education, as well as inform the development of policies, guidelines, and professional development resources for educators.By prioritizing ongoing evaluation and research, educators, policymakers, and researchers can ensure that the integration of ChatGPT and other large language models into education is responsive to the needs of learners and educators and that it contributes to the ongoing improvement of educational practices and outcomes.
In summary, the challenges associated with integrating ChatGPT and other large language models into education are multifaceted and complex, ranging from ethical concerns and potential biases to the digital divide and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration.Addressing these challenges requires the concerted efforts of educators, policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders to ensure that AI-driven education is responsible, equitable, and effective.By working together to tackle these challenges, we can harness the full potential of AI-driven education to enhance teaching and learning, foster the development of 21st-century skills, and contribute to a more inclusive and prosperous future for all learners.

Best Practices and Recommendations for Implementing ChatGPT in Education
The use of large language models like ChatGPT in education has the potential to significantly enhance teaching and learning experiences.However, to ensure the responsible and effective integration of these AI-driven tools into educational settings, it is crucial for educators, administrators, and policymakers to adhere to best practices and recommendations.In this section, a comprehensive set of best practices and recommendations for implementing ChatGPT in education is presented, drawing on insights from the literature and case studies presented earlier in this paper.

Align AI-Driven Tools with Learning Goals and Pedagogy
The successful integration of ChatGPT and other AI-driven tools in education requires a strong alignment with learning goals and pedagogy.When selecting and implementing AI-driven tools, educators should carefully consider the ways in which these technologies can support and enhance their existing teaching methods, as well as how they can be adapted to meet the specific needs of their learners.This may involve using ChatGPT to generate personalized writing prompts, facilitate collaborative learning, or support language learning, as demonstrated in the case studies discussed earlier.

Ensure Data Privacy and Security
Data privacy and security are critical concerns when integrating AI-driven tools like ChatGPT into education, as the collection and use of student data can have significant implications for learner privacy and autonomy.Educators and administrators should carefully review the data privacy and security policies of AI-driven tools, ensuring that they adhere to relevant legal and ethical guidelines.Additionally, they should educate learners about the importance of data privacy and security and implement measures to protect student data from unauthorized access and misuse.

Address Potential Biases and Ethical Concerns
As discussed earlier, AI-driven tools like ChatGPT can inadvertently perpetuate and reinforce biases and stereotypes, raising significant ethical concerns for their use in education.To address these concerns, educators and administrators should be proactive in identifying and addressing potential biases in AI-generated content and should engage in ongoing discussions about the ethical implications of AI-driven education.This may involve conducting regular audits of AI-generated content for biases and providing feedback to technology developers to help improve the fairness and inclusivity of their tools.

Foster Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Knowledge-Sharing
As mentioned in the case studies and literature review, the successful integration of ChatGPT and other AI-driven tools in education requires interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge-sharing among experts from fields such as education, computer science, linguistics, psychology, and sociology.By fostering interdisciplinary research and collaboration, stakeholders can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between technology, pedagogy, and human experience, which is critical for the effective design and implementation of AI-driven educational tools.

Invest in Teacher Training and Support
To ensure that educators are well-equipped to navigate the opportunities and challenges associated with AI-driven education, it is crucial to invest in teacher training and support.This includes providing educators with access to professional development workshops, online courses, and mentorship programs, as well as creating opportunities for collaboration and knowledge-sharing among educators.By empowering teachers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively integrate AI-driven tools into their classrooms, we can maximize the potential benefits of AI-driven education for learners.

Conduct Ongoing Evaluation and Research
Continued research and evaluation are essential for understanding the impact of AI-driven tools like ChatGPT on teaching and learning, as well as for identifying and addressing potential challenges and unintended consequences.Stakeholders should prioritize ongoing evaluation and research, utilizing a range of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to assess the effectiveness of AI-driven tools in meeting their educational objectives.This may involve conducting classroom observations, surveys, interviews, and experimental studies, as well as engaging in regular reflection and feedback sessions with learners and educators.By staying informed about the latest research findings and actively engaging in the evaluation process, stakeholders can ensure the responsible and effective integration of AI-driven tools in education.

Develop Open-Source AI-Driven Educational Tools
In order to promote equity and inclusivity in AI-driven education, it is important to develop and disseminate open-source AI-driven educational tools that can be accessed and adapted by educators and learners worldwide.This may involve creating open-source platforms that leverage ChatGPT and other large language models to support personalized learning, collaborative learning, and accessibility, as well as fostering a global community of researchers, educators, and developers who are committed to advancing the field of AI-driven education.By developing open-source AI-driven educational tools, we can help democratize access to cutting-edge technology, ensuring that all learners have the opportunity to benefit from the AI revolution in education.

Promote Learner Autonomy and Agency
When integrating ChatGPT and other AI-driven tools into educational settings, it is essential to promote learner autonomy and agency, empowering learners to take an active role in their own learning process.This may involve providing learners with opportunities to make choices about how and when they engage with AI-driven tools, as well as encouraging them to reflect on their learning experiences and take ownership of their educational goals.By fostering a culture of learner autonomy and agency, we can help to ensure that AI-driven education supports the development of lifelong learners who are prepared to thrive in the 21st century.

Research Directions
In order to fully understand and harness the potential of AI-driven tools like ChatGPT in education, it is crucial for researchers to continue investigating the complex interplay between technology, pedagogy, and human experience.Aligning with the best practices and recommendations provided, some promising directions for future research include:

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Investigating the long-term impacts of AI-driven education on learner outcomes.This includes examining academic achievement, motivation, self-efficacy, and wellbeing, as well as understanding how these tools influence lifelong learning and career readiness.

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Exploring the role of AI-driven tools in promoting cultural and linguistic diversity.This involves researching how AI can be adapted to support the learning needs of diverse populations, enhance multilingual education, and preserve cultural heritage within educational contexts.

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Examining the ethical implications of AI-driven education.This encompasses issues related to data privacy, security, and the potential perpetuation of biases and stereotypes, as well as developing guidelines and frameworks to ensure ethical AI deployment in education.

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Investigating the development of AI-driven tools that support the professional growth of educators.This includes AI-driven coaching and mentoring systems, tools for personalized professional development, and platforms that facilitate collaborative learning among educators.

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Assessing the impact of AI on equity and inclusivity in education.Researching how AI can help address systemic barriers to learning and ensuring that all learners, regardless of their background, have equitable access to high-quality educational opportunities.

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Evaluating the effectiveness of AI-driven social-emotional learning tools.Understanding how these tools can help learners develop essential skills such as empathy, self-awareness, and emotional regulation and measuring their impact on student engagement and well-being.
By pursuing these and other aligned research directions, we can continue to advance our understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with AI-driven education, ensuring that we are well-equipped to navigate the AI revolution in education and maximize its potential benefits for all learners.
In conclusion, the integration of ChatGPT and other AI-driven tools in education presents a range of opportunities and challenges that must be carefully navigated by educators, administrators, and policymakers.By adhering to the best practices and recommendations outlined in this section, stakeholders can work collaboratively towards the responsible and effective implementation of AI-driven tools in educational settings, ensuring that all learners can benefit from the AI revolution in education.

Conclusions
In this paper, we explored the opportunities and challenges associated with integrating ChatGPT and other large language models into education.Through a comprehensive review of the literature and a series of case studies, we highlighted the potential benefits of AI-driven education in supporting personalized learning, enhancing accessibility, and facilitating collaborative learning.At the same time, we emphasized the need for vigilant monitoring, oversight, and continuous improvement to ensure the responsible and effective use of AI-driven tools in educational settings.
By adhering to the best practices and recommendations outlined in this paper, educators, administrators, and policymakers can work collaboratively towards the successful integration of AI-driven tools like ChatGPT into education, ensuring that all learners have the opportunity to benefit from the AI revolution in education.

Future Prospects
As the field of AI-driven education continues to evolve, we can expect to see the development of increasingly sophisticated AI-driven tools that can support and enhance teaching and learning in diverse educational contexts.Potential advancements in areas such as the following: -Advanced AI-driven assessment and feedback systems capable of providing realtime, personalized feedback to learners, with improved accuracy and deeper insights, helping them to more effectively identify and address gaps in their knowledge and understanding.-Next-generation AI-driven tools for supporting social-emotional learning, equipped with more nuanced and adaptive capabilities, which will help learners to develop essential skills such as empathy, self-awareness, and emotional regulation in more personalized and effective ways.-Enhanced AI-driven tools for promoting equity and inclusivity in education, which will leverage advanced algorithms and data analytics to more effectively address systemic barriers to learning, ensuring that all learners have equitable opportunities to succeed and thrive in their educational pursuits.

27 Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Percentage of the recent articles in each SDG goal (SDG Resource Centre, 2024).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Percentage of the recent articles in each SDG goal (SDG Resource Centre, 2024).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Interest over time (February 2023-January 2024).The dataset of Figure8shows that the keyword "ChatGPT for Learning" has search interest data for China, Philippines, Pakistan, and Singapore, with China having the highest relative search interest score of 100 for the period between 1 February 2023 and 1 February 2024.This score of 100 serves as a benchmark, indicating the highest level of interest among the listed countries, followed by the Philippines with a score of 64, Pakistan with 61, and Singapore with 58.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. ChatGPT educational ecosystem.Case Study: Immersive Learning Experience (ILX) in a Cybersecurity Class at Torrens University Australia