Nectin-4 as a Predictive Marker for Poor Prognosis of Endometrial Cancer with Mismatch Repair Impairment

Simple Summary Endometrial cancer has become increasingly common owing to the recent westernization of diet and lifestyle, with 1.7% of cancer patients dying annually. Furthermore, the 5-year endometrial cancer survival rate is barely 15%. Nectin-4 has emerged as a possible biomarker and therapeutic target. Nectin-4 is highly expressed in various cancers. However, no studies have been conducted to determine the clinical importance of Nectin-4 expression in endometrial cancer. Here, we examined 320 tissue samples from patients with endometrial cancer to determine the relevance of Nectin-4 expression in the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial cancer. Our findings emphasize the importance of Nectin-4 as a novel diagnostic tool and screening marker for assessing endometrial cancer and improving the accuracy of approaches used to predict high-risk endometrial cancer. Abstract The adhesion molecule Nectin-4 is a new potential therapeutic target for different types of cancer; however, little is known about its diagnosis significance in endometrial cancer (EC). We found that Nectin-4 expression was significantly higher in EC tissues than in nonadjacent normal tissue. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.922 indicated good diagnostic accuracy for Nectin-4 expression in EC. Furthermore, Nectin-4 expression was associated with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein deficiency. Notably, the high Nectin-4 expression group of patients with MSH2/6-deficient EC had shorter progression-free survival than that of the low Nectin-4 expression group. The number of lymphovascular space invasion-positive patients in groups with MMR deficiency and high Nectin-4 expression was also increased compared with that in the low Nectin-4 expression group. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that alteration in Nectin-4 and MMR genes is associated with Nectin-4 expression in EC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that Nectin-4 expression may be a potential biomarker for EC diagnosis and that high Nectin-4 expression in MMR-deficient patients with EC can predict short progression-free survival, thus providing clues to identify patients for adjuvant therapy.


Introduction
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the seventh most common cancer in women. EC is becoming increasingly prevalent because of the recent westernization of diet and lifestyle, with 1.7% of women with cancer dying of EC annually [1]. Although most women show signs following the onset of postmenopausal bleeding and have a good prognosis, 20% of women have advanced disease, and the 5-year survival rate is only 15% [2]. Therefore, new strategies are required to identify biomarkers for early EC detection and high-risk monitoring.
The mismatch repair (MMR) system plays a critical role in DNA replication by recognizing and fixing incorrectly paired nucleotides [3]. Thus, disruption of DNA MMR, which safeguards DNA integrity, is associated with an increased risk of developing several types of cancer including colon and ECs [3,4]. MMR deficiency is a frequent event in EC, with reported rates ranging from 20 to 40% [5]. MMR deficiency results from somatic or germline (inherited) mutations and is most commonly observed in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 genes [6]. MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 proteins are mainly detected using immunohistochemical methods [7]. Although MMR deficiency has been extensively studied as a predictive and prognostic biomarker of EC, the impact of MMR status on prognosis remains unclear. MMR deficiency predicts the presence of high-risk features of the disease, including advanced stages and uterine risk factors [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Aberrant MSH2 expression is associated with aggressive prostate cancer and more rapid progression to biochemical recurrence [8]. However, a meta-analysis including all histologic subtypes suggested no impact of MMR status on the prognoses of ECs [15]. No differences in risk associations by MMR status have been observed for menopausal hormone use, parity, and age at menarche [16]. The consistent association between MMR and poor outcomes remains unknown. Therefore, the association between aberrant MSH2 expression and aggressive EC is worth noting.
Here, we assessed the diagnostic value of Nectin-4 expression for the diagnosis and prognosis of EC. In addition, we highlighted the clinical significance of the Nectin-4 expression pattern in MSH-deficient ECs.

Tissue Specimens
In total, 320 EC, 54 endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), and 87 nonadjacent normal tissue samples were obtained from patients at Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. The tissue microarray paraffin blocks were provided by the Korea Gynecologic Cancer Bank. Tissue samples were collected from patients after they provided written informed consent. Table S1 shows the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the retrospective study. EC stages were assigned according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification, and tumors were graded according to the World

Tissue Microarray Construction and Immunohistochemistry
Tissue microarrays were produced from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, and representative areas were meticulously selected from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. Tissue cylinders (1.0 mm diameter) were extracted from selected areas of donor blocks and transplanted into recipient blocks using a tissue arrayer (Beecher Instruments, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA). For immunohistochemical staining, the tissue microarray blocks were cut into serial 5 mm thick sections, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated through a graded alcohol series to distilled water. Heat-induced antigen retrieval was performed for 20 min in an antigen retrieval buffer at pH 6 (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). The endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation with 3% H 2 O 2 for 10 min. Next, the sections were incubated with an anti-Nectin-4 mouse monoclonal antibody (clone no. G-2; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) at a 1:200 dilution for 1 h. The antigen-antibody reaction was detected using the EnVision+ Dual Link System-HRP (Dako) and visualized with 3,3 -diaminobenzidine (Dako). Sections were lightly counterstained with hematoxylin. Appropriate negative and positive controls were analyzed concurrently.
Immunohistochemically stained slides were scanned using a NanoZoomer 2.0 HT (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City, Japan) with a 20× objective magnification (0.5 µm resolution). The captured digital images were analyzed using Visiopharm software (version 4.5.1.324; Visiopharm, Hørsholm, Denmark). The intensity of brown staining (negative, intensity < weak; positive, intensity > weak) was obtained using a predefined algorithm and optimized settings. The overall immunohistochemical score was calculated by multiplying the staining intensity by the percentage of positively stained cells.

Public Databases
mRNA levels of Nectin-1, -3, and -4 genes in normal and EC tissues from the cteru2 dataset (Oncomine; Compendia Bioscience, https://www.oncomine.org, accessed on 27 November 2021) were obtained. No further normalization of the derived beta values was performed. Alteration frequency of Nectin-4, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 genes and the correlations between these genes were determined by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PanCancer Altas studies and gene status, especially whether they were amplified, using the cBioPortal for cancer genomics (http://www.cbioportal.org, accessed on 28 January 2022).

Statistical Analysis
The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare protein expression levels between groups. For survival analysis, expression values were dichotomized (high vs. low), with cutoff values showing the most discriminative power (3.258 for Nectin-4). Survival distributions were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank test. A Cox multivariate proportional hazards model was used to identify independent predictors of survival. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 7 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Results are expressed as the mean ± SD based on the control. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed using MedCalc statistical software version 20.019 (MedCalc Software Ltd., Ostend, Belgium). In all cases, p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Nectin-4 Is Overexpressed in EC Tissues Compared with Normal Endometrial and EIN Tissues
To elucidate the association between the nectin family (Nectin-1,-3, and -4) and EC, we first analyzed the expression of nectin isoforms in EC in a public database (TCGA Uterus2 dataset). Among them, only the copy number of Nectin-4 was markedly elevated in EC compared with that in the endometrium ( Figure 1A). Next, we assessed the clinical relevance of Nectin-4 in archival tumor tissues from patients with EC (n = 320) and EIN (n = 54) and nonadjacent normal tissue (n = 87) using immunohistochemical staining. Detailed clinicopathological characteristics are shown in Table 1. Strong Nectin-4 expression was found in the cytoplasm and membrane of EC tissues compared with that in normal and EIN tissues ( Figure 1B). Immunohistochemistry scoring was performed using automated digital image analysis. Box plot analysis revealed that Nectin-4 expression increased with tumor progression from normal epithelium to EC tissues ( Figure 1C), with almost no detection in nonadjacent normal tissue ( Figure 1B,C). Our histological-type analysis showed strong Nectin-4 expression in serous and endometrioid EC tissues ( Figure 1D) compared with that in EIN tissues. No significant expression was observed in clear-cell EC.
We assessed the implication of Nectin-4 expression via clinicopathological parameters in patients with EC. Box plot analysis revealed that Nectin-4 expression levels were associated with patients with Grade II EC compared with those with Grade I EC ( Figure 1E; p < 0.05). There were no differences in the association between Nectin-4 expression and EC stage ( Figure 1F). These results suggest that Nectin-4 is overexpressed in EC and is correlated with high tumor grade.
We examined the relationship between Nectin-4 expression and PFS outcomes. Patients with EC were categorized into high-(Nectin-4 High ) and low-expression (Nectin-4 Low ) groups according to their 25 th percentile cutoffs (cutoff value, 3.258%) of the percentage of Nectin-4-positive cells. The Kaplan-Meier plots revealed that the Nectin-4 High group showed a shorter PFS than that of the Nectin-4 Low group in the entire EC, but there was no statistical significance ( Figure 1G; HR = 1.938, p = 0.1154). The Nectin-4 High group in Grade I EC showed no difference in PFS period compared with the Nectin-4 Low group ( Figure 1H). In Grade II and III patients with EC, the Nectin-4 High group exhibited a shorter PFS than that of the Nectin-4 Low group ( Figure 1I,J; HR = 3.840, HR = 1.521; p = 0.0676, p = 0.5215, respectively), but there was no statistical significance. These results suggest that high Nectin-4 expression may be associated with short PFS in Grade II and III EC. Altogether, our results suggest that Nectin-4 is overexpressed in EC, correlates with high-grade tumors, and is associated with the aggressive behavior of EC.

Nectin-4 Is a Powerful Diagnostic Marker of EC
To investigate the diagnostic value of Nectin-4 in EC, its relevance was assessed using ROC curve analysis. The ROC curve showed that patients with EC could be distinguished from those with normal epithelium according to the optimal cutoff value of 0.7822 of Nectin-4-positive cells, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.922 (95% CI, 0.895-0.946) ( Figure 2, Table 2). Nectin-4 had higher specificity (95.40%) and sensitivity (82.81%) with high positive predictive value (PPV; 98.5%) and negative predictive value (NPV; 60.1%) ( Table 2), indicating that Nectin-4 is a superior diagnostic EC marker. Next, we calculated the odds ratio (OR), which defines the relationship between potential biomarkers and EC diagnosis. The OR was 79.01 (95% CI = 30.60-203.99, p < 0.0001) for EC tissues (Table 3). These data demonstrate that Nectin-4 is a potential diagnostic and screening EC marker.      Table 2). Nectin-4 had higher specificity (95.40%) and sensitivity (82.81%) with high positive predictive value (PPV; 98.5%) and negative predictive value (NPV; 60.1%) ( Table 2), indicating that Nectin-4 is a superior diagnostic EC marker. Next, we calculated the odds ratio (OR), which defines the relationship between potential biomarkers and EC diagnosis. The OR was 79.01 (95% CI = 30.60-203.99, p < 0.0001) for EC tissues (Table 3). These data demonstrate that Nectin-4 is a potential diagnostic and screening EC marker.

Alteration Frequency of MMR Is Associated with Nectin-4 Expression in EC
To elucidate the alterations in MMR in EC, we assessed the alteration frequency of MMR in patients with EC from TCGA. Our bioinformatics analysis using a public database revealed that alterations in genes, such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, are the strongest in EC among various cancer types ( Figure 4A). We found that Nectin-4 expression negatively correlated with the expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 in EC ( Figure 4B). Notably, the alteration frequency of Nectin-4 was 8% in EC ( Figure 4C; mutation, 4%; structure variant, 1%; amplification, 4%). Next, to confirm the relationship between mutant Nectin-4 and the alteration of MMR genes, we analyzed the alteration frequency of the Nectin-4 group via the MMR status in EC (TCGA, PanCancer Atlas). The mutation frequency of Nectin-4 was higher than that of the unaltered MMR gene group ( Figure 4D). Furthermore, we observed significantly lower Nectin-4 mRNA expression in the group with Nectin-4 mutation than that in the group without Nectin-4 mutation, which was statistically significant ( Figure 4E; p < 0.0005).

Alteration Frequency of MMR Is Associated with Nectin-4 Expression in EC
To elucidate the alterations in MMR in EC, we assessed the alteration frequency of MMR in patients with EC from TCGA. Our bioinformatics analysis using a public database revealed that alterations in genes, such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, are the strongest in EC among various cancer types ( Figure 4A). We found that Nectin-4 expression negatively correlated with the expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 in EC ( Figure 4B). Notably, the alteration frequency of Nectin-4 was 8% in EC ( Figure 4C; mutation, 4%; structure variant, 1%; amplification, 4%). Next, to confirm the relationship between mutant Nectin-4 and the alteration of MMR genes, we analyzed the alteration frequency of the Nectin-4 group via the MMR status in EC (TCGA, PanCancer Atlas). The mutation frequency of Nectin-4 was higher than that of the unaltered MMR gene group ( Figure 4D). Furthermore, we observed significantly lower Nectin-4 mRNA expression in  (Table 4). Thus, these data suggest that Nectin-4 alteration is associated with TMB and MSI scores. the group with Nectin-4 mutation than that in the group without Nectin-4 mutation, which was statistically significant ( Figure 4E; p < 0.0005). Finally, EC data from TCGA were analyzed to obtain tumor mutational burden (TMB) and MSI profiles. We assessed the correlation between the TMB and MSI sensor

High Expression of Nectin-4 in MSH2 Deficiency Caused a Short PFS in EC
We examined the relationship between Nectin-4 expression levels and PFS. First, we monitored the effect of PFS via the statuses of MSH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. MMR status did not affect the PFS period in patients with EC ( Figure 5A). The patients were categorized into high-(Nectin-4 High ) and low-expression (Nectin-4 Low ) groups according to their 25 th percentile cutoffs (3.58%). Kaplan-Meier plots revealed that patients with MSH2 deficiency in the Nectin-4 High groups exhibited a shorter PFS period (HR = 9.025, p = 0.0286) than those in the Nectin-4 Low group. By contrast, patients with MSH2 proficiency in the Nectin-4 High group exhibited a longer PFS period (HR = 0.0816, p = 0.0088) than those in the Nectin-4 Low group ( Figure 5B-E). Similar results were obtained for MSH6 ( Figure 5B-E). However, Nectin-4 expression did not affect PFS in patients with MLH1 and PMS2 deficiency or proficiency ( Figure 5B-E). Detailed clinicopathological characteristics are shown in Table 5. These results suggest that high expression of Nectin-4 is a predictive marker for poor prognosis in MSH2/6-deficient patients with EC.

Increase in LVSI-Positive Patients in the MSH2-Deficient/Nectin-4 High Group
To elucidate the correlation between LVSI and short PFS in MSH2-and MSH6deficient/Nectin4 High groups, we evaluated LVSI-positive cells to determine the effect of high Nectin-4 expression on MSH2-and MSH6-deficient patients with EC. MSH2 or MSH6 deficiency did not affect the proportion of LVSI-positive cells ( Figure 6A,B). Patients in the Nectin-4 High group were more likely to have LVSI than those with MSH2-proficient tumors (65.4% vs. 53.4%) ( Figure 6C, Table 6). In these groups, the advanced-stage population is higher than the MSH2-proficient/Nectin4 High group (Table 7). Similar results were obtained for MSH6 ( Figure 6D). These results suggest that the number of LVSI-positive patients increased in the Nectin-4 High group, indicating that Nectin-4 overexpression is a poor prognostic marker in MSH2-and MSH6-deficient patients with EC.

Increase in LVSI-Positive Patients in the MSH2-Deficient/Nectin-4 High Group
To elucidate the correlation between LVSI and short PFS in MSH2-and MSH6-deficient/Nectin4 High groups, we evaluated LVSI-positive cells to determine the effect of high Nectin-4 expression on MSH2-and MSH6-deficient patients with EC. MSH2 or MSH6 deficiency did not affect the proportion of LVSI-positive cells ( Figure 6A,B). Patients in the Nectin-4 High group were more likely to have LVSI than those with MSH2-proficient tumors (65.4% vs. 53.4%) ( Figure 6C, Table 6). In these groups, the advanced-stage population is higher than the MSH2-proficient/Nectin4 High group (Table 7). Similar results were obtained for MSH6 ( Figure 6D). These results suggest that the number of LVSI-positive patients increased in the Nectin-4 High group, indicating that Nectin-4 overexpression is a poor prognostic marker in MSH2-and MSH6-deficient patients with EC.

Decrease in CD8-Positive Patients in the MSH2-Deficient/Nectin-4 High Group
Because MSI/MMR status is the common denominator for immunotherapy treatment of patients with several solid tumors, we analyzed the ratio of CD8-positive patients with MSH-deficient EC in Nectin-4 High and Nectin-4 Low groups (Table S2). The population of MSH2-deficient patients with CD8-positive cells was 13.6% compared with 86.4% of their MSH2-proficient counterparts. Similar results were observed in MSH6-deficient and MSH6-proficient patients with EC. The percentage of CD8-positive patients in the MSH2-deficient/Nectin-4 High group was lower than that in the MSH2-deficient/Nectin-4 Low group (16.7% vs. 83.3%, respectively) and that in the MSH2-proficient/Nectin-4 High group was higher than that in the MSH2-proficient/Nectin-4 Low group (78.9% vs. 21.2%, respectively). Similar results were obtained in the MSH6 group. These results suggest the possibility that MSH-dependent Nectin-4 expression is associated with different levels of infiltrating CD8-positive cell migration in ECs.

Discussion
DNA MMR impairment occurs in EC; however, its therapeutic implications remain uncertain. In this study, we demonstrate that Nectin-4 is a good diagnostic and prognostic marker in EC. Furthermore, we highlighted that high expression of Nectin-4 in MSH2or MSH6-deficient patients with EC indicated short PFS as a poor predictive marker in EC. Compelling evidence has emerged in recent years supporting a new tumor biomarker, Nectin-4, in several different carcinomas [21][22][23][24]26,[31][32][33]. The expression level of Nectin-4 is significantly associated with cancer cell differentiation, lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and poor patient prognosis [34]. Abnormal expression of both membranous and soluble forms of Nectin-4 has been found in human breast cancer tissues and sera, and the levels of both forms of Nectin-4 can be used as important biomarkers and prognostic predictors in patients with breast cancer [29,34,35]. However, few studies have shown that Nectin-4 expression is a good prognostic biomarker [21,30,36], while accumulating studies have shown that Nectin-4 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis [37][38][39] and lymphangiogenesis [40]. Furthermore, Nectin-4 as a stem cell marker induces WNT/beta-catenin signaling via the PI3K/Akt axis [27]. Therefore, Nectin-4-targeted therapy is a potent strategy for treating cancers with high Nectin-4 expression. Recently, enfortumab vedotin, an ADC targeting Nectin-4, has been approved for treating patients with bladder cancer with Nectin-4 overexpression [31]. However, despite the recent evidence of Nectin-4 overexpression in cancer and its therapeutic efficacy, the biological significance of Nectin-4 in EC and its clinical potential value as a therapeutic target remain unknown. Here, we found a high expression of Nectin-4 in EC, whereas it was not expressed in the adjacent normal endometrium. ROC analysis showed that a cutoff value of 0.782 for Nectin-4-positive cells displayed a high AUC (>0.922) with high specificity and sensitivity, suggesting that high Nectin-4 expression can help distinguish EC tissues and nonadjacent normal tissue. Thus, Nectin-4 is a novel diagnostic tool and screening marker for assessing EC and can enhance the accuracy of the methods used to predict high-risk EC.
EC is currently being studied using a new molecular biological approach in addition to the traditional cytopathological classification [41,42]. TCGA (2013) proposed the EC subtypes as ProMisE (Proactive Molecular Risk Classifier for Endometrial Cancer), which includes POLE, MMRd, p53 wild-type/copy-number-low, and p53-mutated/copy-numberhigh [43]. This molecular categorization leads to better prediction of clinical outcomes than morphology and traditional risk parameters, such as stage and the presence of LVSI [15]. However, there are several conflicting reports on the association between MMR status and clinical outcomes [15,44]. In the present study, although we observed the highest frequency of alteration in MMR genes (MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6), we failed to observe different PFS periods according to MMR status. Therefore, the clinical value of MMR status in predicting poor prognosis in patients with EC is urgently required. In the current study, patients with Nectin-4 overexpression in ECs and MSH2/6 deficiency showed short PFS, whereas patients with Nectin-4 overexpression in MSH2/6 proficient EC showed long PFS; these results suggest the differential prognostic diagnostic value for patients with Nectin-4 overexpression according to MSH2/6 status. However, in the case of other MMR proteins, such as MLH1 and PMS2, overexpression of Nectin-4 did not affect PFS. Therefore, our results suggest that high expression of Nectin-4 in patients with EC and MSH2 and MSH6 deficiency may help improve the accuracy of EC diagnosis and prognosis.
MSI, a mutation induced by errors in the DNA replication process, may occur due to the loss of function of the MMR gene. MSI and MMR have important diagnostic and prognostic implications in colon and gastric cancers and ECs [45]. Approximately 30% of primary ECs are MSI-high/hypermutated (MSI-H), and 13-30% of recurrent ECs are MSI-H or MMR protein-deficient (dMMR) [46]. Consistent with these reports, our TMB and MSI profiles showed a high MSI sensor score and TMB in the alteration frequency of MSH2 and MSH6. Importantly, Nectin-4 gene alteration groups displayed a high MSI sensor score and TMB. Thus, we speculated that there is a correlation between MSI, MMR, and Nectin-4 expression. Recently, MSI-H/dMMR solid tumors have been considered immunotherapy biomarkers [47]. CD8+, Th1, Th2, follicular helper T cells, and T cell markers are significantly higher in patients with MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer than in microsatellite stable (MSS)/MMR protein-proficient (pMMR) colorectal cancer [48]. Notably, we found that the number of patients with CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in Nectin-4 High /MSH-deficient groups is lesser than that in Nectin-4 Low /MSH-deficient groups. These results suggest that Nectin-4 expression in MSH2/6-deficient EC is associated with different infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes in ECs. Thus, we speculate that the short PFS observed in the Nectin-4 High /MSH2/6-deficient groups may correlate with CD8+ lymphocyte recruitment in EC.
Our study has several limitations regarding the mechanism underlying the aggressive role of Nectin-4 in MSH2-and MSH6-deficient EC, despite observing a correlation between short PFS and the MSH2/6-deficient/Nectin4 High groups. Although several studies suggest that the regulation of Nectin-4 expression may be mediated by various transcription factors, such as ERRα [49] and SP1 [50], the factors modulating Nectin-4 expression in MSH2/6-deficient ECs remain unclear. Otherwise, a possible mechanism could be crosstalk between Nectin-4 and the DNA repair system. Nectin-4 cis interacts with many cell surface membrane receptors, including growth factor receptors [51,52], hormone receptors [53], and integrins [54]. Nectin-4 activates the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway for DNA synthesis after cis-interaction with ErbB2, enhancing its homodimerization and activation [55]. Our public data analysis revealed that Nectin-4 expression positively correlated with ERBB2 and ERBB3 expression in patients with EC ( Figure S1; Spearman's correlation = 0.203, 0.381; p < 0.0001), suggesting that Nectin-4 plays an important role in DNA repair and synthesis in MSH2-and MSH6-deficient ECs against aggressive behavior. However, further studies are required to determine whether this mechanism is responsible for the aggressive behavior of MSH-deficient ECs.

Conclusions
We demonstrated Nectin-4 as an exceptional diagnostic marker for EC. In addition, we confirmed that in patients with EC and MSH2 or MSH6 deficiency, high levels of Nectin-4 expression predict poor prognosis. Furthermore, the decreased amount of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with EC and MSH deficiency or Nectin-4 overexpression is thought to provide important clues for screening and monitoring patients responding to cancer immunotherapy. However, further studies are required to fully understand the role and clinical significance of Nectin-4 in EC and its potential as a biomarker for diagnosis and treatment.