Strategies for the Design and Construction of Nature-Inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Buildings

This article explores the growing prominence of nature-inspired design philosophies in the context of sustainability and human well-being within the built environment and focuses on their application within laboratory buildings. Biomimicry and biophilic design are highlighted as key nature-inspired design approaches, with biomimicry drawing inspiration from nature for innovations and biophilic design promoting human health through enhancing the connection with the surrounding natural elements. This paper further discusses living building strategy as an emerging method for creating dynamic and adaptable spaces by prioritizing user experience through co-creation and focusing on sustainable and regenerative structures. The potential of integrating these approaches is emphasized using laboratory buildings as an example, with nature-inspired and living laboratories serving as models for future built environments that promote both environmental responsibility and a positive human experience. Accordingly, this work aims to investigate the design and construction of laboratory buildings based on nature-inspired design strategies and the living building concept. Moreover, the paper discusses the application of biomimicry and living building concepts within laboratory buildings as a novel contribution to the body of knowledge, and concludes by proposing the Nature-inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Building Assessment index to serve as a guideline for the design and construction of laboratory buildings using nature as an inspiration and the analogy of human body systems.


Introduction
Nature-inspired design is becoming more popular in a world where sustainability and wellbeing are increasingly prioritized.Biomimicry and biophilic design are two methods that fall under the umbrella of nature-inspired design [1].By directly imitating natural forms, processes, and ecosystems, biomimicry attempts to address problems facing humanity and produces innovations in construction methods, building materials, and energy systems [2,3].Additionally, biophilic design, much like green and sustainable design that emerged in the 1970s, aims to improve human comfort, productivity, and health by bringing natural elements into the built environment [4].These design philosophies offer numerous advantages by utilizing the power of nature, encouraging environmental responsibility as well as an enhanced human experience in the built environment [5].
Furthermore, biophilic design has been identified by Kellert and Wilson in 1993 as "the deliberate attempt to translate an understanding of the inherent human affinity to affiliate with natural systems and processes", known as biophilia [6].This definition was further developed by Kellert in 2011, who emphasized that "the positive experience of natural systems and processes in our buildings and constructed landscapes remains critical to human performance and well-being" [7].On the other hand, biomimicry, a promising research field providing possible nature-inspired solutions for design problems, has been coined as a term by Janine Benyus in 1997 through merging the Greek words "bios", meaning "life", and "mimesis", meaning imitation [8].Over the span of 3.8 billion years, natural processes have developed technologies comparable to, or surpassing, those created by humans, using sustainable and efficient methods [9].Therefore, biomimicry, an interdisciplinary scientific field, holds promise for delivering sustainable solutions through collaboration among biologists, physicists, chemists, engineers, and architects [10].
Moreover, creative methods for designing dynamic, flexible spaces are emerging as the built environment changes to meet the demands of the 21st century.Two examples of these developments are living laboratories and living building techniques.By encouraging co-creation and in-the-moment testing of design features, living labs put the user experience first [11].With the help of this user-centered approach, researchers, users, and designers can work together to create inventive and useful spaces.On the other hand, living building strategies concentrate on developing structures that are sustainable, regenerative, and functional [12].These tactics seek to reduce their negative effects on the environment, maximize resource efficiency, and even improve the local ecosystem [13].Through the integration of these approaches, living laboratories can be designed to serve as models for innovative design as well as showcases for sustainable and user-centric built environments.
Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the approaches/practices employed in the design and construction of laboratory buildings based on the concepts of Living Lab and Living Building and nature-inspired design through biophilic design and biomimicry.The aim is achieved through setting multiple objectives, which include the review of peerreviewed journals published through the international database SCOPUS from 2000 until 2024, highlighting the major research contributions within the area of the topic of interest, and, finally, providing a set of strategies to design and construct Nature-inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL) Buildings through the Nature-inspired Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0) TM Assessment Tool.

Data Collection
This article explored the application of nature-inspired strategies, including biomimicry and biophilic design, as well as the living lab approach and living building concept within the context of laboratory buildings.The data were primarily collected from a large assortment of scholarly articles acquired from SCOPUS database and Google Scholar.The examined publications covered the time period between 2000 and 2024 and used the following code for SCOPUS search: ("Biomimicry" OR "Living Building Challenge" OR "LBC" OR "biophilia" OR "biophilic design" OR "sustainable construction") AND ("lab*" AND "building").The reviewed publications were selected based on the following criteria: range of publication between years 2000 and 2024, relevance of title and abstract to the addressed topic, and the content being relevant to architecture, construction, and engineering aspects of laboratory buildings, while ensuring that the publication is in the final stage and written in the English language.Moreover, the exclusion criterion strictly omitted any publication not belonging to a SCOPUS-indexed scholar.However, due to the lack of scholarly articles discussing the application of the previously mentioned concepts within laboratory buildings, additional resources, such as conference papers and official websites, were reviewed through search queries in Google Scholar.

Data Processing and Text Mining
Titles and abstracts were scanned for relevance to the selected topics of biomimicry, biophilic design, living lab approach, and living building within laboratory buildings in order to facilitate text mining and the review process of the selected papers.Papers were then categorized according to their respective fields.Using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office Home and Student 2019 version 2304, Redmond, WA, USA), themes and key ideas were taken from the papers and entered into tables.The main themes that were addressed while examining the articles were applications or case studies concerning biomimicry, biophilic design, living laboratory, living building, and sustainable building.Those themes were used to categorize the articles that are further discussed and summarized in the Section 3.Where data from the articles that appeared in SCOPUS were not enough to proceed with the next phase of the methodology, additional resources such as Google Scholar were used to capture relevant articles using the same keywords mentioned in Section 2.1.

Index Creation
The reviewed literature was assessed for the extraction of relevant features/indicators that can be compiled within an index to assess laboratory buildings by combining key features inspired by biomimicry, biophilic design, living building, and sustainable features.The indicators were then categorized into relevant groups/constructs under one common theme that collectively combines similar aspects.The main approach of designing the index was based on the analogy of the human body, which consists of different systems performing specific functions.Accordingly, each system was applied within the context of a laboratory building based on its primary function and how it can be applied or utilized for inspiration to create a similar system in a laboratory building.Therefore, each system is considered as a separate category or "construct" within the index.Furthermore, the indicators of each category/system were chosen based on their suitability to achieve the overall purpose of the category/system.Overall, this conceptual guideline is proposed as a first stage of multi-stage research that will include a future validation for the entire index and all its attributes through subject matter experts from the industry and subjected to further quantitative analysis and possible future publication.

SCOPUS Search
The results of the initial search through SCOPUS database using the keywords mentioned in the methodology showed a low number of publications during the period of 2000 until 2024, ranging between 1 and 13 publications per year, as shown in Figure 1.However, the topic under investigation is still relatively new and not thoroughly investigated.Overall, the accumulative total of the SCOPUS-indexed articles was 89 articles, of which a selection is examined and further discussed in this section.
biophilic design, living lab approach, and living building within laboratory buildings in order to facilitate text mining and the review process of the selected papers.Papers were then categorized according to their respective fields.Using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office Home and Student 2019 version 2304, USA), themes and key ideas were taken from the papers and entered into tables.The main themes that were addressed while examining the articles were applications or case studies concerning biomimicry, biophilic design, living laboratory, living building, and sustainable building.Those themes were used to categorize the articles that are further discussed and summarized in the Section 3.Where data from the articles that appeared in SCOPUS were not enough to proceed with the next phase of the methodology, additional resources such as Google Scholar were used to capture relevant articles using the same keywords mentioned in Section 2.1.

Index Creation
The reviewed literature was assessed for the extraction of relevant features/indicators that can be compiled within an index to assess laboratory buildings by combining key features inspired by biomimicry, biophilic design, living building, and sustainable features.The indicators were then categorized into relevant groups/constructs under one common theme that collectively combines similar aspects.The main approach of designing the index was based on the analogy of the human body, which consists of different systems performing specific functions.Accordingly, each system was applied within the context of a laboratory building based on its primary function and how it can be applied or utilized for inspiration to create a similar system in a laboratory building.Therefore, each system is considered as a separate category or "construct" within the index.Furthermore, the indicators of each category/system were chosen based on their suitability to achieve the overall purpose of the category/system.Overall, this conceptual guideline is proposed as a first stage of multi-stage research that will include a future validation for the entire index and all its attributes through subject matter experts from the industry and subjected to further quantitative analysis and possible future publication.

SCOPUS Search
The results of the initial search through SCOPUS database using the keywords mentioned in the methodology showed a low number of publications during the period of 2000 until 2024, ranging between 1 and 13 publications per year, as shown in Figure 1.However, the topic under investigation is still relatively new and not thoroughly investigated.Overall, the accumulative total of the SCOPUS-indexed articles was 89 articles, of which a selection is examined and further discussed in this section.Further analysis into the publications found on SCOPUS suggests that the topic under investigation has received a relatively equal percentage of interest amongst researchers in the fields of Energy and Social Sciences, with the highest interest being in Engineering, followed by Environmental Sciences, as shown in Figure 2, which further supports the notion that there is a need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in all three fields in a comprehensive approach to effectively address the topic of interest.
under investigation has received a relatively equal percentage of interest amongst researchers in the fields of Energy and Social Sciences, with the highest interest being in Engineering, followed by Environmental Sciences, as shown in Figure 2, which further supports the notion that there is a need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in all three fields in a comprehensive approach to effectively address the topic of interest.

VOS Viewer Analysis
Additional analysis into the trending keywords using VOS Viewer relied on the criterion of selecting keywords that appeared two times or more within the 89 selected articles.As a result, 21 publications showed several links between multiple terminologies emerging from the topic of interest, such as biophilia, living building challenge, architectural design, sustainability, sustainable construction, living buildings, energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and biophilic design, amongst others, as shown in Figure 3. Accordingly, this analysis further supports the notion that the consolidation of biomimicry, biophilic design, living building, and sustainable features has started to capture the interest of researchers, with potential for further enhancements and developments in the future.

VOS Viewer Analysis
Additional analysis into the trending keywords using VOS Viewer relied on the criterion of selecting keywords that appeared two times or more within the 89 selected articles.As a result, 21 publications showed several links between multiple terminologies emerging from the topic of interest, such as biophilia, living building challenge, architectural design, sustainability, sustainable construction, living buildings, energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and biophilic design, amongst others, as shown in Figure 3. Accordingly, this analysis further supports the notion that the consolidation of biomimicry, biophilic design, living building, and sustainable features has started to capture the interest of researchers, with potential for further enhancements and developments in the future.
Engineering, followed by Environmental Sciences, as shown in Figure 2, which further supports the notion that there is a need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in all three fields in a comprehensive approach to effectively address the topic of interest.

VOS Viewer Analysis
Additional analysis into the trending keywords using VOS Viewer relied on the criterion of selecting keywords that appeared two times or more within the 89 selected articles.As a result, 21 publications showed several links between multiple terminologies emerging from the topic of interest, such as biophilia, living building challenge, architectural design, sustainability, sustainable construction, living buildings, energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and biophilic design, amongst others, as shown in Figure 3. Accordingly, this analysis further supports the notion that the consolidation of biomimicry, biophilic design, living building, and sustainable features has started to capture the interest of researchers, with potential for further enhancements and developments in the future.

Summary of Articles Findings
Further examination of the extracted 21 articles through evaluating the abstract content, purpose, methodology, and results reduced the number of articles to 12 articles, with their main findings summarized in Table 1.

2023
The study found that engineering students grasped the bottom-up approach of biomimetics more readily, using traditional engineering tools to apply biological knowledge for engineering solutions, while perceiving the top-down approach, which identifies technical problems and applies natural solutions, as vaguer.It suggests that combining both approaches in teaching biomimicry, along with hands-on learning, could effectively enhance student comprehension of these concepts.

Biomimicry
Short-term effects of natural view and daylight from windows on thermal perception, health, and energy-saving potential [16] Jiang Y.; Li N.; Yongga A.; Yan W.

2022
Visual windows enhanced thermal comfort, potentially reducing HVAC energy use; physiological measures were more sensitive than subjective questionnaires in assessing their impact on occupant health, indicating positive effects on well-being by alleviating symptoms of sick building syndrome and reducing stress and fatigue indicators.

Sustainable Building and Biophilic Design
Clay 3D printing as a bio-design research tool: development of photosynthetic living building components [17] Crawford A.; In-na P.; Caldwell G.; Armstrong R.; Bridgens B.

2022
The study utilized digital fabrication to embed living microalgae in ceramic building components, examining how design factors like geometry and firing temperature affect algae growth.It highlighted the importance of managing evaporation and moisture levels for optimal performance and proposed digital manufacturing as a method to develop viable, integrated systems for living building applications.

Living Building
Photosynthetic textile biocomposites: Using laboratory testing and digital fabrication to develop flexible living building materials [18] Stefanova A.; In-Na P.; Caldwell G.S.; Bridgens B.; Armstrong R.

2021
The study explored the development of 3D-printed biocomposites containing the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, which can be integrated into building materials to help sequester CO 2 , demonstrating their effectiveness in supporting algae growth despite occasional challenges in cell distribution and fluctuations.Kappa-carrageenan, full-strength BG11 nutrient medium, and Auro Clay Paint were promising when used with cotton and polyester textiles, despite occasional cell distribution challenges and fluctuations.

Living Building
The impact of a view from a window on thermal comfort, emotion, and cognitive performance [19] Ko W.H.; Schiavon S.; Zhang H.; Graham L.T.; Brager G.; Mauss I.; Lin Y.-W.

2020
The study discovered that providing office occupants with a window view resulted in slight yet noteworthy enhancements in their thermal comfort, positive emotions, and specific cognitive functions such as working memory and concentration, in comparison to those in windowless environments.Having a window could potentially contribute to energy savings as it makes occupants more tolerant of minor thermal comfort variations.Windows were also found to boost occupants' psychological well-being by amplifying positive emotions and minimizing negative ones.
Biophilic Design Focusing on the importance of biomimicry education in sustainability [15], Yeter et al. conducted workshops in Singapore to explore how students from two distinct groups-local high school students and undergraduate engineering students from the United States-conceptualized biomimicry approaches.The study concluded that students struggled with the top-down method, which involves identifying human problems and seeking solutions from nature.This highlights the need for curriculum development that strengthens students' ability to identify the unique principles that make natural objects function effectively and fosters interdisciplinary knowledge for a more comprehensive grasp of biomimicry.
As for the application of biophilic design, the SCOPUS search revealed a study by Jiang et al. that investigated the impact of windows on occupants in buildings [16], finding that having a window led to increased comfort and tolerance of thermal conditions (potentially saving energy), reduced stress and fatigue (based on physiological measurements), and offered energy-saving potential through daylight, though it did not significantly affect perceived lighting, as users were satisfied with both levels of natural and artificial lighting.Overall, integrating windows as a biophilic design feature to enhance user experience and comfort level was evaluated and showed potential for further exploration and consideration in building design.
Concerning the use of living building materials in the construction of buildings, a study by Crawford et al. explored the potential of microalgae, a type of microscopic organism, as a sustainable building material [17].Researchers investigated the use of 3D-printed ceramic structures embedded with microalgae to create "living" building components.The study evaluated how different designs affected the survival and growth of the algae.The findings suggest that integrating these micro-ecologies into buildings could contribute to sustainability efforts and mitigate anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.
The use of living building components, such as living walls, has also been discussed by Assem and Hassan [14].This study investigated the use of living walls, plant installations integrated into walls, to improve employee well-being and combat sick building syndrome in workplaces.Researchers employed a parametric design approach to optimize the design of these living walls, considering factors like aesthetics, user interaction, and functionality within the workspace.The results, though not explicitly detailed, likely demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in creating visually appealing living walls that enhance user experience and create unique ambiances suitable for various workplace activities.
The application of the Living Building Challenge (LBC) has also been discussed in a previous study by Cianfrani et al. [22].This study examined the R.W. Kern Center, Hampshire College's first new building in 40 years, designed with a focus on forwardthinking sustainability.The multi-purpose facility aims to be self-sufficient in energy generation, water management, and waste processing.It prioritizes nontoxic materials, local sourcing, and biophilic design principles to promote human well-being and natural beauty.Beyond functionality, the building serves as a gateway to the campus, attracting prospective students and fostering a sense of community.The R.W. Kern Center achieved Living Building Challenge certification in 2018, demonstrating its commitment to a holistic approach to sustainability.
Energy consumption patterns was another theme discussed within the reported studies.One study by Yeter et al. investigated the effectiveness of three energy-saving initiatives in a university office/laboratory building designed with sustainable features, such as natural ventilation in an open-plan office area and biomass to meet heating requirements, at the University of Cambridge [24].The building employed voluntary design frameworks (BREEAM) and a bespoke post-construction strategy (Cambridge Work Plan) alongside mandatory EU reporting requirements.Eventually, the study revealed a significant discrepancy between the building's actual energy consumption (140% higher than estimated needs) and its design projections.Furthermore, the three initiatives implemented fell short in actively reducing this energy performance gap.As such, the study recommended alternative approaches that prioritize monitoring operational performance and ensure realistic energy estimations during the design stages, including building energy management strategies focused on operational performance, such as the Living Building Challenge [25].As such, LBC can drive buildings to achieve net-zero energy consumption using renewable sources, thus integrating biomimicry to mimic nature's efficiency and resilience.It can also promote biophilic design by enhancing occupant well-being through natural elements like light and vegetation, while reducing energy needs.Thus, LBC can support harmonizing environmental responsibility with human comfort and health.Other suggested tools for utilization included the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers' Technical Memorandum 54, a technical guideline that aids building professionals during building design to create more accurate energy models by transforming low-energy designs into buildings that meet designated energy targets and offering precise instructions for thoroughly and accurately assessing operational energy consumption during the design phase [26].
Overall, the result of analyzing the SCOPUS-indexed articles concerning the topic of interest revealed a general lack of application of biomimicry, biophilic design, and living building strategies within laboratory buildings.Further suggestions are made by the authors on the applicability of those concepts and detailed in the Discussion section.

SCOPUS-Indexed Publications
Building on the findings in the previously mentioned study of biomimicry application in education [15], the study's outcomes can be applied to bridge this gap by emphasizing the importance of understanding nature's "unique principles".This could involve studying phenomena like termite mounds for inspiration in passive cooling systems or mimicking spider silk's strength-to-weight ratio for lightweight structures.Additionally, fostering interdisciplinary knowledge by combining biology, engineering, and architecture can lead to broader biomimicry inspiration.By addressing these knowledge gaps, professionals can be equipped with the skills to translate biomimicry into practical applications for laboratories.This can ultimately lead to the design of more sustainable, adaptable, and user-centric lab environments that promote scientific progress.
Regarding the application of biophilic design in the built environment that was previously discussed [16], the reported findings support the notion of using biophilic design principles, which incorporate elements of nature like natural light and views to enhance occupant well-being and sustainability in laboratory buildings.To explain, incorporating windows with natural views can create a more comfortable and healthier workplace for lab personnel, as natural light and views can potentially lead to increased comfort in cooler temperatures and reducing energy consumption for cooling.Additionally, biophilic design principles promote a connection with nature, which has been shown to decrease stress and fatigue in occupants, leading to increased productivity and better job performance.Thus, windows can serve as a valuable design feature to improve the access to nature through the building envelope, while other alternatives may also provide a similar experience when windows are not present in the building, such as a roof glass ceiling.By integrating these elements, architects and designers can create lab environments that prioritize both human health and sustainability.
Concerning the use of living building materials in the construction of buildings using microalgae, as discussed previously [17], this holds promise for laboratory facilities.To illustrate, laboratories often require specific environmental conditions, and these living materials could potentially help regulate temperature or air quality within the space.Additionally, the controlled environment of a laboratory would be ideal for studying the interaction between microalgae and different materials.Researchers could leverage this setting to further explore the potential benefits and limitations of these living materials for broader use in architecture.
The concept of living walls in building setups, as previously discussed [14], has potential for application in laboratory facilities.To illustrate, laboratories can often be sterile and lack natural elements.Therefore, living walls could introduce a connection to nature, potentially improving employee well-being and reducing stress, which can be crucial for scientific research.Additionally, the study's focus on user interaction with the living wall could be particularly relevant in a lab setting.Interactive elements could provide employees with opportunities to engage with nature during breaks or stressful moments, further promoting well-being.
Moreover, the LBC certification may be assessed for suitability to apply in laboratory buildings, taking buildings such as R.W. Kern Center as an example to follow [22].To explain, the sustainable design principles employed at the R.W. Kern Center hold promise for application in laboratory buildings, since laboratories often require significant energy and water resources.Therefore, implementing similar self-sufficiency measures could minimize environmental impact.Additionally, focusing on nontoxic materials and biophilic design could promote the health and well-being of laboratory personnel, who are considered a crucial factor in scientific research.By adopting these principles, laboratories can contribute to a more sustainable future while creating healthy and inspiring work environments for scientific discovery.
Additionally, the findings of the study on energy consumption at the University of Cambridge [24] hold significant value for laboratory buildings, which are known for high energy consumption.The identified shortcomings of focusing solely on design-stage initiatives highlight the need for a multi-pronged approach.Laboratories can benefit from incorporating operational performance monitoring into their energy management strategies.Additionally, collaborating with design professionals who utilize tools like the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers' Technical Memorandum 54 can ensure the creation of realistic energy models at the design stage.By implementing these recommendations, laboratory buildings can bridge the energy performance gap and achieve true sustainability goals.
Overall, the potential of applying nature-inspired design strategies and the living building concept within laboratory buildings is still a relatively new field, with significant potential for further work and advancements.The authors discuss some strategies detailed in the following subsections.

Commandments of Biomimicry and Laboratory Buildings
Pioneering advocate for biomimicry, Janine Benyus, established the core principles, often referred to as "commandments", that provide a framework for applying biomimicry to problem solving across various disciplines [8].These principles hold significant influence within the built environment, shaping sustainable and innovative design approaches.By encouraging the study of nature's models, ecosystems, and processes as a source of inspiration, biomimicry translates into real-world applications such as mimicking natural ventilation systems for passive cooling or emulating spider silk for lightweight building materials.Furthermore, these principles advocate for using nature as a benchmark for measuring the environmental impact and as a mentor for fostering adaptable designs.Buildings designed with biomimicry in mind can minimize their environmental footprint by considering energy use and resource consumption throughout their lifecycle.Additionally, these principles can inspire the creation of structures that evolve over time, similar to how organisms adapt to their environment.Finally, there is an emphasis on the importance of respecting the interconnectedness of nature.This translates to buildings designed with locally sourced materials and a consideration for the impact on the surrounding ecosystem.By adhering to these principles, architects and engineers can create buildings that are more sustainable, resilient, and user-centric, ultimately promoting a built environment that thrives in harmony with the natural world.
As the current literature does not discuss the application of Benyus's commandments of biomimicry to laboratory buildings, the authors suggest the following strategies (Table 2), where each commandment is applied within the context of a laboratory building to serve as a general guidance for designers, contractors, laboratory managers, or laboratory building users/occupants.Source laboratory materials and equipment locally whenever possible to reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation.Support local businesses and contribute to the regional economy.

Biomimicry Life Principles and Laboratory Buildings
The organization Biomimicry 3.8 acts as a champion for the field of biomimicry, drawing inspiration from the vast library of biological strategies gleaned from Earth's 3.8-billion-year evolutionary history [27].This knowledge base informs the development of the Biomimicry Life Principles, which constitute a core element of Biomimicry 3.8's methodology.These principles function as a blueprint for sustainable and efficient design, guiding designers and engineers to emulate nature's time-tested patterns and processes.Furthermore, Biomimicry 3.8 offers tools such as the DesignLens: Life's Principles to facilitate the application of these principles across a wide range of design challenges [28].In essence, the Biomimicry Life Principles serve as the foundational pillar upon which Biomimicry 3.8 constructs its approach.By harnessing nature's wisdom through these principles, Biomimicry 3.8 fosters the development of ecologically sustainable and innovative solutions.This ensures that human creations are well adapted to the Earth's ecosystem and contribute positively to it.
As the current literature shows lack of publications discussing the application of Biomimicry Life Principles in laboratory buildings, the authors present several strategies (Table 3) where each principle is translated into a practical application during the design, construction, and operation of a laboratory facility.Use Feedback Loops Implement feedback loops to continuously monitor and improve lab performance.Utilize data analytics to identify areas for optimization and implement corrective measures.

Cultivate Cooperative Relationships
Encourage collaboration and knowledge sharing among lab users, researchers, and the surrounding community.Foster partnerships with local universities, research institutions, and businesses.

Integrate Development with Growth
Design labs that can accommodate future growth and expansion without compromising sustainability or functionality.Utilize modular and adaptable infrastructure to facilitate seamless expansion.
Self-Organize Design labs with self-organizing capabilities, such as intelligent lighting systems and automated climate control, to optimize resource utilization and occupant comfort.
Build from the Bottom Up Adopt a bottom-up approach to lab design, involving users, researchers, and community members in the planning and decision-making process.
Combine Modular and Nested Components Utilize modular and nested components to create flexible and adaptable lab spaces that can be easily reconfigured and expanded as needs evolve.
Be Resource Efficient (Material and Energy) Minimize material consumption and energy use throughout the design, construction, and operation of the lab.Implement sustainable practices and prioritize renewable energy sources.

Use Low Energy Processes
Utilize low-energy processes and technologies to minimize the environmental impact of lab operations.Employ energy-efficient equipment, appliances, and HVAC systems.
Use Multi-Functional Design Design lab spaces with multi-functional capabilities to reduce the need for additional infrastructure and maximize resource utilization.

Recycle All Materials
Implement comprehensive recycling and waste management strategies to divert materials from landfills and promote circularity.Utilize waste streams as energy sources whenever possible.
Fit Form to Function Design lab spaces that prioritize functionality and efficiency over unnecessary aesthetics.Follow biophilic design principles to create a harmonious and stimulating environment.

Use Life-friendly Chemistry
Implement green chemistry principles to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals and promote sustainable alternatives.Utilize nontoxic and biodegradable materials whenever possible.

Biomimicry Life Principles Application to Laboratory Buildings
Break Down Products into Benign Constituents Design products and processes that break down into benign constituents at the end of their lifecycle, minimizing environmental impact.
Build Selectively with a Small Subset of Elements Utilize a limited number of well-understood and sustainable materials to reduce complexity and facilitate recycling and reuse.

Do Chemistry in Water
Implement water-based chemistry whenever possible to minimize the use of harmful solvents and reduce environmental impact.Utilize water as a reaction medium and solvent.

Living Building Challenge (LBC) and Laboratory Buildings
The Living Building Challenge Imperatives offer a thorough framework for creating living laboratories inspired by nature that aim for a regenerative impact rather than just sustainability [29].These Seven Imperatives [30], which are divided into seven interconnected petals (Place, Water, Energy, Health & Happiness, Materials, Equity, and Beauty), have a major impact on all phases of a laboratory's lifecycle.
To further illustrate this possible application, the "Place" petal has "Imperative 01: Site Ecology" that necessitates a detailed examination of the surrounding environment, which may have an impact on the design stage by prescribing a building footprint that reduces disturbance and blends in with the natural features already in place.Then, using biomimicry features (motivated by the "Beauty" petal) like naturally occurring ventilation systems modelled after animal respiratory systems can be considered, which lessens the need for mechanical equipment and advances the "Energy" petal.Moreover, to lessen its impact on the environment, construction (the "Materials" petal) may use recycled or readily renewable materials that can be found locally (Imperative 05: Biobased & Recycled Content).Rainwater harvesting systems in line with the "Water" petal's "Imperative 09: Water Capture & Treatment" can considerably lessen dependency on municipal supplies during operation and management.Meanwhile, occupant well-being tactics from the "Health & Happiness" petal, such as plenty of natural light and better indoor air quality, can boost user satisfaction and productivity.These are just a few instances that demonstrate how Living Building Challenge Imperatives, when carefully implemented, can turn labs into functional, naturally inspired living ecosystems that also improve the surrounding area and the health of their occupants.As such, the authors propose the following tactics (Table 4) where each imperative of the LBC's petals can be applied in a laboratory building, along with the predicted implications.Ensures the laboratory's impact aligns with the natural capacity of the surrounding environment.

Urban Agriculture
Incorporate green spaces and possibly rooftop gardens to promote urban agriculture within the laboratory setting.
Enhances the laboratory's connection to nature, provides greenery for researchers, and contributes to local food production.

Habitat Exchange
Implement measures to enhance and protect local ecosystems, possibly through partnerships with conservation organizations.

Demonstrates a commitment to preserving
and enhancing the natural habitats surrounding the laboratory.

Human-Powered Living
Promote alternative transportation methods, such as cycling or walking, and design spaces that encourage physical activity.
Aligns with a nature-inspired approach by encouraging a healthy and active lifestyle for laboratory occupants.

Water Net Positive Water
Design water-efficient laboratories with water capture and reuse systems, ensuring a positive impact on the local water balance.
Demonstrates responsibility in water usage, mirroring natural systems' efficiency.

Energy Net Positive Energy
Implement renewable energy sources and energy-efficient design to achieve net-positive energy consumption.
Aligns with the sustainability aspect of a nature-inspired approach by reducing energy demand.

Health and Happiness Civilized Environment
Design laboratories with a focus on promoting social well-being, comfort, and a sense of community.
Creates a workspace that aligns with the harmonious and civilized aspects of nature.

Healthy Interior Environment
Prioritize air quality, lighting, and acoustics to create a healthy and comfortable indoor environment.
Ensures researchers work in spaces that support their well-being, similar to the health-promoting aspects of nature.

Biophilic Environment
Integrate nature-inspired design elements, such as natural light, greenery, and biomimicry, to create a biophilic laboratory.
Enhances the connection between researchers and the natural world, fostering a positive and inspired work environment.

Materials Red List
Avoid the use of materials on the Red List, prioritizing healthier and environmentally responsible choices.
Aligns with the nature-inspired principle of using materials in harmony with the environment.

Embodied Carbon Footprint
Minimize the embodied carbon footprint of construction materials, choosing low-impact options.
Reflects a commitment to reducing the overall carbon impact, aligning with sustainable practices found in nature.

Responsible Industry
Source materials from responsible and sustainable suppliers and promote ethical practices within the laboratory.
Demonstrates a commitment to responsible and sustainable industry practices.

Living Economy Sourcing
Support local economies and choose materials and services that contribute to a living economy.
Aligns with the nature-inspired principle of interconnectedness and community support.

Net Positive Waste
Minimize waste generation and implement recycling and composting systems to achieve net-positive waste.
Mirrors the efficiency and waste reduction found in natural ecosystems.

Equity Human Scale and Humane Places
Design laboratories with a human-centric approach, focusing on comfort, accessibility, and a sense of place.
Aligns with the nature-inspired principle of creating spaces that resonate with human well-being.

Universal Access to Nature and Place
Ensure that all laboratory occupants have access to natural elements, whether through views, green spaces, or biophilic design.
Fosters inclusivity and promotes a connection to nature for everyone in the laboratory.

Equitable Investment
Prioritize equitable investment in laboratory facilities, ensuring fair distribution of resources and benefits.
Reflects a commitment to fairness and equity, similar to the balanced relationships in nature.

Just Organization
Implement just and equitable policies within the laboratory organization, considering the well-being and fairness of all occupants.
Creates a work environment that aligns with the principles of justice found in nature.

Beauty and Spirit
Design laboratories with aesthetic appeal, incorporating natural elements and inspiring spaces.
Aligns with the beauty and inspiration found in the natural world.

Inspiration and Education
Design spaces that inspire creativity and provide educational opportunities for researchers and visitors.
Creates a laboratory environment that encourages learning and innovation, mirroring the inspiration found in nature.

Comparative Overview of Biomimicry and LBC in Laboratory Buildings
A significant alignment exists between the philosophies of biomimicry and the Living Building Challenge (LBC), both advocating for a built environment that fosters harmony with nature.Biomimicry draws inspiration from biological systems, encouraging the design of buildings that emulate nature's efficiency and resilience in areas like resource management and structural integrity.The LBC, on the other hand, establishes a rigorous framework for sustainable construction, pushing for buildings to function as self-sufficient ecosystems with minimal environmental impact.This synergy between biomimicry and the LBC presents intriguing possibilities for the future of architecture, particularly within the domain of laboratory buildings.By integrating biomimicry principles into LBC design strategies, laboratories have the potential to evolve beyond their role as purely functional research spaces, transforming into models of environmental responsibility.One can envision buildings that utilize natural ventilation strategies inspired by termite mounds, or self-cleaning facades mimicking the lotus leaf.These biomimetic elements, when coupled with the LBC's emphasis on renewable energy and water conservation, could lead to the creation of highly sustainable and functional laboratory buildings.This convergence of biomimicry and the LBC holds the potential to transform the built environment, fostering a future where human innovation coexists seamlessly with a healthy and thriving natural world.A detailed comparison between biomimicry and LBC is further discussed in Table 5.The authors propose a novel index system for the assessment of laboratory buildings based on nature-inspired strategies and the living building concept.The index is based on a novel approach for enhancing laboratory buildings by leveraging the combined potential of biomimicry, biophilic design, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) principles, all evaluated through the NILL assessment index.The NILL index introduces the concept of a Living Laboratory-a platform that fosters curiosity, sparks innovation, and actively contributes to the advancement of nature-inspired solutions.By integrating biomimicry and biophilic design as core elements, the NILL index would create a framework for sustainable design strategies within the Living Laboratory.This dynamic environment would engage users, researchers, and the public through multisensory experiences, nurturing a collaborative learning culture.It is important to note that the current index system is a qualitative guideline, which will be further developed and quantitatively validated in future work.
The core concept of the NILL index lies in the synergy between biomimicry, biophilic design, and the interconnectedness of the human body's systems.The LBC framework, which emphasizes buildings functioning in harmony with nature, aligns beautifully with this biological principle.The NILL index takes this analogy beyond function.The human body thrives due to a network of integrated systems-respiratory, circulatory, nervous, etc.-working together seamlessly.Similarly, the NILL index encourages laboratories to operate as a cohesive unit, with each design element (ventilation, lighting, and water management) contributing to a holistic and sustainable environment that reflects biomimicry and biophilic design principles.By integrating these core elements with LBC principles, the NILL index and the living laboratory concept can transform laboratory buildings into models of sustainable design, user-centric innovation, and a newfound understanding of the built environment's role in supporting human health and well-being.Table 6 shows the overlay between the main themes of the NILL index and the connection with the LBC petals and the human body systems.Table 6.Overview of the Nature-inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0) TM Building Assessment Index.

Place Skeletal and Muscular Systems
A strong foundation and musculoskeletal system provide support and stability, just as a well-designed site and building envelope are crucial for a building.

Hydration and Flow
Water Circulatory System The circulatory system efficiently transports water and nutrients throughout the body, similar to how a water-positive building manages and utilizes water resources.

Energy
Metabolic System The metabolic system converts food into energy, mirroring a building's ability to generate and utilize renewable energy.

Nervous and Immune Systems
The nervous and immune systems ensure overall health and adaptation, just as a healthy building environment promotes occupant well-being and resilience.

System (Skin) and Respiratory System
The skin protects us from the environment, and the respiratory system facilitates healthy air exchange, analogous to how a building's materials and ventilation systems manage internal and external interactions.

Equity
Endocrine System The endocrine system regulates various bodily functions.Similarly, the LBC's equity petal promotes social justice and creates a balanced and equitable environment for all.

Beauty and Spirit
Sensory System and Central Nervous System The sensory system and central nervous system allow us to perceive and experience the world, similar to how a building's aesthetics and functionality can inspire and uplift its occupants.

Integration of all petals Human Brain
The human body integrates all its different systems that are controlled by the brain, while the LBC relies on the collective results of all its petals to control its overall performance and become a regenerative self-sustained building.
Furthermore, the proposed NILL index provides a connection between each of its themes, the parallel LBC petal and the relevant Biomimicry Life Principles (Table 7) to showcase the essence of the index and its main purpose of mimicking nature's best and implementing nature's best practices and unique strategies in achieving the highest level of performance for a laboratory building.To further explain the respective themes within the NILL index, each theme encompasses multiple categories or constructs that form the main criteria of assessment within the general theme, supported by a selection of features/indicators describing the applicable features or characteristics that inform the design, construction, and operation of a nature-inspired and living laboratory building, as shown in Table 8.
In Theme 1 (Foundation and Structure), brownfield redevelopment and minimal site disturbance are given priority to guarantee that the laboratory is environmentally conscious.By using biomimicry principles to create habitat for native species, we can promote biodiversity and deepen our relationship with the natural world.Take bioswales or rain gardens, which mimic natural filtration for stormwater management, as an illustration of how the laboratory can be inspired by and integrate natural processes into its design.
In Theme 2 (Hydration and Flow), water conservation and management are emphasized.By utilizing rainwater collection, greywater reuse, and wastewater treatment to achieve net positive water use, the laboratory raises the bar for water sustainability.Biomimicry-inspired water purification systems demonstrate how the lab can benefit from understanding the efficient natural processes.Bigger water features in a range of patterns and styles help manage water and create a connection with an important element.
In Theme 3 (Energy and Power), the transition to clean energy is promoted.The laboratory can run with the least possible environmental impact thanks to net positive energy generation, which uses on-site renewable energy sources like solar or wind turbines.Biomimicry-inspired energy production technologies demonstrate how the inventiveness of nature can be used to the laboratory's advantage.Energy-efficient laboratory equipment and HVAC systems minimize energy consumption, and evaluations of energy demand and equipment load optimize operations for long-term sustainability.
In Theme 4 (Wellbeing and Resilience), the priority is given to the happiness and wellbeing of the occupants.Skylights, well-placed windows, and indoor plants are examples of natural elements that can improve air quality and create a peaceful atmosphere.With less reliance on mechanical systems, natural ventilation techniques inspired by biomimicry offer a comfortable working environment.Designing with natural forms and patterns creates a space that is both harmonious and aesthetically pleasing.Furthermore, integrating the previous strategies not only satisfies buildings users and enhances their wellbeing but also ensures that laboratory buildings achieve resilience through promoting durability, flexibility, and ongoing functionality in the face of expected and unexpected challenges.As a result, laboratory buildings are capable of enduring and adjusting to diverse environmental and operational obstacles.
In Theme 5 (Skin and Breath), a strong emphasis is placed on material selection that is responsible and inclusive.By choosing low-impact, recycled, or bio-based materials over those on the LBC Red List, the laboratory reduces its environmental impact.Naturalistic design features, such as self-cleaning surfaces, can lessen the need for abrasive chemicals.Universal access features ensure that the laboratory is accessible to all, fostering equity and a sense of community.The adverse effects of waste management practices on the environment are mitigated by sustainable methods.Minimal site disturbance with priority to refurbishment of old sites, brownfield redevelopment prioritization, or location near ancient site.[31,32] Building Orientation Well-oriented building and an envelope that is tightly sealed prevent unwanted heat transfer [33] Habitat Creation Rooftops, pollinator gardens, or green walls as habitats for native species mimicking natural ecosystems.[31,32] Proximity to Public Transit Availability of nearby bus station; main road access.[34,35] Pedestrian Area Designated walking area with minimal vehicular access.[31] Nature-inspired Structures (NIS)

Nature-inspired Facades
Reactive facades resembling the mechanism of pinecone in responding to environmental stimuli (open and close); integrated solar panels into exterior façade resembling the lotus flower's ability to absorb sunlight efficiently or integrated photobioreactors in building façade with microalgae (to reduce thermal loads with the absorption of radiation) [36][37][38] Nature-inspired Surrounding Use of artwork showcasing biomimicry examples.[39] Green Space Coverage Maximize green space coverage ratio and promote plant canopies for shading and sheltering.Prioritize the use of native species to enhance biodiversity or use plants that provide shading.[4,40] Access to Nature Provide balconies, terraces, courtyards, or roof slopes for direct connection to nature.[31,41] Hydration & Flow (HF) Water Sourcing (WS) Waste Water Treatment System Greywater treatment housed on the grounds or local system affiliated with central treatment plant; can be inspired by mussel filtration.[42,43] Seawater Desalination Seawater desalination system housed on the grounds or local system affiliated with central desalination plant.[31,44] Rain Water Capturing Rainwater collection system.[31,42,43] Dew & Condensate Capturing Dew harvesting or condensation capture.
Nature-based Water Systems Biofiltration systems based on plants' inherent ability to filter air or bioswales; wetlands or rain gardens mimicking natural filtration for stormwater management.[45] Water Management (WM) Water Use Optimization Closed-loop systems in nature.[46,47] Water Efficient Practices Low-flow fixtures and water-saving technologies (foot pedals) in laboratory sinks and equipment.[48] Treated Wastewater Repurposing Using treated wastewater for toilet flushing.[42,43] Treated Grey Water Repurposing Greywater reuse for irrigation.Renewable Energy Solar or PV panels (mimicking photosynthesis) or wind turbines (inspired by bird wings) to generate net positive energy.[49,50] Excess Energy Sharing Excess renewable energy shared with the local grid.[51,52] Passive Heating/Cooling Natural ventilation or solar chimneys [4,36] Energy Management (EM) Equipment Load Energy-efficient equipment selection and placement for minimized energy use throughout the lab's lifespan [48,53] Energy Demand Optimization Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) systems, LED lights, and automatic light control.[36,[54][55][56] Energy-efficient HVAC System Heat recovery ventilation (HRV) or energy recovery ventilation (ERV) systems mimicking natural ventilation processes, or integrating PV panels with HVAC Systems.[36,57] Energy-efficient Cold Storage Optimization of cold storage units, including insulation levels and practices for reducing unnecessary cooling cycles.[58,59] Energy-efficient Laboratory Equipment Low-power microscopes, fume hoods with occupancy sensors, and autoclaves with heat recovery systems with certifications like ENERGY STAR or equivalent.[60][61][62] Equipment Utilization Practices like scheduling, shared use protocols, and right-sizing equipment for specific needs; equipment auction or swapping.[48] Equipment Management Smart Energy Management Systems or software and practices for regular maintenance and calibration of equipment to ensure optimal performance and efficiency.[36,63,64] Energy Conservation Energy conservation measures like charged batteries for equipment.Maximize windows (floor-to-ceiling) with views of nature and calming water features.[19,41,[65][66][67] Natural light Natural light patterns through strategically placed skylights and operable windows.[31,68] Natural Sounds Introduce natural sounds (e.g., water fountains or waterfalls and birdsong recordings).
[69-71] Quiet zones Create designated quiet zones for focused work.
Indoor planting Utilize indoor plants with air-purifying properties and aromatic benefits (e.g., lavender and rosemary).
Sustainable Cleaning Avoid harsh chemical odors through sustainable cleaning practices and material selection.[72][73][74] Natural Materials Incorporate natural materials like wood and stone into the design for a connection with the natural world.[75,76] Heating System Floor heating system to maintain a constant laboratory temperature.[49] Restorative Environment (RE) Nature-inspired Ventilation Ventilation inspiration by termite mounds or equivalent/alternative innovative approach.[77,78] Natural Forms & Patterns Incorporation of natural forms and patterns for a harmonious space and features promoting human amusement and the rooting of culture, spirit, and place [31] Shading Solution Maximize the direct exposure of the solar rays to the glazing facades in the cooling season and minimize the same gains in the heating season.[36] Sustainable Materials & Finishes Low-VOC paints, sealants, and adhesives to minimize indoor air pollution.[79,80]  Use of thermal mass materials that passively absorb and radiate heat [81] Building Envelope Lightweight building envelope structures with good insulation, high light penetration, and diffusion.[36,82] Prohibited Materials Avoidance of materials on the LBC Red List.[31] Low-impact Material Durable and comfortable furniture (e.g., bamboo), mushroom-based packaging for lab supplies, and materials with little maintenance.[31] Recycled Material Durable and reusable labware made from recycled materials whenever possible.[83,84] Biobased Material Self-healing material that heals and patch up small cracks or composite binders (including waterproof and frost-resistant gypsum binders).[85,86] Locally-sourced material Use locally sourced wood, stone, or other natural building materials [31] Nature-inspired Asset Design Design of self-cleaning surfaces inspired by lotus leaves to minimize harsh chemicals.[87] Waste Management (WM)  Occupant Perception Regular surveys to measure occupant awareness of building features and their significance.[116,117] User Satisfaction Regular surveys to measure level of satisfaction [118] Logical Reasoning (LR) Material Selection Criterion Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): to evaluate the environmental impact of the bio-inspired materials or processes throughout their life cycle, considering factors like energy consumption, material extraction, and end-of-life disposal.[119,120] Asset Selection Criterion Feasibility Study (FS) and/or Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) [121,122] Awareness & Preparedness Risk Assessment (RA) and Contingency plans [123,124] Knowledge & Intellect Treasury (KIT)

Conceptual Record Preservation
Preservation of design plans, blueprints, and log records of construction process, including origins of nature-inspired ideas.[125] Data Preservation Back-up servers for databases and archive of printed records [126,127] In Theme 6 (Balance and Harmony), a safe and co-operative atmosphere is created in the lab.Universal access features promote inclusivity, and the lab's layout fosters collaboration and communication among researchers.Culturally sensitive design cues ensure that each researcher is treated with dignity and respect.A comprehensive safety program for laboratories prioritizes the well-being of researchers while minimizing any negative effects on the environment.Integrated safety measures, such as sufficient ventilation and emergency eyewash stations, protect researchers from potential hazards.Scientists can operate safely and effectively by funding training courses and personal safety gear.
In Theme 7 (Senses and Inspiration), the laboratory is transformed into a dynamic learning environment that stimulates the senses, spurs creativity, and advances sustainable design and biomimicry concepts.It turns into evidence of the ability of nature to serve as both an inspiration and a model for a more sustainable future.
In Theme 8 (Operation Center), the assessment index is transformed from a static building evaluation into a dynamic, living laboratory that draws inspiration from nature.This modification emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and growth.Occupant survey responses are an essential source of data for data-driven optimization of the building's architectural features.Furthermore, life cycle assessments use rational thinking to ensure cost-effective and environmentally conscious design choices.Ultimately, the category archives design documents and guiding principles to highlight intellectual stewardship.With the help of this "living laboratory" strategy, the building itself can become a knowledge base for upcoming design projects, resulting in an ongoing cycle of learning and development.

Conclusions
This article investigated the growing prominence of nature-inspired design philosophies within the built environment, emphasizing their potential to promote sustainability and human well-being in laboratory settings.Focusing on biomimicry and biophilic design as key approaches, the paper explored how mimicking nature's innovations and fostering connections to natural elements could benefit laboratory buildings.Additionally, the article delved into emerging methods like living building, which prioritizes user experience through co-creation and integrates sustainable and regenerative structures.By integrating these nature-inspired and living building concepts, the paper argued for the creation of dynamic and adaptable laboratory spaces that prioritized both environmental responsibility and a positive human experience.As a novel contribution to the field, this work proposed the Nature-inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0) TM Building Assessment index.This index served as a guideline for the design and construction of laboratory buildings, drawing inspiration from nature and the analogy of human body systems.By embracing these nature-inspired design principles, laboratory buildings could be transformed into models for future built environments that promote a healthier and more sustainable future.
In summary, the novel assessment index that has been suggested provides a comprehensive system for evaluating the degree to which a nature-inspired and living laboratory building integrates sustainable practices, biomimicry principles, biophilic design elements, and living building features to stimulate scientific innovation and establish a comprehensive environment that encourages occupant well-being, environmental responsibility, and scientific innovation.It synchronizes the seven LBC petals with the human body system, going beyond energy and water usage, resource utilization, or material selection.The end goal is to design structures that are not only useful but also resilient, environmentally friendly, self-sustaining, regenerative, and adaptable to the surrounding environment.
Moreover, the limitations of the current work shall be highlighted.First, the current research is limited to examining human-centric approaches, such as biomimicry and biophilia, due to the increased number of laboratory facilities post COVID-19 pandemic and the developments in R&D industries, leading to an increase in the amount of time spent by laboratory users in the buildings and the need to prioritize their wellbeing and provide productive and comfortable working environments that are inspired by nature and its processes to further enhance such experiences.Consideration of nature-based and naturepositive design can definitely broaden the scope of the topic and could serve as a future expansion for the current work.To further illustrate, the Commandments of Biomimicry, similar to principles found in Cradle-to-Cradle design and Positive Development, focus on mimicking nature's solutions to improve sustainability in human systems.Unlike net positive design frameworks, which prioritize actively increasing natural capital to counter biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, biomimicry primarily aims to optimize resource use and efficiency through bio-inspired innovations.Enhancing landscaping around buildings can improve local biodiversity and aesthetics, yet it may not adequately offset the broader impacts of biodiversity loss over the building's lifecycle.Therefore, while biomimicry offers valuable strategies for sustainable design, integrating net positive principles would more comprehensively address the critical need to restore and regenerate natural ecosystems globally.
Furthermore, the current scope of the research mentions net positive energy, water, and waste as a critical pillar within the proposed NILL building assessment scheme.Achieving net positive energy, water, and waste reduction at the site level marks significant progress in sustainable building design.However, integrating a broader systemic perspective is essential.Addressing environmental impacts beyond immediate site boundaries is crucial for ensuring that sustainability efforts contribute effectively to overarching goals such as climate resilience, resource conservation, and ecosystem health.Therefore, expanding the scope of the current work addressing nature-inspired and living laboratory buildings to encompass systemic impacts is necessary for initiatives like the Living Building Challenge to achieve the sustainable development objectives successfully.As such, there is potential for future expansion of the current work to overcome this limitation by exploring the systems impact of designing and constructing NILL laboratory buildings.
To further solidify the NILL index's position as a valuable tool for the design, construction, and operation of laboratory facilities, several future refinements can be explored.First, implementing a weighted scoring system would enable a more nuanced evaluation by assigning different weights to various criteria within biomimicry, biophilic design, and living building principles to allow for a more comprehensive assessment, reflecting the relative importance of each aspect in achieving the desired outcomes.Second, integrating a life cycle assessment framework could provide a more holistic evaluation by encompassing the environmental impact of materials, construction processes, and operational energy use throughout the building's lifespan, aligning with the core principles of sustainable design.Third, the NILL index could be enhanced by allowing for regional and project-specific customization through incorporating factors like local climate, available resources, and specific laboratory functions, which could lead to more contextually relevant and achievable design goals.Finally, developing a database of NILL-rated laboratories, along with detailed case studies, would be a valuable resource for designers and building owners, as this would showcase successful implementations and best practices, inspiring future projects and demonstrating the real-world impact of the NILL index.By addressing these potential areas for improvement, the NILL index can evolve into an even more robust and practical tool, guiding the design and construction of future laboratory buildings that embrace a sustainable and human-centered approach.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Number of annual publications around the topic of interest during the period of 2000-2024.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Research interest from different fields concerning the topic of interest during the period of 2000-2024.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Research interest from different fields concerning the topic of interest during the period of 2000-2024.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Research interest from different fields concerning the topic of interest during the period of 2000-2024.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Author keywords mentioned at least two times within the publications during the period of 2000-2024.

Table 1 .
Summary of major findings from the final 12 articles acquired through SCOPUS.

Table 2 .
Strategies for the application of Benyus's commandments of biomimicry to laboratory buildings.
Don't Draw Down Resources:Design laboratories with a commitment to sustainable resource management, avoiding the depletion of natural resources and promoting circular economy practices.Remain in Balance with the Biosphere:Align laboratory design with the local ecosystem, considering factors like water usage, biodiversity, and ecological balance.Implement landscaping that supports local flora and fauna.Run on Information:Incorporate smart technologies and information systems in laboratories for efficient data collection, analysis, and communication.Embrace data-driven decision making for sustainability.Shop Locally:

Table 3 .
Strategies for the application of biomimicry life principles to laboratory buildings.Design labs to be adaptable and flexible to accommodate changing research needs, technologies, and environmental conditions.Utilize modular and adaptable infrastructure to facilitate future expansion and modifications.Replicate Strategies that WorkEmulate proven natural designs and processes to enhance lab functionality and efficiency.Implement biophilic design elements to improve occupant well-being and productivity.Design labs to respond to changing environmental conditions, such as fluctuating temperatures, sunlight intensity, and occupancy levels.Utilize passive design strategies to minimize energy consumption and ensure thermal comfort.Incorporate DiversityCreate diverse lab spaces that cater to different research needs and encourage collaboration among scientists.Foster a culture of inclusivity and diversity of thought to maximize the potential of the lab environment.Maintain Integrity through Self-RenewalDesign labs with self-healing and self-repairing mechanisms to minimize maintenance requirements and extend the lifespan of the building.Utilize renewable materials and sustainable practices to ensure long-term functionality.
Embody ResilienceDesign labs to withstand natural hazards, climate change, and other disruptions.Implement robust structural systems, redundant power sources, and disaster preparedness plans to ensure continuous operation.Be Locally Attuned and ResponsiveDesign labs to harmonize with the local climate, ecology, and cultural context.Utilize locally sourced materials, adapt to site conditions, and respect the surrounding environment.Leverage Cyclic ProcessesIntegrate cyclical processes, such as rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, and natural ventilation, to reduce resource consumption and minimize environmental impact.Use Readily Available Materials and EnergyUtilize sustainable and locally sourced materials with low environmental impact.Prioritize renewable energy sources and optimize energy efficiency throughout the building.

Table 4 .
Strategies for the application of Living Building Challenge (LBC) to laboratory buildings.

Table 5 .
Comparison between the petals and imperatives of the Living Building Challenge (LBC) and the possible application within laboratory buildings.

Table 7 .
Alignment between the NILL index main themes, the relevant LBC petal, and the Biomimicry Life Principles.

Table 8 .
The main themes, dimension, and indicators of the Nature-inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0) TM Building Assessment Index.