A Novel Adaptive Model Predictive Control Based Three-Phase Inverter Current Control Method

: This paper proposes a novel current control method based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for three-phase inverters. The proposed method is based on an Adaptive MPC (A-MPC) with a PWM modulation. An innovative model parameter estimation and modiﬁcation method is also proposed, leading to enhanced control accuracy. Comparing with traditional current control methods, such as PI and PR control, the proposed method has better dynamic performance. The transient dynamics, i.e., recovery time and overshoot, have been considerably improved. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the e ﬀ ectiveness of the proposal. Above expressions can be used to modify the predicted model parameters. When the inverter has been in stable operation state, the accuracy of the output current is estimated. If the error between reference and measured current is larger than the maximum permissible value, the action of parameters modification will be conducted. The parameters can be modified according to following expressions.


Introduction
Model Predictive Control (MPC) is recently regarded as one of the most promising control methods in controlling power converters, due to its predictive effect and robustness [1]. The fundamental idea of MPC is to predict the optimal controls of next step(s) to minimize the cost function based on the model of the object under control as well as a set of constraints. During normal operation, the accuracy of predicted model parameters can be improved online, resulting in enhanced control accuracy and better adaptability [2]. This feature is highly attractive when the operating conditions varies frequently.
In recent years, MPC has been successfully used in grid-tie converters for renewable energy systems, where it delivers improved dynamic performances, robustness and system stability [3][4][5][6][7][8]. In most of existing applications of MPC for power converters, the control command of next period is directly selected from a finite set of switching states according to the cost function, namely finite-control-set MPC (FCS-MPC) [9][10][11][12]. While in some other approaches, the output variables, such as the current or voltage references, are continuous values, and these methods are known as continuous control set MPC (CCS-MPC) [13,14].
Applications of FCS-MPC have attracted much attention because of several advantages, such as fast transient response, simple implementation, and so on. Up to now, most MPC based control methods for power converters are of this type. In [15], a FCS-MPC on three-phase voltage source inverter is proposed to select an optimal switching state for next step to minimize the error and guarantee control accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed method controls the load currents effectively with a better dynamic response comparing to conventional linear control methods. In addition, this method is simple and easy for DSP implementation. Paper [16] proposes a FCS-MPC on controlling the flying capacitor voltage and the grid current of the Packed-U-Cells inverter. The eight available switching states are evaluated every

Model of an Inverter
The main circuit of a full bridge AC/DC inverter studied in this work is shown in Figure 1. In this system, it is assumed that the system is balanced, and the DC voltage of the inverter is stable. The general mathematical model of this inverter can be obtained as [22] where L and R are the filter inductance and resistance respectively. The S a , S b and S c are the switching state variables of the switching devices. The e a , e b , e c are the phase voltages of the grid. This three-phase model can be also presented in a two-phase stationary coordinate system (αβcoordinate system). The transformation expression of the variables between these two coordinate systems is shown as following: By transforming all the variables to the two-phase stationary coordinate system, the mathematical model can be expressed as where S α and S β are the switching functions in two-phase stationary coordinate. In this modeling expression, the switching variables, current and voltage are still of AC system. The model can be transformed to the two-phase rotating coordinate system. The transformation expression between these two systems is defined as By taking (4) into (3), the mathematical model of this inverter in two-phase rotating coordinate system is shown as followings: where S d and S q are the switching functions in two-phase stationary coordinate. In this expression, all of the variables (e.g., current, voltage and switching states) are of DC system. The orientation of these systems are shown in Figure 2. where L and R are the filter inductance and resistance respectively. The Sa, Sb and Sc are the switching state variables of the switching devices. The ea, eb, ec are the phase voltages of the grid. This threephase model can be also presented in a two-phase stationary coordinate system (αβ coordinate system). The transformation expression of the variables between these two coordinate systems is shown as following: By transforming all the variables to the two-phase stationary coordinate system, the mathematical model can be expressed as where Sα and Sβ are the switching functions in two-phase stationary coordinate. In this modeling expression, the switching variables, current and voltage are still of AC system. The model can be transformed to the two-phase rotating coordinate system. The transformation expression between these two systems is defined as By taking (4) into (3), the mathematical model of this inverter in two-phase rotating coordinate system is shown as followings: where Sd and Sq are the switching functions in two-phase stationary coordinate. In this expression, all of the variables (e.g., current, voltage and switching states) are of DC system. The orientation of these systems are shown in Figure 2.

Adaptive Model Predictive Current Control for Inverters
The main idea of MPC is to predict the future states of the system under control and select the control variables minimizing the given cost function according to the predicted mathematical model. In this proposed A-MPC method, the model parameters can be updated online according to the error between the predicted and the actual output value. The main process of this control method is given in Figure 3.

Adaptive Model Predictive Current Control for Inverters
The main idea of MPC is to predict the future states of the system under control and select the control variables minimizing the given cost function according to the predicted mathematical model. In this proposed A-MPC method, the model parameters can be updated online according to the error between the predicted and the actual output value. The main process of this control method is given in Figure 3.

Adaptive Model Predictive Current Control for Inverters
The main idea of MPC is to predict the future states of the system under control and select the control variables minimizing the given cost function according to the predicted mathematical model. In this proposed A-MPC method, the model parameters can be updated online according to the error between the predicted and the actual output value. The main process of this control method is given in Figure 3. control command y*(k) predicted output y(k) measured output ∆y(k) error of output predicting

Selection of Switching States
The overall control scheme proposed in this paper can be divided into three steps: (i) Select the optimal switching state, (ii) apply the modulation, and (iii) adaptively modify the parameters. In this method, the mathematical model expression in dq coordinate system is employed. In order to calculate the optimal switching state, the cost function of MPC is given as where idref and iqref are the references of inverter output currents in two-phase rotating coordinate system. The output variables (y1 and y2) and control variables (u1 and u2) are defined as follows:

Selection of Switching States
The overall control scheme proposed in this paper can be divided into three steps: (i) Select the optimal switching state, (ii) apply the modulation, and (iii) adaptively modify the parameters. In this method, the mathematical model expression in dq coordinate system is employed. In order to calculate the optimal switching state, the cost function of MPC is given as where i dref and i qref are the references of inverter output currents in two-phase rotating coordinate system. The output variables (y 1 and y 2 ) and control variables (u 1 and u 2 ) are defined as follows: The mathematical model expression shown in the Equation (5) can be rewritten as follows after the discretization.
where T s is the length of control period, and ω is the angular frequency. In this expression, all of the variables, including the switching state variables, are of DC system and will not change greatly between successive two steps. Therefore, the following expression can be obtained.
Obviously, the minimum value of cost function J can be obtained when satisfying following conditions Taking above values into the model expression, the switching state variables can be calculated as This is the expression to calculate the optimal switching states of the next period. In this expression, the model parameters R p and L p are of predicted values and will be modified online. During every control period, the measured variables of currents, voltage are used to calculate the switching state variables. In this method, only above expressions are needed to obtain the optimal switching states. As a result, the computation is reduced comparing with other FCS-MPC inverter control methods.

Modulation
In this A-MPC current control method, conventional PWM modulation technique can be applied to generate the commands for the switches. The instantaneous values of three-phase inverter switching states variables S a , S b and S c are defined as 1 when the upper switch is on, and as 0 when it is off. Therefore, the equivalent sinusoidal switching state variable in three-phase coordinate system is with a DC bias of 0.5. For the modulation process, the output D a , D b and D c must meet following requirements: (i) The values in two-phase rotating coordinate system of the switching variables are equal to S d and S q , and (ii) The DC bias of switching variables is 0.5.
The two basic signals of the modulation process are modulation wave and carrier wave. The modulation wave can be obtained by transforming the switch state variables (S d and S q ) from rotating coordinate system to three-phase coordinate system (dq to abc). Assuming that during a switch period the range of carrier is set as [−M, M] and the value of modulation wave is A, as shown in Figure 4, the duty cycle of this switch period is Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 16 the range of carrier is set as [−M, M] and the value of modulation wave is A, as shown in Figure 4, the duty cycle of this switch period is When M = 0.5, D = A + 0.5, the DC component of the modulation output is 0.5. Therefore, the carrier wave is ranged from −0.5 to 0.5. The modulation process helps increase the numbers of switching states in one period, comparing with other FCS-MPC based methods. In FCS-MPC method, the switching state keeps constant in one control period, and only one switching state, which minimizes the cost function, is selected [23]. As a result, the error of output current is inevitable. In contrast, PWM modulation process can provide more than one switching state and their duty cycle [24]. FCS-MPC methods can only select the switching state with the least current error, resulting in variable switching frequency and complicated harmonic content [24]. In summary, the modulation method can achieve constant switching frequency and reduce harmonics.

Parameters Modification
The initial values of model parameters are given according to the acquired information about the inverter. However, in many cases the actual parameters are unavailable, especially in complex systems, and keep changing [25]. Therefore, the model parameters need to be updated online during the control process continuously to ensure the accuracy of the control result.
The action of parameters modification is conducted only when the inverter has been in steady state. In this case the following condition has to be satisfied The expression of this operation state in two-phase rotating coordinate system can be rewritten as followings: When M = 0.5, D = A + 0.5, the DC component of the modulation output is 0.5. Therefore, the carrier wave is ranged from −0.5 to 0.5. The modulation process helps increase the numbers of switching states in one period, comparing with other FCS-MPC based methods. In FCS-MPC method, the switching state keeps constant in one control period, and only one switching state, which minimizes the cost function, is selected [23]. As a result, the error of output current is inevitable. In contrast, PWM modulation process can provide more than one switching state and their duty cycle [24]. FCS-MPC methods can only select the switching state with the least current error, resulting in variable switching frequency and complicated harmonic content [24]. In summary, the modulation method can achieve constant switching frequency and reduce harmonics.

Parameters Modification
The initial values of model parameters are given according to the acquired information about the inverter. However, in many cases the actual parameters are unavailable, especially in complex systems, and keep changing [25]. Therefore, the model parameters need to be updated online during the control process continuously to ensure the accuracy of the control result.
The action of parameters modification is conducted only when the inverter has been in steady state. In this case the following condition has to be satisfied The expression of this operation state in two-phase rotating coordinate system can be rewritten as followings: The above expression is about the state of the inverter and is satisfied in any operation situation. The parameters L and R in (12) are both actual physical parameters. When the switching states (11) are substituted into above state equation, it can be rewritten as It can be seen that both the actual parameter values L and R and the predicted values L p and R p have effect on the operation state of the inverter. Since it is under steady state, following expressions are true.
In this case, (15) can be simplified as In above expression, the unknowns are the L and R. Therefore, the actual values of parameters can be obtained by solving this equation.
Firstly, a series of variables are defined as followings: The expression about parameter L is shown as following According to above analysis, the actual parameter at any state can be calculated by the measured data and the predicted model parameters. However, it is not an acceptable way to improve the accuracy of the predicted parameters by setting L p equal to L directly. This is because the change of L p or R p will cause the change of inverter operation state, and then change the actual value of the parameters. Furthermore, a dramatic change of parameters may have a negative impact on the stability or power quality of inverter current. Therefore, the method of step by step approximation is adopted here. The difference between L and L p can be expressed as Similarly, the difference between R and R p can be calculated as Above expressions can be used to modify the predicted model parameters. When the inverter has been in stable operation state, the accuracy of the output current is estimated. If the error between reference and measured current is larger than the maximum permissible value, the action of parameters modification will be conducted. The parameters can be modified according to following expressions.
where ∆L and ∆R are the unit changes of inductance and resistance respectively. ε L and ε R are the maximum acceptable errors of inductance and resistance respectively. The complete scheme of the proposed A-MPC current control process is given in Figure 5. Above expressions can be used to modify the predicted model parameters. When the inverter has been in stable operation state, the accuracy of the output current is estimated. If the error between reference and measured current is larger than the maximum permissible value, the action of parameters modification will be conducted. The parameters can be modified according to following expressions.
where ΔL and ΔR are the unit changes of inductance and resistance respectively. εL and εR are the maximum acceptable errors of inductance and resistance respectively. The complete scheme of the proposed A-MPC current control process is given in Figure 5.

Simulation and Experimental Results
The proposed A-MPC based inverter control method has been validated through simulation and experiments. Firstly, a series of simulations through MATLAB/Simulink are conducted to compare the performances of common FCS-MPC based inverter control method and the proposed method. In order to take the simulation and experiments to a close agreement, the simulation model of the threephase inverter is established according to the practical experiment parameters, which is listed as

Simulation and Experimental Results
The proposed A-MPC based inverter control method has been validated through simulation and experiments. Firstly, a series of simulations through MATLAB/Simulink are conducted to compare the performances of common FCS-MPC based inverter control method and the proposed method. In order to take the simulation and experiments to a close agreement, the simulation model of the three-phase inverter is established according to the practical experiment parameters, which is listed as Table 1. As mentioned, in existing FCS-MPC based inverter control methods, the switching variables are directly selected according to the cost function by comparing all the possible variables, known as exhaustive method. There are three obvious drawbacks mentioned above. To address these three issues, this paper proposes A-MPC inverter current control method. The proposed method can overcome these problems effectively.
In order to validate it, two groups of simulations are conducted and the results are compared. The output current waveforms of the FCS-MPC method and proposed method are shown in Figures 6  and 7 respectively. As seen in the figures, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the proposal (4.71%) is obviously lower than that of common FCS-MPC (12.19%), owing to the modulation process. As mentioned, in existing FCS-MPC based inverter control methods, the switching variables are directly selected according to the cost function by comparing all the possible variables, known as exhaustive method. There are three obvious drawbacks mentioned above. To address these three issues, this paper proposes A-MPC inverter current control method. The proposed method can overcome these problems effectively.
In order to validate it, two groups of simulations are conducted and the results are compared. The output current waveforms of the FCS-MPC method and proposed method are shown in Figures  6 and 7 respectively. As seen in the figures, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the proposal (4.71%) is obviously lower than that of common FCS-MPC (12.19%), owing to the modulation process.   Since the A-MPC method removes the process of evaluating all the optional switching states, the computation is reduced. During above simulations, the processing time of each method is shown in Figure 8. The total recorded time of simulation under control of the proposal (265.62 s) is less than that of FCS-MPC based method (338.16 s). The listed total recorded time includes both the time cost by the control method and by other parts of the simulation model. Since there is no difference in the inverter models of each simulation, all of the reduced time (72.54 s) is caused by the simplification of control method. Therefore, the computation reduction in control method is significant.  Since the A-MPC method removes the process of evaluating all the optional switching states, the computation is reduced. During above simulations, the processing time of each method is shown in  Since the A-MPC method removes the process of evaluating all the optional switching states, the computation is reduced. During above simulations, the processing time of each method is shown in Figure 8. The total recorded time of simulation under control of the proposal (265.62 s) is less than that of FCS-MPC based method (338.16 s). The listed total recorded time includes both the time cost by the control method and by other parts of the simulation model. Since there is no difference in the inverter models of each simulation, all of the reduced time (72.54 s) is caused by the simplification of control method. Therefore, the computation reduction in control method is significant.  In order to analyze the performance of this MPC based control method under grid transients, a group of simulations are conducted on the condition of single-phase ground fault. The current of inverter are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen the amplitude of current changes during this period and its THD increases. Although the fault has negative effect on the power quality, the current is under control and return to stable state after the fault is eliminated. The performance of the proposed method is similar to that of other control method, such as PI control.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 16 In order to analyze the performance of this MPC based control method under grid transients, a group of simulations are conducted on the condition of single-phase ground fault. The current of inverter are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen the amplitude of current changes during this period and its THD increases. Although the fault has negative effect on the power quality, the current is under control and return to stable state after the fault is eliminated. The performance of the proposed method is similar to that of other control method, such as PI control. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposal in practical applications and compare the performances with other traditional control methods, a series of experiments are conducted in a microgrid laboratory, as shown in Figure 10. Parameters of the controlled inverter and other devices of the experimental system are shown as Table 1. The experimental result is collected by ScopeCorder DL850E, which combines a mixed oscilloscope and data acquisition recorder. In this way, the collected data can be inputted into a computer and processed.  In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposal in practical applications and compare the performances with other traditional control methods, a series of experiments are conducted in a microgrid laboratory, as shown in Figure 10. Parameters of the controlled inverter and other devices of the experimental system are shown as Table 1. The experimental result is collected by ScopeCorder DL850E, which combines a mixed oscilloscope and data acquisition recorder. In this way, the collected data can be inputted into a computer and processed.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 16 In order to analyze the performance of this MPC based control method under grid transients, a group of simulations are conducted on the condition of single-phase ground fault. The current of inverter are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen the amplitude of current changes during this period and its THD increases. Although the fault has negative effect on the power quality, the current is under control and return to stable state after the fault is eliminated. The performance of the proposed method is similar to that of other control method, such as PI control. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposal in practical applications and compare the performances with other traditional control methods, a series of experiments are conducted in a microgrid laboratory, as shown in Figure 10. Parameters of the controlled inverter and other devices of the experimental system are shown as Table 1. The experimental result is collected by ScopeCorder DL850E, which combines a mixed oscilloscope and data acquisition recorder. In this way, the collected data can be inputted into a computer and processed.  Firstly, a group of experiments are conducted aiming to show validity of the model parameters modification process in the proposal. At the beginning the predicted parameters are given as L = 0.8 mH and R = 3 Ω, and reference RMS of output current is 10 A. The modification action is performed once every 0.1 s. Recorded output current during the modification process is shown in Figure 11a, while its RMS waveform is shown in Figure 11b, which is calculated by computer. It can be seen the accuracy of RMS of the output current is continuously improved with the modification. When the error between reference and collected current is less than the threshold, the modification is stopped, and will not be started until the error is larger than the threshold. Firstly, a group of experiments are conducted aiming to show validity of the model parameters modification process in the proposal. At the beginning the predicted parameters are given as L = 0.8 mH and R = 3 Ω, and reference RMS of output current is 10 A. The modification action is performed once every 0.1 s. Recorded output current during the modification process is shown in Figure 11a, while its RMS waveform is shown in Figure 11b, which is calculated by computer. It can be seen the accuracy of RMS of the output current is continuously improved with the modification. When the error between reference and collected current is less than the threshold, the modification is stopped, and will not be started until the error is larger than the threshold. In this system, the control frequency 6 kHz is relatively low because of the limit by the switching frequency of inverter. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed A-MPC based method in such a practical application, the steady state performance is analyzed. When the inverter is operated in a stable state, the current waveform and its THD are shown in Figure 12. The THD 4.70%, can satisfy the current harmonics requirement of IEEE standard IEEE1547 [26].   In this system, the control frequency 6 kHz is relatively low because of the limit by the switching frequency of inverter. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed A-MPC based method in such a practical application, the steady state performance is analyzed. When the inverter is operated in a stable state, the current waveform and its THD are shown in Figure 12. The THD 4.70%, can satisfy the current harmonics requirement of IEEE standard IEEE1547 [26].
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 16 Firstly, a group of experiments are conducted aiming to show validity of the model parameters modification process in the proposal. At the beginning the predicted parameters are given as L = 0.8 mH and R = 3 Ω, and reference RMS of output current is 10 A. The modification action is performed once every 0.1 s. Recorded output current during the modification process is shown in Figure 11a, while its RMS waveform is shown in Figure 11b, which is calculated by computer. It can be seen the accuracy of RMS of the output current is continuously improved with the modification. When the error between reference and collected current is less than the threshold, the modification is stopped, and will not be started until the error is larger than the threshold. In this system, the control frequency 6 kHz is relatively low because of the limit by the switching frequency of inverter. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed A-MPC based method in such a practical application, the steady state performance is analyzed. When the inverter is operated in a stable state, the current waveform and its THD are shown in Figure 12. The THD 4.70%, can satisfy the current harmonics requirement of IEEE standard IEEE1547 [26].   To analyze dynamic performance of the proposal, another group of experiments is carried out. During the experiment, the reference current RMS changed from 5A to 10A at some moment. This test is carried out in order to compare the response speed and output current overshoot under step change. When the inverter is operated under PI control, the current waveform and its RMS waveform are presented in Figures 13a and 13b  To analyze dynamic performance of the proposal, another group of experiments is carried out. During the experiment, the reference current RMS changed from 5A to 10A at some moment. This test is carried out in order to compare the response speed and output current overshoot under step change. When the inverter is operated under PI control, the current waveform and its RMS waveform are presented in Figure 13a and Figure 13b respectively When the inverter is operated under PR control, the step current waveform and its RMS waveform are presented in Figure 14a,b respectively.  When the inverter is operated under PR control, the step current waveform and its RMS waveform are presented in Figure 14a,b respectively. To analyze dynamic performance of the proposal, another group of experiments is carried out. During the experiment, the reference current RMS changed from 5A to 10A at some moment. This test is carried out in order to compare the response speed and output current overshoot under step change. When the inverter is operated under PI control, the current waveform and its RMS waveform are presented in Figure 13a and Figure 13b respectively When the inverter is operated under PR control, the step current waveform and its RMS waveform are presented in Figure 14a,b respectively.  The response of the proposed A-MPC based control method to the same change is shown in Figure 15a,b. Since the testing time is long, above waveform, which spans 2 s, is just a part of the whole current waves. That is why the step change time in these two figures are different. The response of the proposed A-MPC based control method to the same change is shown in Figure 15a,b. Since the testing time is long, above waveform, which spans 2 s, is just a part of the whole current waves. That is why the step change time in these two figures are different. As shown in the figures, the response speed of the proposal to step change is much higher than that of PI and PR control. At the same time, the current overshoot is also reduced substantially in this A-MPC method. Generally, in many of traditional control methods, such as PI and PR control, the response speed and overshoot are two conflicting goals when designing control parameters. By using the proposal in controlling an inverter, both these performances are improved. Therefore, this method has significant advantages in applications with frequent change of current, such as photovoltaic inverters and energy storage converters.

Conclusions
In this paper, an A-MPC based current control for three-phase converters is proposed. This approach takes use of inverter mathematical model in two-phase rotating coordinate system to calculate the optimal switching state in each cycle. Comparing to existing FCS-MPC based inverter control methods, the proposed method reduces the computational burden and control complexity, and improves power quality. A parameter estimation and adaptive control method is also integrated into the proposed method. The overall control scheme is straightforward and simple to implement. Experimental results are presented to validate the improvement of dynamic performances. Comparing to conventional PI and PR control, the response speed of the A-MPC is faster and the overshoot is smaller. Future research aims to apply the method to other converter topologies, e.g., modular multi-level converters, etc.  As shown in the figures, the response speed of the proposal to step change is much higher than that of PI and PR control. At the same time, the current overshoot is also reduced substantially in this A-MPC method. Generally, in many of traditional control methods, such as PI and PR control, the response speed and overshoot are two conflicting goals when designing control parameters. By using the proposal in controlling an inverter, both these performances are improved. Therefore, this method has significant advantages in applications with frequent change of current, such as photovoltaic inverters and energy storage converters.

Conclusions
In this paper, an A-MPC based current control for three-phase converters is proposed. This approach takes use of inverter mathematical model in two-phase rotating coordinate system to calculate the optimal switching state in each cycle. Comparing to existing FCS-MPC based inverter control methods, the proposed method reduces the computational burden and control complexity, and improves power quality. A parameter estimation and adaptive control method is also integrated into the proposed method. The overall control scheme is straightforward and simple to implement. Experimental results are presented to validate the improvement of dynamic performances. Comparing to conventional PI and PR control, the response speed of the A-MPC is faster and the overshoot is smaller. Future research aims to apply the method to other converter topologies, e.g., modular multi-level converters, etc.