The Sex-Related Interplay between TME and Cancer: On the Critical Role of Estrogen, MicroRNAs and Autophagy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Tumor Microenvironment
1.2. Autophagy
1.3. Sex Differences in Cancer
2. Estrogen and Estrogen-Mediated Autophagy as Tumor and TME Key Determinants
2.1. Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors
2.2. Estrogen and Autophagy
2.3. Estrogen and Cancer
2.3.1. Colon Cancer
2.3.2. Melanoma
2.3.3. Lymphoma
2.3.4. Lung Carcinoma
3. Sex-Specific Epigenetic Control: MicroRNAs and Autophagy
3.1. Colon Cancer
3.2. Melanoma
3.3. Lymphoma
3.4. Lung Carcinoma
4. TME–Cancer Cells Crosstalk as Possible Target for Cancer Growth Control
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
5FU | 5-fluorouracil |
AKT | protein Kinase B |
AMPK | adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
ATG | autophagy gene |
Bcl-2 | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
Bcl-xL | B-cell lymphoma-extra large |
BNIP3 | Bcl-2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 |
BTG1 | B-cell Translocation Gene 1 |
CAFs | cancer-associated fibroblasts |
CC | colon cancer |
CD | Crohn’s disease |
COL10A1 | collagen α-1(X) chain |
DAMP | damage-associated molecular pattern |
DNMT1 | DNA Methyltransferase 1 |
DRAM2 | damage regulated autophagy modulator 2 |
E2 | estradiol |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
EMT | epithelial–mesenchymal transition |
ER | estrogen receptor |
ERE | estrogen response element |
EVL | Enah/Vasp-like |
FATS | fragile-site associated tumor suppressor |
FOXO3 | Forkhead box O3 |
GPR30 | G protein-coupled receptor 30 |
HIF-1α | hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha |
HL | hodgkin lymphoma |
HMGB1 | high mobility group box 1 |
IBD1 | inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 |
ICI | immune checkpoint inhibitors |
KRAS | kirsten rat sarcoma |
LC | lung carcinoma |
LC3 | light chain 3 |
MAP | mitogen-activated protein |
MAP1LC3B | microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B |
mER | plama membrane estrogen receptor |
miR | microRNA |
mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa B |
NHL | non Hodgkin lymphoma |
NK | natural killer |
NO | nitric oxide |
NOS3 | nitric oxide synthase 3 |
NSCLC | non-small cell lung cancer |
ODC | ornithine decarboxylase |
PERK | PKR-like ER kinase |
PI3K | phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase |
PtdIns3K | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
Rheb | Ras homolog enriched in brain |
ROS TAM | reactive oxygen species tumor associated macrophages |
TME | tumor microenvironment |
UC | ulcerative colitis |
ULK | Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase |
XCI | X chromosome inactivation |
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Cancer | Effects of ERs on Autophagy | References |
---|---|---|
Colon cancer | ERβ induced autophagy through:
| [86,87] |
Melanoma | ERβ induced autophagy through:
| [88] |
Hodgkin Lymphoma | ERβ induced autophagy through:
| [78] |
Lung carcinoma | ERβ induced autophagy in NSCLC cells through:
| [89,90] |
Cancer | microRNAs | Targeted Proteins | Effect on Tumor Cells | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Colon Cancer | miR-210 | Bcl-2 | Induces autophagy and radioresistance | [127] |
miR-22 | BTG1 | Inhibits autophagy and promotes apoptosis | [128] | |
miR-27a | Calreticulin | Inhibits autophagy and apoptosis | [129] | |
Melanoma | miR-23a | ATG12 | Inhibits autophagy and reduces invasiveness | [130] |
miR-26a | HMGB1 | Inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis | [131] | |
miR-142-3p | Rheb | Induces autophagy and apoptosis | [132] | |
Hodgkin Lymphoma | miR-342-3p | MAP1LC3B, DNMT1 | Inhibits autophagy and induces cell death | [133] |
miR-449a | ATG4B | Inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis | [134] | |
Lung Carcinoma | miR-153-3p | ATG5 | Inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis | [135] |
miR-106a | ULK1 | Inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis | [136] | |
miR-23a | PTEN | Induces autophagy and inhibits apoptosis | [137] | |
miR-384 | COL10A1 | Induces autophagy and apoptosis | [138] |
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Matarrese, P.; Mattia, G.; Pagano, M.T.; Pontecorvi, G.; Ortona, E.; Malorni, W.; Carè, A. The Sex-Related Interplay between TME and Cancer: On the Critical Role of Estrogen, MicroRNAs and Autophagy. Cancers 2021, 13, 3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133287
Matarrese P, Mattia G, Pagano MT, Pontecorvi G, Ortona E, Malorni W, Carè A. The Sex-Related Interplay between TME and Cancer: On the Critical Role of Estrogen, MicroRNAs and Autophagy. Cancers. 2021; 13(13):3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133287
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatarrese, Paola, Gianfranco Mattia, Maria Teresa Pagano, Giada Pontecorvi, Elena Ortona, Walter Malorni, and Alessandra Carè. 2021. "The Sex-Related Interplay between TME and Cancer: On the Critical Role of Estrogen, MicroRNAs and Autophagy" Cancers 13, no. 13: 3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133287