Lysoquinone-TH1, a New Polyphenolic Tridecaketide Produced by Expressing the Lysolipin Minimal PKS II in Streptomyces albus

The structural repertoire of bioactive naphthacene quinones is expanded by engineering Streptomyces albus to express the lysolipin minimal polyketide synthase II (PKS II) genes from Streptomyces tendae Tü 4042 (llpD-F) with the corresponding cyclase genes llpCI-CIII. Fermentation of the recombinant strain revealed the two new polyaromatic tridecaketides lysoquinone-TH1 (7, identified) and TH2 (8, postulated structure) as engineered congeners of the dodecaketide lysolipin (1). The chemical structure of 7, a benzo[a]naphthacene-8,13-dione, was elucidated by NMR and HR-MS and confirmed by feeding experiments with [1,2-13C2]-labeled acetate. Lysoquinone-TH1 (7) is a pentangular polyphenol and one example of such rare extended polyaromatic systems of the benz[a]napthacene quinone type produced by the expression of a minimal PKS II in combination with cyclases in an artificial system. While the natural product lysolipin (1) has antimicrobial activity in nM-range, lysoquinone-TH1 (7) showed only minor potency as inhibitor of Gram-positive microorganisms. The bioactivity profiling of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) revealed inhibitory activity towards phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), an important target for the treatment in human health like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These results underline the availability of pentangular polyphenolic structural skeletons from biosynthetic engineering in the search of new chemical entities in drug discovery.


Introduction
Polyketides are a large family of structurally-diverse natural products, mainly produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Their biosynthesis is catalyzed by distinct enzymes, termed type I polyketide synthases (PKS), type II PKS, type III PKS or variants thereof [1]. They exhibit broad ranges of pharmacological properties for use in clinical applications [2].
Many bacterial aromatic polyketides, such as the clinically used tetracycline, are biosynthesized by type II polyketide synthases (PKS II). Each PKS II contains a minimal set of enzymes (minPKS) that is required to synthesize a polyketide chain of defined length usually primed by acetyl-CoA and extended with malonyl-CoA to polycyclic products [3]. A minimal PKS II consists of two β-ketoacyl synthases (KSα and KSβ) and one acyl carrier protein (ACP). KSα is responsible for loading malonyl-CoA extender onto the PKS II system and also for the iterative Claisen condensations to extend the polyketide chain. KSβ, also referred to as chain length factor (CLF), is contributing to control the polyketide chain length [4]. Diverse cyclization patterns convert the polyketones to an enormous variety of structural polycyclic skeletons [5].
Several biosynthetic gene clusters of these large PKS-II antibiotics are known and have been subject to extensive genetic and biochemical characterization [18][19][20][21][22][23]. In the biosynthetic pathways of pentangular polyaromatic polyketides, e.g., 1-5, the respective cyclized polyphenols (3b) and polyphenolic quinones (3a) have been demonstrated as pathway intermediates; they have also been obtained as products of genetic engineering efforts ( Figure 2). Therefore, we regard the class of pentangular quinones as the metabolic hub of the important aromatic polyketide products.
Antibiotics 2018, 7, x 3 of 11 obtained as products of genetic engineering efforts ( Figure 2). Therefore, we regard the class of pentangular quinones as the metabolic hub of the important aromatic polyketide products.
Here, we report that the heterologous expression of the lysolipin minimal PKS II genes, which comprise llpF, coding for the ketosynthase α (KSα), llpE, coding for the ketosynthase β (KSβ), and llpD, coding for the ACP, in combination with genes encoding the cyclases (llpCI-CIII) in the host S. albus J1074 resulted in the production of novel metabolites ( Figure 2). The structure elucidation of the novel bioactive lysoquinone-TH1 (7), strong evidence for its tridecaketide backbone from the doubly labeled [1,2-13 C2]-acetate-feeding experiments, and the potent bioactivity as potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor are discussed.

Heterologous Production of Lysoquinone-TH 1 (7) in S. albus
The lysolipin gene cluster has been identified on a 42-kb genomic region in Streptomyces tendae Tü 4042 and analyzed by sequence comparison and heterologous expression in S. albus [21]. For this study, the genes coding for the minimal PKS II (llpD-F) and cyclases (llpCI-CIII) were amplified by PCR from the cosmid 4H04 encoding the complete lysolipin (1) gene cluster. The 4.1-kb PCR fragment was cloned into the vector pSET152ermE*p [24] under control of the constitutive promoter ermE*p yielding plasmid pCU1 ( Figure S1). pCU1 was introduced into S. albus J1074 by intergeneric conjugation and the minimal PKS II and cyclase genes were heterologously expressed in culture. The recombinant strain expressing the minimal PKS and cyclases changed the color of the nutrient media (R5) and colonies on plates from yellowish to dark brown. In comparison, S. albus strain containing a pSET152ermE*p plasmid without insert does not show the phenotype.
Thus, this strain gained the ability to produce new substances. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis revealed a strong red fraction proved to be not identical to lysolipin (1).

Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Lysoquinone-TH1 (7)
Starting from the newly observed colored product, we developed a work-up procedure towards the isolation of the pure compound for structure elucidation and biological profiling from a four liter fermentation broth in M65 medium. Acetone and methanol extractions removed water soluble and other unwanted compounds. Filtration with RP-18 material preceded the preparative HPLC purification using a C4 column and H2O (Ammonium formate, TFA): acetonitrile as solvents (see Supplemental Materials). Thereby, 3.4 mg of purified red compound (lysoquinone-TH1, 7) were obtained from a four-liter fermentation broth from medium supplemented with sterile adsorber resin Here, we report that the heterologous expression of the lysolipin minimal PKS II genes, which comprise llpF, coding for the ketosynthase α (KSα), llpE, coding for the ketosynthase β (KSβ), and llpD, coding for the ACP, in combination with genes encoding the cyclases (llpCI-CIII) in the host S. albus J1074 resulted in the production of novel metabolites ( Figure 2). The structure elucidation of the novel bioactive lysoquinone-TH1 (7), strong evidence for its tridecaketide backbone from the doubly labeled [1,2-13 C 2 ]-acetate-feeding experiments, and the potent bioactivity as potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor are discussed.

Heterologous Production of Lysoquinone-TH 1 (7) in S. albus
The lysolipin gene cluster has been identified on a 42-kb genomic region in Streptomyces tendae Tü 4042 and analyzed by sequence comparison and heterologous expression in S. albus [21]. For this study, the genes coding for the minimal PKS II (llpD-F) and cyclases (llpCI-CIII) were amplified by PCR from the cosmid 4H04 encoding the complete lysolipin (1) gene cluster. The 4.1-kb PCR fragment was cloned into the vector pSET152ermE*p [24] under control of the constitutive promoter ermE*p yielding plasmid pCU1 ( Figure S1). pCU1 was introduced into S. albus J1074 by intergeneric conjugation and the minimal PKS II and cyclase genes were heterologously expressed in culture. The recombinant strain expressing the minimal PKS and cyclases changed the color of the nutrient media (R5) and colonies on plates from yellowish to dark brown. In comparison, S. albus strain containing a pSET152ermE*p plasmid without insert does not show the phenotype.
Thus, this strain gained the ability to produce new substances. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis revealed a strong red fraction proved to be not identical to lysolipin (1).

Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Lysoquinone-TH1 (7)
Starting from the newly observed colored product, we developed a work-up procedure towards the isolation of the pure compound for structure elucidation and biological profiling from a four liter fermentation broth in M65 medium. Acetone and methanol extractions removed water soluble and other unwanted compounds. Filtration with RP-18 material preceded the preparative HPLC purification using a C 4 column and H 2 O (Ammonium formate, TFA): acetonitrile as solvents (see Supplemental Materials). Thereby, 3.4 mg of purified red compound (lysoquinone-TH1, 7) were obtained from a four-liter fermentation broth from medium supplemented with sterile adsorber resin XAD-16 and subsequently characterized by TLC, LC-mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR-analysis ( Figures S2-S5).
HR One-and two-dimensional NMR-data ( 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, HMBC, HSQC, COSY) yielded ten proton signals; one aliphatic methyl-, one methylene group, four protons with methylene character and four aromatic protons ( Figures S3-S5). The carbon to proton correlation (HSQC experiments) pointed to two isolated methylene groups with diasterotopic protons. These doublet protons (δ H = 2.67, 2.91 and δ H = 3.01, 3.25 ppm) underlined that they only couple within the methylene group, each (J = 15.9 Hz), and suggest a ring structure. Furthermore, a methyl group singlet (δ H = 2.18 ppm) next to an aliphatic carbonyl group (δ C = 207.8) implied no other direct substituents. However, this carbonyl group is adjacent to a methylene group (δ H = 2.70, δ C = 53.3 ppm), attached to a quaternary carbon (δ C = 71.0 ppm) as part of the aliphatic ring system (C-1-C-4, C-4a, C-14b). The proton at δ H = 9.48 indicated an aromatic proton with exceptional low field shift from two carbonyl groups (C-1, C-13) in spatial proximity. In consistence with the recorded 13 C-NMR-and 1 H-NMR-data, the HMBC-experiment unambiguously delivered assigned key correlations due to well separated signals which established the connectivity to the whole scaffold of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) and a full structural assignment (Table S1) to a pentangular polyphenolic core ( Figure S4). Lysoquinone-TH1 (7) is a 3-(2-oxo-propyl)-decorated dihydrobenz[a]napthacene-8,13-quinone, a novel compound to the best of our knowledge.
Additionally, the purification protocol revealed another violet fraction with obviously a second compound (proposed as lysoquinone-TH2, 8) not identical to lysolipin (1). However, only minute amounts were observed in production cultures, and presumably a distinct instability did not allow for purification and full structure elucidation. HR-ESI-MS data from extract fractions of the violet In comparison to 7, the only known constitutional isomer sapurimycin (11, C 25 H 18 O 9 ) [25] is an annealed tetracyclic ring system. The rare moiety of a reduced ring E of angular naphthacene quinone of 7 is only known from metabolite 9, generated via CRISPR-Cas9 technology with S. viridochromogenes [26]. JX111a (10a), JX111b (10b), and further precursors of pradimicin A (2) [27], KS-619-1 (12) [28], and frankiamicin (13) from Frankia [29] display a similar structural skeleton to lysoquinone-TH1 (7) and to the proposed structure lysoquinone-TH2 (8) (Figure 2). It could be anticipated that the benz[a]napthacene carbon skeleton originates from a native tridecaketide polyketide chain for the lysoquinones 7 and 8 from the min PKS while the parent natural product of strain S. Tü4042 lysolipin I (1) has a dodecaketide backbone.

Feeding Experiment with [1,2-13 C 2 ]-Labeled Acetate
For validating the biogenesis of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) a feeding experiment with the doubly 13 C-labeled [1,2-13 C 2 ] acetate was carried out, and lysoquinone-TH1 (7) was purified from the culture and subjected to NMR spectroscopy. All carbon atoms turned out to be enriched [30] with highly specific incorporation rates between 2.0 and 7.3 (Figure 3, Figure S4 and S6, Table S1). The specific coupling constants from NMR analysis again confirmed the structure of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) and suggest a polyketide origin assembled from 13 acetate extender units (tridecaketide, Figure 2). It is therefore among the largest polyketides formed by a minimal PKS II (LlpD, E, F) with cyclases (LlpCI-CIII) via heterologous expression. It could be anticipated that the proposed structure of lysoquinone-TH2 (8) further corroborates the native tridecaketide precursor and carries the additional carboxyl group (C-15) of the final extender acetate unit. The continuous labeled-acetate chain of 7 corresponds with the pattern of the further post-PKS-processed antibiotic lysolipin I (1) [31]. incorporation rates between 2.0 and 7.3 (Figures 3, S4 and S6, Table S1). The specific coupling constants from NMR analysis again confirmed the structure of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) and suggest a polyketide origin assembled from 13 acetate extender units (tridecaketide, Figure 2). It is therefore among the largest polyketides formed by a minimal PKS II (LlpD, E, F) with cyclases (LlpCI-CIII) via heterologous expression. It could be anticipated that the proposed structure of lysoquinone-TH2 (8)   A specific feature of the lysolipin polyketide biosynthesis is the priming by a malonate-derived starter unit [31]. However, in the identified lysoquinone-TH1 (7) as well as in the proposed structure of lysoquinone-TH2 (8), two acetate units replace the original C3-malonyl/malonamide starter unit.
Respective observations were also made for oxytetracycline (6b) with a malonamide starter unit since A specific feature of the lysolipin polyketide biosynthesis is the priming by a malonate-derived starter unit [31]. However, in the identified lysoquinone-TH1 (7) as well as in the proposed structure of lysoquinone-TH2 (8), two acetate units replace the original C 3 -malonyl/malonamide starter unit.
Respective observations were also made for oxytetracycline (6b) with a malonamide starter unit since heterologous expression of the oxytetracycline minimal PKS of Streptomyces rimosus in S. coelicolor yielded tetracycline analogue 14 with two acetate units priming the polyketide backbone instead [32] ( Figure 3). Co-expressing the oxyD gene with the oxytetracyline minimal PKS in heterologous expression experiments has shown that it is presumably responsible for generating the characteristic malonamate starter unit. OxyD codes for an amidotransferase and is homologous to the putative amidotransferase LlpA of lysolipin biosynthesis. Therefore, priming of the PKS biosynthesis with malonamate and and formation of a N-heterocyclic product does not require additional enzymes [10].
Studies on hybrid PKS pathways with benastatin A (4) revealed isolated hybrid PKS-II products with the number of extender units increased if shorter starter units were used. In analogy, based on the observations on the identified lysoquinone-TH 1 (7) and the proposed structure of lysoquinone-TH2 (8) it can be anticipated that the number of elongation steps is dependent on the length of the polyketide chain [33] fitting into the substrate pocket of the KSα/KSβ-complex.

Biological Activity of Lysoquinone-TH1 (7)
Lysolipin (1) is highly active against various Gram-positive bacteria and shows antifungal activity. While the molecular target of lysolipin (1) still remains elusive, there is strong indication that this xanthone antibiotic targets the bacterial cell envelope [12,34].
Because of the high antibiotic activity of lysolipin (1) in nM-range, biological assays with lysoquinone-TH1 (7) were performed. Only weak antibiotic activities at 100 µM concentration of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) were observed against the Gram-positive strains Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes with inhibition of 39%, 66% and 74%, respectively, in comparison to the positive control chloramphenicol [35]. Therefore, no IC 50 values were determined.
For profiling lysoquinone-TH1 (7), an enzyme assay using PDE-4B2 was carried out according to Schulz et al. [39]. A clearly defined IC 50 value could not be determined in this assay due to an additional luminescence signal derived from the chromophore of lysoquinone-TH1 (7), an extensive polyaromatic skeleton. However, an IC 50 range of 10-20 µM could be inferred from the assays against the PDE-4B2 enzyme. The MIC (minimal inhibition concentration) of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) was determined to a value of 2.33 µM (±0.04) corresponding to 3.368 log(nM) (±0.007) ( Figure S7). The standard used in these assays was rolipram (IC 50 = 0.8 µM (±0.1)) [39], an optimized and approved drug. Lysoquinone-TH1 (7), a completely new substance, is only 10-fold less active as this well-known PDE4 inhibitor rolipram. When lysolipin (1) was tested in the same assay, no PDE4 inhibition was detected up to a concentration of 50 µM.
The plasmid pCU1 was introduced into Streptomyces albus J1074 via a standard intergeneric conjugation protocol as, for example, described in [46].

Culture Conditions
A pre-culture with medium G20 (600 mL) in six 300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks was inoculated with S.

Extraction and Isolation
For initial detection, agar plates from S. albus incubation were extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic phases evaporated and the extract applied to silica gel TLC analysis (solvent cyclohexane/ethylacetate/methanol 6:8:1, with 1% of trifluoric acetate acid added). For purification, 4 L of culture broth with XAD-16 was filtered over Celite to separate the mycelia from the liquid culture. The filtrate was autoclaved and discarded. The mycelia were extracted two times with acetone/methanol 7:3 and then in acetone/methanol 1:1 in an ultrasonic bath. After filtration, the organic phases were combined, evaporated, water was added, and the pH adjusted to 4-5 with 1 M HCl. Extraction with ethyl acetate and evaporation gave the crude extract. RP silica gel was pretreated with 3-4 column volumes (CV) of pyridine and washed with 3-4 CV of water as a basic activation of the RP phase. After column conditioning with 1-2 CV of the solvent acetone/methanol 1:1 the extract was loaded, and red and violet fractions were selected, accompanied by TLC analysis on silica gel (see above) and LC-ESI-MS analysis (HPLC, Agilent 1100 series. Ion trap, Bruker Daltonic Esquire 3000+, He as reactant gas, with Data Analysis software, Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany). Combined red fractions were dissolved in DMSO and purified with HPLC (Thermo Ultimate 3000 Thermo Scientific, Dreieich, Germany); Column: Dr. Maisch, Ammerbuch-Entringen, Germany, Reprosil 120 C-4, 5 µm, 250 × 20 mm id, pre-colum: Dr. Maisch, standard guard Reprosil 120 C-4, 30 × 20 mm id, flow rate: 13.0 mL/min.; program: 20 min at 45% B, in 5 min to 75% B, 8 min at 75% B, in 2 min to 45% B, 8 min at 45% B; solvent: A = ammonium formate (20 mM) + 0.1% TFA in water; B = acetonitrile). A retention time from 12 to 13 min was observed. After evaporating a Sephadex LH-20 (2 × 2 cm, methanol) and following extraction three times with ethyl acetate and three times with diisopropyl ether was necessary for desalting the sample. This work up procedure gives 3.4 mg lysoquinone-TH1 (7) from four liters of culture.

Biological Activity Assays
Antibacterial assays were carried out with the test strains Staphylococcus lentus DSM 6672, Staphylococcus epidermidis DSM 20044 and Propionibacterium acnes DSM 1897 using a cell viability test based on the reduction of resazurin to resorufin. Details on the cultivation conditions of the strains S. epidermidis and P. acnes, as well as on the evaluation of cell viability are described by Silber et al. [34]. The experiments with S. lentus were performed in the same manner as S. epidermidis. The positive control chloramphenicol was applied in a concentration of 10 µM for S. lentus and S. epidermidis and of 1 µM for P. acnes.
The effect of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) on PDE-4B2, a human recombinant cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) specific phosphodiesterase (BPS Bioscience no. 60042, San Diego, CA, USA) was determined in 96 well plates using the PDELight HTS cAMP Phosphodiesterase Kit (Lonza, LT07-600, Wuppertal, Germany). Lysoquinone-TH1 (7) was diluted in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 8.3 mM MgCl 2 and 1.7 mM EGTA. 10 µL of each dilution was transferred to a well. 20 µL PDE-4B2 solution (0.25 U/µL) were added. The reaction was started by adding 10 µL of 12 mM cAMP (Sigma A9501, Taufkirchen, Germany) dissolved in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 8.3 mM MgCl 2 and 1.7 mM EGTA to each well of the microtiter plate. PDE-4B2 hydrolysed cAMP to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). After an incubation at 30 • C for 30 min, the reaction was stopped by transferring 30 µL solution containing 10 µL PDELight Stop Solution and 20 µL PDELight AMP detection reagent. The detection reagent converted AMP to ATP and luciferase catalyzed the formation of light from ATP and luciferin. The emitted light is proportional to the level of AMP produced. AMP was quantified after incubation at 30 • C for 10 min by measuring the luminescence using the microtiter plate reader Infinite M200 (Tecan, Crailsheim, Germany) with 0.1 s integration time. The assays were performed in duplicates. Rolipram (4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-pyrrolidinone) was used as positive control.

Conclusions
Lysoquinone-TH1 (7) is a "non-natural natural product", a pentangular aromatic polyketide derived from engineering of the lysolipin biosynthetic pathway. It was produced with Streptomyces albus as host expressing the minimal PKS II genes (llpD-F) in combination with three cyclases (llpCI-CIII) of the lysolipin gene cluster. In a bioactivity profiling study, it was shown that lysoquinone-TH1 (7) only has weak antibacterial activity, but instead is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) which is a target for treatment of pulmonary diseases. The lysoquinone-TH1 (7) biosynthetic pathway, which was deduced based on NMR data and supported by the new but postulated analogue lysoquinone-TH2 (8) also provides insights on the biosynthesis of lysolipin I (1). Evidence is given for the acetate-derived tridecaketide backbone of 7 in contrast to the dodecaketide malonyl-derived (malonyl-or malonamide CoA) precursor chain of the parent compound lysolipin I (1).

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.