Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintering-Processed Pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys: A Comparative Study between Harmonic and Non-Harmonic Microstructures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Choice of a Constitutive Mathematical Model
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Microstructural Characterization
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.2.1. Vickers Hardness
3.2.2. Compression Tests
3.3. Strain Rate Sensitivity
3.4. Constitutive Modeling
3.4.1. Johnson–Cook Model
3.4.2. Modified Johnson–Cook Model
3.4.3. Accuracy Analysis
4. Conclusions
- As expected, due to the mechanical milling process, the grain size of the Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys decreased significantly.
- Vickers hardness of the samples increased as the grain size decreased.
- Harmonic microstructures displayed better mechanical properties in terms of compression and Vickers hardness at the investigated strain rates compared to homogeneous ones.
- The 0.2% offset yield strength (σ0.2) increased with the strain rate.
- Strain rate sensitivity (SRS) exponents of the harmonic and homogeneous samples were relatively close.
- Compared to the classical Johnson–Cook (JC) constitutive model, the proposed modified Johnson–Cook (MJC) model was more adapted to the experimental data as confirmed by the correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE) parameters.
- Further; parameters of the MJC flow stress model were determined.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Powder | Al | V | Fe | H | N | O | C | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | - | - | 0.04 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.111 | 0.004 | bal. |
Ti-6Al-4V | 6.24 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.108 | 0.024 | bal. |
Sample Name | Milling Time of the Powder (ks) | Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Holding Time (ks) | Applied Pressure during the SPS Process (MPa) | Density of the Sample (g·cm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ti-IP | - | 1.8 | 50 | 4.55 |
Ti-MM-360 ks | 360 | 1.8 | 50 | 4.52 |
Ti-6Al-4V-IP | - | 1.8 | 50 | 4.39 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-90 ks | 90 | 1.8 | 50 | 4.36 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-180 ks | 180 | 1.8 | 50 | 4.36 |
Parameter | A (MPa) | B (MPa) | n | C |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ti-IP | 433 | 2016 | 1.323 | 0.020 |
Ti-MM-360 ks | 590 | 1562 | 1.043 | 0.010 |
Ti-6Al-4V-IP | 997 | 1537 | 0.992 | 0.011 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-90 ks | 1080 | 1561 | 0.976 | 0.013 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-180 ks | 1217 | 1880 | 1.173 | 0.013 |
Parameter | A (MPa) | B1 | B2 | C1 | C2 | D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti-IP | 400 | 1426 | −260.5 | 0.036 | 0.648 | −2.563 |
Ti-MM-360 ks | 590 | 1539 | −509.3 | 0.023 | 0.353 | 1.135 |
Ti-6Al-4V-IP | 954 | 2155 | −1923 | −0.01 | 0.132 | 29.182 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-90 ks | 1023 | 2268 | −1776 | −0.08 | −0.037 | 134.697 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-180 ks | 1109 | 2224 | −1713.3 | −0.003 | 0.238 | 23.35 |
Parameter | R | AARE (%) |
---|---|---|
Ti-IP | 0.97 | 3.22 |
Ti-MM-360 ks | 0.97 | 3.52 |
Ti-6Al-4V-IP | 0.91 | 2.95 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-90 ks | 0.87 | 5.29 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-180 ks | 0.88 | 9.67 |
Parameter | R | AARE (%) |
---|---|---|
Ti-IP | 0.98 | 1.42 |
Ti-MM-360 ks | 0.98 | 1.83 |
Ti-6Al-4V-IP | 0.98 | 0.43 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-90 ks | 0.97 | 0.87 |
Ti-6Al-4V-MM-180 ks | 0.98 | 0.56 |
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Sadat, T.; Hayashi, K.; Haugou, G.; Morvan, H.; Markiewicz, E.; Dubar, L.; Bigerelle, M.; Ameyama, K.; Dirras, G. Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintering-Processed Pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys: A Comparative Study between Harmonic and Non-Harmonic Microstructures. Compounds 2021, 1, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds1010005
Sadat T, Hayashi K, Haugou G, Morvan H, Markiewicz E, Dubar L, Bigerelle M, Ameyama K, Dirras G. Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintering-Processed Pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys: A Comparative Study between Harmonic and Non-Harmonic Microstructures. Compounds. 2021; 1(1):41-57. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds1010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadat, Tarik, Kyohei Hayashi, Gregory Haugou, Herve Morvan, Eric Markiewicz, Laurent Dubar, Maxence Bigerelle, Kei Ameyama, and Guy Dirras. 2021. "Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintering-Processed Pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys: A Comparative Study between Harmonic and Non-Harmonic Microstructures" Compounds 1, no. 1: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds1010005