Efficacy and Safety of First-Line Cytokines versus Sunitinib and Second-Line Axitinib for Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (ESCAPE Study): A Phase III, Randomized, Sequential Open-Label Study

Simple Summary This was a phase III randomized controlled trial investigating the outcomes of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus interferon alfa (IFNα) versus sunitinib as the first line and axitinib as the second line in patients with low- and intermediate-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). There was a trend toward better total progression-free survival up to the end of the second line for IL-2 + IFNα but no significant advantage in terms of overall survival. The study was underpowered to draw any definitive conclusions. The results showed no clear advantage of IL-2 + IFNα over sunitinib in the first line; however, it may be an option in some relatively low-risk mRCC cases due to the difference in the adverse events profile. This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN), center identifier UMIN 000012522. Abstract Background: The sequence of first-line cytokine and second-line molecular targeted therapies may be suitable for some patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) because of the expectation of complete remission and durable response achieved with cytokine therapy. Methods: This was a phase III randomized controlled trial investigating the outcomes of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus interferon alfa (IFNα) versus sunitinib as the first line and axitinib as the second line in patients with low- and intermediate-risk mRCC. Results: Thirty-five patients were randomly assigned. The total progression-free survival (PFS) to the end of the second line was 29.0 months (95% CI, 11.7–46.3) in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 16.3 months (95% CI, 6.3–26.4) in the sunitinib group. The PFS hazard ratio for the IL-2 + IFNα group relative to the sunitinib group was 0.401 (95% CI, 0.121–1.328; p = 0.135). The hazard ratio for overall survival (OS) was 1.675 (95% CI, 0.418–6.705; p = 0.466), which was better in the sunitinib group than in the IL-2 + IFNα group but not statistically significant. The types of adverse events (AEs) differed significantly, although there was no significant difference in the incidence of AEs. Conclusions: There was a trend toward better total PFS for IL-2 + IFNα, but it was not significant. There was also no advantage of IL-2 + IFNα in terms of OS. The study was underpowered to draw any definitive conclusions. The results showed no clear advantage of IL-2 + IFNα over sunitinib in the first-line setting; however, it may be an option in some relatively low-risk mRCC cases due to the difference in the AE profile. This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN), center identifier UMIN 000012522.


Introduction
Treatment strategies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have changed from cytokines to molecularly targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors because of their superior efficacy. These new therapies have improved the probability of complete recovery from mRCC [1][2][3], but the rates are still low [4][5][6][7]. Therefore, the realistic goal of current mRCC treatment is to maximize overall survival (OS) while maintaining the quality of life of patients. Achievement of this goal requires a long-term treatment strategy that takes into account the general condition of the patient and control of treatmentrelated adverse events (AEs). However, appropriate protocols for sequential treatment of mRCC have not yet been established. The number of treatment lines has increased to secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, and the number of patients who can receive treatment is gradually decreasing due to disease progression and the occurrence of drug-induced AEs that worsen the overall condition of the patients. The optimal choice of a first-line drug and a contiguous second-line drug is very important for prolonging the OS of patients with mRCC. Judging from the guidelines for mRCC treatment and the Japanese system of national insurance, the recommended treatment regimen for mRCC categorized as having favorable risk by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) criteria [8,9] is sunitinib [1] or pazopanib [3] as a first-line drug and axitinib [2] or nivolumab [10] as a second-line drug. The current guidelines still recommend these treatments in the firstline setting, especially for patients with a favorable risk profile [11]. However, the OS of patients treated with cytokines, which have long been used for mRCC in Japan, has been reported to be better than that in western countries [12]. Therefore, it is presumed that the efficacy of cytokine therapy is better in Japanese patients than in patients in western countries. Among mRCC cases meeting the favorable risk criteria, complete remission (CR) and sustained response have been reported using low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus interferon alfa (IFNα) [13,14]; However, molecular targeted therapy may not achieve CR in mRCC patients. Cytokine therapy is not effective for high-risk mRCC patients but may be effective for some intermediate-risk mRCC patients because they are part of a heterogeneous group [15].
We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) for patients with favorable-and intermediate-risk mRCC (classified by MSKCC risk criteria) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sequential treatment of cytokine (IL-2 + IFNα) as the first-line and axitinib as the second-line therapy versus sequential treatment of sunitinib as the first-line and axitinib as the second-line therapy, which is one of the standard treatments for favorable-risk mRCC (ESCAPE study) [16].

Patients
The study population consisted of patients who were aged 20-80 years and had clear cell mRCC. The inclusion criteria were: patients with no previous history of systemic therapy for mRCC; MSKCC risk criteria of favorable or intermediate; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1; and adequate hematologic, hepatic, and renal function [16]. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Study Design
This was a phase III, investigator-initiated, multicenter RCT involving a head-to-head comparison of IL-2 + IFNα vs. sunitinib as 1st-line therapy followed by axitinib as 2nd-line therapy for patients with mRCC. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to the 1st-line IL-2 + IFNα or sunitinib treatment groups by Waritsukekun (Mebix, Tokyo, Japan) using a stratified sampling method to obtain adequate between-group balance with respect to  (lung only or other than lung), and participating institution. Patients assigned to the cytokine group received an intravenous injection of IL-2 at a dose of 700,000 unit/day for five days/week for the initial 2 or 4 weeks and then one or three times/week as maintenance plus subcutaneous injection of 5-6 million units of IFNα two or three times/week. Patients in the sunitinib group received oral sunitinib at a dose of 50 mg/day, and a single treatment course consisted of 4 weeks of administration and 2 weeks of withdrawal. A schedule of 2 weeks of administration and one week of withdrawal was also permitted. Reduction of doses was permitted if the clinical investigator considered the basic doses inappropriate for any reason. Administration of IL-2 + IFNα or sunitinib was terminated upon confirmation of progressive disease (PD) based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v.1.1, death, or occurrence of severe AEs. A clinical investigator administered axitinib as 2nd-line treatment immediately after confirmation of PD based on RECIST v.1.1 during 1st-line treatment. In case of cessation of 1st-line treatment because of severe AEs, a clinical investigator was allowed to consider restarting 1st-line treatment after recovery below grade 2. Axitinib at a dose of 10 mg/day (5 mg dose twice per day) was orally administered to patients as 2nd-line treatment. Dose reduction or dose increase up to 20 mg/day (10 mg dose twice per day) was permitted if a clinical investigator considered the basic doses as inappropriate for any reason. Administration of axitinib was terminated upon confirmation of PD based on RECIST v.1.1, death, or occurrence of severe AEs corresponding to discontinuation criteria [16]. This study was designed and registered at the Trial University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN), center identifier UMIN 000012522, in July 2013.

Efficacy and Safety Assessment
The primary endpoint was total progression-free survival (PFS) from randomization to PD based on RECIST v.1.1 criteria examined with CT or MRI or death during the therapy. PD during 1st-line therapy was not counted as an event based on the definition. In case of the cancellation of 1st-line therapy due to severe AEs or refusal of the patient without confirmation of PD, the end date of 1st-line therapy was not counted as cessation, and the case continued to receive the 2nd-line therapy. Secondary endpoints included OS (defined as the time from randomization to death from any cause), each PFS in 1st-line treatment and 2nd-line treatment (based on RECIST v.1.1 criteria), objective response rate (ORR) (defined as the proportion of CR and partial response (PR) cases in total cases based on best overall response using RECIST v.1.1 criteria), disease control rate (DCR) (defined as the proportion of CR, PR, and stable disease (SD) cases in total cases in 1stline and 2nd-line treatment), and safety in 1st-line and 2nd-line treatment evaluated by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v.4.0 system. All patients were asked to complete a medical history. Clinical data obtained in the ESCAPE study included the ECOG performance status, physical examination findings, results of hematologic examination, blood biochemical examination, urinalysis, chest X-ray imaging, lung-to-pelvic CT or MRI, brain CT or MRI, bone scintigraphy, and electrocardiography. X-ray, brain CT, and bone scintigraphy were performed at the time of study registration. Other examinations were performed every 2 months from the date of the commencement of treatment up to month 24 and every 3 months after month 24 until the completion of the study [16].

Statistical Analysis
In the AXIS trial (2nd-line axitinib versus sorafenib) reported by Rini et al. [2] and the reports by Akaza et al. [17], the median total PFS was 26. difference in total between the groups. To detect a significant difference between the groups by log-rank test with significance level of 0.05 and power of 80%, at least 65 patients were required in each group. Furthermore, factoring a dropout rate of approximately 10% for various reasons, the target sample size was set at 72 patients per group (total 144 cases) [16].
Treatment-based analyses in each group were performed, and survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Between-group differences with respect to survival outcomes were assessed using log-rank test. Hazard ratios were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model. ORR (CR + PR) and DCR (CR + PR + SD) in each group were evaluated using the best response evaluated by RECIST v1.1. AEs in each group were aggregated by grades and types, and the between-group differences in the proportion of AEs were assessed using the Fisher's exact test. Two-sided p-values < 0.05 were considered indicative of statistical significance for all tests.

Patient Characteristics
Between October 2013 and September 2017, 35 patients were randomly assigned (18 patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 17 patients in the sunitinib group) at 10 hospitals in Japan ( Figure 1). Two patients in the sunitinib group did not receive sunitinib, while 18 patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 15 patients in the sunitinib group received at least one dose of the drug and were analyzed for safety ( Figure 1). The treatment groups were balanced with respect to baseline demographic and disease-related characteristics ( Table 1). Excluding the ineligible cases, 17 patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 13 patients from the sunitinib group were selected for efficacy analysis (Figure 1). The study period ended in September 2020, and the results were analyzed.

Treatment Duration
The median duration of first-line treatment was 7.8 months (range 0.9-57.5) in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 9.0 months (range 0.4-47.0) in the sunitinib group. First-line treatment with IL-2 + IFNα was continued in two patients (12%) until the last observation period; however, the sunitinib group did not have such cases ( Figure 1). During the course of treatment, consent was withdrawn by one patient in the IL-2 + IFNα group and three patients in the sunitinib group. In the IL-2 + IFNα group, 13 of the 15 patients who discontinued first-line treatment received axitinib, and, in the sunitinib group, 5 of the 13 patients who discontinued first-line treatment received second-line axitinib. In the IL-2 + IFNα group, 17 patients were included in the analysis of treatment efficacy: two patients who continued on first-line treatment, thirteen patients who progressed to secondline treatment with axitinib, and two patients who chose a treatment other than axitinib. In the sunitinib group, 13 patients were included in the analysis of treatment efficacy: one patient who died of other causes during first-line treatment, five patients who progressed to second-line treatment with axitinib, and seven patients who were selected for treatment other than axitinib. For safety evaluation, 18 patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 15 patients in the sunitinib group who received at least one dose were included in the analysis (Figure 1). The median duration of second-line axitinib was 15.4 months (range 1.5-49.0) in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 2.9 months (range 1.7-25.2) in the sunitinib group. Axitinib in the second line was continued in two patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group compared to none in the sunitinib group. The 14 patients who progressed on axitinib in the second line (nine in the IL-2 + IFNα group and five in the sunitinib group) proceeded to the third line and beyond. One of the two patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group who did not receive secondline treatment with axitinib received pazopanib as a second-line treatment, and the other did not receive second-line treatment. Three of the seven patients in the sunitinib group who did not receive second-line treatment with axitinib received second-line treatment with another agent (one each with everolimus, nivorumab, and pazopanib). The remaining four patients did not receive second-line therapy (Figure 1).

Total (First Line + Second Line) Progression-Free Survival
The total PFS from the start of the first line to the end of the second line was analyzed in 13 patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 5 patients in the sunitinib group who received axitinib in the second line (29.0 months (95% CI, 11.7-46.3) in the IL-2 + IFNα group versus 16.3 months (95% CI, 6.3-26.4) in the sunitinib group). The hazard ratio for the IL-2 + IFNα group relative to the sunitinib group was 0.401 (95% CI, 0.121-1.328; p = 0.135) ( Figure 3A). After the first line, the study included four patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and eight patients in the sunitinib group who did not receive axitinib according to the protocol (Figure 1) for a total of 30 patients (17 in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 13 in the sunitinib group). The first-line (+ second-line) PFS for these patients was similar in the two groups (median:

Total (First Line + Second Line) Progression-Free Survival
The total PFS from the start of the first line to the end of the second line was analyzed in 13 patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 5 patients in the sunitinib group who received axitinib in the second line (29.0 months (95% CI, 11.7-46.3) in the IL-2 + IFNα group versus 16.3 months (95% CI, 6.3-26.4) in the sunitinib group). The hazard ratio for the IL-2 + IFNα group relative to the sunitinib group was 0.401 (95% CI, 0.121-1.328; p = 0.135) ( Figure 3A). After the first line, the study included four patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and eight patients in the sunitinib group who did not receive axitinib according to the protocol ( Figure 1) for a total of 30 patients (17 in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 13 in the sunitinib group). The first-line (+ second-line) PFS for these patients was similar in the two groups (median: 30.3 months (95% CI, 22.4-38.2) in the IL-2 + IFNα group versus 27.6 months (95% CI, 13.9-41.4) in the sunitinib group; p = 0.749) ( Figure 3B).
After the first line, the study included four patients in the IL-2 + IFNα group and eight patients in the sunitinib group who did not receive axitinib according to the protocol (Figure 1) for a total of 30 patients (17 in the IL-2 + IFNα group and 13 in the sunitinib group). The first-line (+ second-line) PFS for these patients was similar in the two groups (median: 30.3 months (95% CI, 22.4-38.2) in the IL-2 + IFNα group versus 27.6 months (95% CI, 13.9-41.4) in the sunitinib group; p = 0.749) ( Figure 3B).

Overall Survival
During the observation period, the median OS was not reached in either of the groups. The mean OS in the IL-2 + IFNα group and sunitinib group was 59.5 months (95%

Discussion
In this study, as initially expected, the effect of axitinib in the second-line setting was better in the IL-2 + IFNα group than in the sunitinib group. In the first-line setting, the sunitinib group tended to do better than the IL-2 + IFNα group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The combined results of both lines tended to be better in the IL-2 + IFNα group ( Figure 3A). Judging from the AXIS trial reported by Rini et al. [2] and the reports from Akaza et al. [17], the probability of median total PFS (first line + second line) was calculated as 26.1 (10.4 + 15.7) months for a combination of IL-2 + INFα and axitinib and 15.3 months (10.5 + 4.8) for a combination of sunitinib and axitinib [16]. Although the total PFS was in line with expectations, the number of patients in the sunitinib group who progressed to axitinib in the second line was small, and some patients did not receive

Discussion
In this study, as initially expected, the effect of axitinib in the second-line setting was better in the IL-2 + IFNα group than in the sunitinib group. In the first-line setting, the sunitinib group tended to do better than the IL-2 + IFNα group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The combined results of both lines tended to be better in the IL-2 + IFNα group ( Figure 3A). Judging from the AXIS trial reported by Rini et al. [2] and the reports from Akaza et al. [17], the probability of median total PFS (first line + second line) was calculated as 26.1 (10.4 + 15.7) months for a combination of IL-2 + INFα and axitinib and 15.3 months (10.5 + 4.8) for a combination of sunitinib and axitinib [16]. Although the total PFS was in line with expectations, the number of patients in the sunitinib group who progressed to axitinib in the second line was small, and some patients did not receive axitinib in the second line because they had been treated for a longer period in the first line. Therefore, in cases where patients did not receive axitinib in the second line, the total PFS was evaluated by adding the time up to the progression in the first line. As a result, the first-line (+ second-line) result in the sunitinib group was prolonged to a median of 27.9 months, resulting in no significant difference in total PFS in each group ( Figure 3B). Perhaps reflecting this result, OS tended to be slightly better in the sunitinib group, although the difference was not statistically significant. The best tumor response at the first line was better in the sunitinib group, with no PD cases and better DCR in the sunitinib group, although the ORR was not significantly different between the two groups (Table 3). Second-line axitinib response was better in the IL-2 + IFNα group, as expected, with significant differences in ORR ( Table 3).
AEs of all grades occurred in all patients in both groups; ≥G3 AEs were significantly more common in the sunitinib group, but G4 AEs were observed only in the IL2 + IFNα group. The profile of side effects was different in each group, and the characteristics of each were similar to those reported in previous reports [1,18]. Second-line axitinib AEs did not appear to be affected by first-line treatment.
According to the published guidelines for mRCC during the period of this clinical study, for favorable risk classified by MSKCC criteria [9] or the International mRCC Database Consortium criteria (IMDC) [8], sequential treatment of sunitinib as first-line therapy [1] and nivolumab as second-line therapy [10] is recommended. For intermediateand high-risk cases, sequential treatment with ipilimumab + nivolumab as first-line therapy [19] and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted drugs [2], is recommended with high-level evidence. Recent guidelines recommend combination therapies, mainly immuno-oncology (IO) drugs, as preferred regimens regardless of IMDC risk, and sunitinib is in the category of the recommended regimens for first-line therapy [11,20,21]. Additionally, cabozanitinib is recommended as an alternative second-line therapy after TKI failure [20,21]. In particular, the efficacy of IO + IO [4,19] and IO + TKI combinations [6,7,22,23] has been demonstrated in intermediateto high-risk cases [24,25]. However, a recent network meta-analysis in the IMDC favorablerisk group found that first-line sunitinib is better than pembrolizumab + axitinib in terms of OS [24], and sunitinib alone is preferable in a certain number of patients as a first-line treatment. In addition, although high-dose IL-2 is mentioned as a treatment option, it is indicated as a limited choice, and the expert opinion does not clearly articulate the recommended cases [11]. IFNα is almost never mentioned in global guidelines [11,20,21]. However, IL2 + IFNα showed a favorable outcome in Japanese patients [17], and the response of TKI from IL2 + IFNα, which was expected to be superior to sunitinib in terms of therapeutic sequencing, was favorable [18]. The current clinical study was designed as a sequential treatment of first-line IL-2 + IFNα and second-line axitinib with the aim of outperforming sunitinib first-line therapy, especially for favorable-risk mRCC. In the current study, the sequence of IL-2 + IFNα and axitinib tended to compare favorably in terms of the total PFS with sunitinib and axitinib, as initially estimated. However, in actual practice, there was no clear superiority of the IL-2 + IFNα group over sunitinib in terms of both treatment efficacy and AEs, and the incidence of AEs was similar.
Axitinib is a selective and potent inhibitor of VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 activity and axitinib monotherapy is recommended as a second-line treatment option for mRCC [30,31]. VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 are major regulators of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and, in addition to the efficacy of axitinib against mRCC, its selectivity for VEGFR is expected to reduce toxicity caused by other TKIs that target multiple RTKs [30]. The AXIS trial, an RCT evaluating the efficacy of sorafenib versus axitinib in the second-line setting (715 patients with mRCC), reported a better median PFS in the axitinib group (6.8 months) than in the sorafenib group (4.7 months) (hazard ratio 0.665, p < 0.001) [2].
The ORR (CR + PR) for IL-2 or IFNα monotherapy has been reported to range from 10% to 20% [32]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved high doses of IL-2 (600,000-700,000 IU/kg × 5 days for a 2-week cycle), but the IL-2 approved in Japan is a lower dose of 70,000-210,000 IU/kg/day [33,34]. Koreth et al. reported in 2011 that 1 million IU/day induced IL-2 regulatory T cells (Treg) for 2 to 3 months and prevented the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) [35]. The usual dose of IL-2, 1.05 million IU/day, may contribute to enhancing the activity of natural killer cells (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). However, it may induce Tregs and reduce antitumor effects such as NK and LAK activity. Since IFNα has been reported to suppress Tregs [36], combination therapy with low-dose IL-2 and IFNα is expected to contribute to antitumor activity without a reduction in Tregs. In the study by Akaza et al., 42 patients with mRCC were treated with low-dose IL-2 and IFNα. The reported ORR was approximately 35% (including two CR cases), DCR was approximately 70%, PFS was 10.4 months, and the 3-year OS rate was approximately 70%. These results compare favorably with IL-2 or IFNα monotherapy [17]. The main AEs of combination therapy are fever and general malaise, as shown in this study. Ito et al. reported that Japanese patients with mRCC who receive IFNα therapy live longer than their counterparts in western countries. Using genetic analysis of Japanese patients, they found a favorable effect of IFNα on mRCC allowing for long-term survival [37]. These reports suggest that cytokine therapy may contribute to the long-term survival of some mRCC patients, especially Japanese patients. Indeed, Naito et al. reported superior clinical outcomes for Japanese mRCC patients in the cytokine therapy era compared to outcomes reported in western countries [12,38]. Chow et al. reported that IL-2 treatment for mRCC showed an ORR of 48.1% and CR of 21.6% in selected patients with favorable pathology based on the composition of histologic growth patterns [39]. Cytokine therapy has the potential to achieve complete and durable responses in a limited number of mRCC patients. Thus, cytokine therapy may be the first-line treatment option of choice, especially for Japanese mRCC patients with favorable risk criteria.
In the AXIS study, the ORRs for sunitinib as first-line therapy versus cytokines as firstline therapy followed by axitinib as second-line therapy were 11.3% and 32.5%, respectively; the PFS was 4.8 months and 12 months, respectively. Thus, axitinib is more effective after cytokine therapy than after sunitinib [2]. In mRCC, the duration of response with first-line cytokine therapy and second-line TKI therapy may be longer than that with first-line TKI therapy and second-line therapy with other agents, especially in Japanese patients who are more likely to benefit from cytokine therapy. Conversely, sunitinib-induced AEs in Japanese patients tend to be more severe than that in western patients, and even those of us with accumulated experience of sunitinib AEs may have difficulty managing them. Sunitinib was initially associated with a high incidence of side effects, but it was later reported that both efficacy and AEs were favorable when the dosing regimen was changed from 4-week treatment with a 2-week rest period to 2-week treatment with a 1-week rest period [40].
There have been reports of long-term response to IL2 + IFNα [17], and this treatment sequence may be desirable for some patient populations; however, the number of patients enrolled in the present study was too small to identify the patient population that may benefit more with IL2 + IFNα therapy. The current study was underpowered to draw any definitive conclusions in this respect. After the initiation of this study in 2013, pazopanib, which is considered to cause fewer AEs than sunitinib, became available for first-line treatment in Japan in 2014 [41], and nivolumab became available for second-line treatment in 2016 [10]. The increasing number of patients opting for nivolumab after TKI administration may have also had an impact [42]. We speculate that the availability of these new drugs is a major reason for the lack of increase in the number of cases enrolled in this clinical study. In addition, IL-2 and IFNα are injectable preparations, and IL-2, in particular, is a preparation that cannot be self-injected, requiring frequent hospital visits for treatment. This may have led to poor patient acceptance of this clinical study in situations where treatment with oral agents, including sunitinib, was available.

Conclusions
In patients who were able to complete first-line IL-2 + IFNα and second-line axitinib and first-line sunitinib + second-line axitinib in this study, there was a trend toward better total PFS with IL-2 + IFNα and second-line axitinib; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, we observed no advantage of IL-2 + IFNα in terms of OS. The types of AEs in the two groups differed significantly, although there was no significant difference in the incidence of AEs. Owing to the small number of cases enrolled, this study was underpowered to draw any definitive conclusions. The results showed no clear advantage of IL-2 + IFNα over sunitinib in the first-line setting. However, IL-2 + IFNα in the first-line setting may be an option in some relatively low-risk mRCC cases due to the difference in AE profile. In addition, especially in the Japanese population, it may be optional as its effectiveness is better in the Japanese population than in the western population.  Informed Consent Statement: All the treatment and examinations for mRCC were provided after obtaining written informed consent.
Data Availability Statement: Research data are stored in an institutional repository and will be shared upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.