Influence of Farming Conditions on the Rumen of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Animals and Sampling
2.3. Immunoglobulins Analysis
2.4. Bacteria Analysis
2.5. Rumen Protozoa
2.6. Chemical Analyses
2.7. Food Composition
2.8. Rumen Papillary Size
2.9. Statistics and Calculations
3. Results
3.1. Animals and Sampling
3.2. Immunoglobulin Analysis
3.3. Bacteria Analysis
3.4. Rumen Protozoa
3.5. Chemical Analysis
3.6. Food Composition
3.7. Rumen Papillary Size
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganisms | Concentration 1 (mean ± SD) | Statistics | Prevalence 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | Environment | |||||
Farmed (n = 19) | Wild (n = 11) | W | p-Value | Farmed (n = 19) | Wild (n = 11) | |
Campylobacter spp. | 3.58 ± 0.09 (4.67) | 1.37 ± 1.40 (0.38) | 205 | <0.001 | 100 | 54.5 |
Clostridium spp. | 3.63 ± 0.27 (7.34) | 5.89 ± 0.29 (919.4) | 0 | <0.001 | 100 | 100 |
Coliforms | 3.29 ± 0.40 (4.01) | 2.42 ± 1.63 (3.96) | 134.5 | 0.2036 | 100 | 72.7 |
Escherichia coli | 0.96 ± 1.75 (0.30) | 1.74 ± 1.39 (0.40) | 66.5 | 0.078 | 36.8 | 63.6 |
Anaerobic bacteria | 6.48 ± 0.09 (3606) | 5.68 ± 0.46 (783.5) | 192 | <0.001 | ||
Aerobic bacteria | 6.19 ± 0.50 (3346) | 5.93 ± 0.40 (1205) | 145 | 0.085 | ||
Total protozoa 3 | 2.62 ± 1.59 | 3.97 ± 2.07 | 38 | 0.1055 |
Variable 1 | Environment | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Farmed (n = 19) | Wild (n = 11) | t | p-Value | |
DM (g/kg) | 127.69 ± 17.30 | 142.42 ± 17.70 | −2.2295 | <0.05 |
Ash (g/kg DM) | 152 ± 32 | 132 ± 18 | 1.8533 | 0.0744 |
CP (g/kg DM) | 237 ± 59 | 237 ± 21 | 0.018158 | 0.9857 |
Fat (g/kg DM) | 184 ± 34 | 167 ± 14 | 1.9366 | 0.0638 |
NDF (g/kg DM) | 542 ± 51 | 520 ± 29 | 1.2563 | 0.2198 |
ADF (g/kg DM) | 283 ± 61 | 330 ± 29 | −2.7595 | <0.05 |
pH | 6.14 ± 0.35 | 6.51 ± 0.52 | −2.3413 | <0.05 |
Variable 2 | Ventral Wall | Dorsal Wall | Atrium Ruminis Wall | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | Statistics | Environment | Statistics | Environment | Statistics | |||||||
Farmed 3 | Wild 4 | W | p-Value | Farmed | Wild | W | p-Value | Farmed | Wild | W | p-Value | |
LP | 2.86 ± 0.66 | 3.57 ± 1.19 | 21 | 0.1877 | 2.87 ± 1.27 | 3.73 ± 0.98 | 15 | 0.0570 | 6.56 ± 1.66 | 9.28 ± 2.61 | 13 | <0.05 |
WP | 1.16 ± 0.21 | 1.24 ± 0.24 | 24 | 0.3055 | 1.30 ± 0.40 | 1.20 ± 0.35 | 41 | 0.5914 | 1.96 ± 0.32 | 1.75 ± 0.46 | 48.5 | 0.2043 |
NP | 60.45 ± 19.51 | 62.86 ± 16.40 | 33 | 0.8836 | 57.43 ± 17.48 | 70.50 ± 17.43 | 21 | 0.1874 | 54.60 ± 12.62 | 58.07 ± 23.23 | 36.5 | 0.9222 |
SEF | 4.99 ± 1.72 | 6.53 ± 2.72 | 23 | 0.2617 | 5.81 ± 3.90 | 7.34 ± 3.18 | 19 | 0.1874 | 14.73 ± 4.79 | 20.12 ± 12.61 | 26 | 0.4068 |
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Mason, F.; Fotschki, B.; Di Rosso, A.; Korzekwa, A. Influence of Farming Conditions on the Rumen of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). Animals 2019, 9, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090601
Mason F, Fotschki B, Di Rosso A, Korzekwa A. Influence of Farming Conditions on the Rumen of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). Animals. 2019; 9(9):601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090601
Chicago/Turabian StyleMason, Federico, Bartosz Fotschki, Alessia Di Rosso, and Anna Korzekwa. 2019. "Influence of Farming Conditions on the Rumen of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)" Animals 9, no. 9: 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090601