Municipal Waste Degradation by Vermicomposting Using a Combination of Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus rubellus Species

: Earthworms have been commonly used for solid waste management by employing the process of vermicomposting. In this study, we used two different types of earthworm for vermicomposting and analyzed their efﬁcacy for plant production in comparison to chemical fertilizer. The worms used for vermicomposting included Eisenia fetida (EF) and Lumbricus rubellus (LR), and we studied compost efﬁciency for the harvesting of spinach and turnips. The parameters we used to evaluate the performance of the produced compost on crops were variations in sprouting time, harvesting time, plant height, and plant yield. For the production of compost, the waste was collected and degraded in an environment where various parameters, including pH, moisture content, temperature, carbon, and nitrogen, were measured regularly throughout the experiment. The compost obtained from these three setups was used as a fertilizer to grow spinach and turnip. Compost efﬁciency was compared based on plant yield, plant height, sprouting, and harvesting time. In the case of turnip, the combination worm compost yielded 38% and 58% more than the compost obtained using EF and LR, respectively. For spinach, the EF–LR combined compost gave similar results, 17.4% and 37.9% more yield than the above two worms individually. The study’s results showed that the compost obtained by the combination of worms is more promising than the compost obtained from a single species and applied as fertilizer. Moreover, the comparative evaluation by statistical analysis conﬁrmed that growing spinach by combined compost would be a better option compared to growing turnip, due to higher signiﬁcant difference in outcome parameters.


Introduction
Solid waste management is considered a major issue in South Asian nations. While some environmental conservation strategies have been formulated, they are only enforced in cities, whereas open dumping is the method of disposal in rural areas [1]. There are various stages of solid waste management: primary collection, secondary collection, and final disposal at landfill sites [2]. Solid waste dumping sites pose serious environmental problems to the air, soil, surface water, and groundwater. Landfill leachate contains thousands of complex chemicals, such as heavy metals, and becomes part of groundwater after infiltration [3,4]. Poor and inadequate solid waste management is one of the main reasons for environmental degradation [5,6]. Moreover, with time, waste quantity is going to increase due to changing life patterns and increasing populations. The impact of waste on the ecosystem largely depends on its composition and disposition practices [7]. If properly vermicompost has been established as a cost-effective bio-fertilizer and can be used for the growth of some vegetables. Most studies have focused on using a single type of worm for vermicomposting, and less focus has been given to the combined application of different worms for compost production.
In the current investigation, Eisenia fetida (EF) and Lumbricus rubellus (LR) were used as a combination in the same bin to biodegrade kitchen waste and to assess the effect of the obtained compost on selected vegetables. Vermicomposting was studied in three types of setup for the degradation of solid waste: fruit scraps, paper waste, and yard clippings. The waste degradation was studied in controlled conditions (pH, moisture content, C:N, and temperature). The compost obtained from these three setups was tested as a fertilizer for growing spinach and turnips. Compost efficiency was compared based on plant yield, plant height, sprouting, and harvesting time.

Collection of Waste
Composting requires the presence of two types of materials: nitrogenous and carbonaceous. The proportion of nitrogenous or carbonaceous material depends on the quality of the required compost. A carbonaceous/nitrogenous (C/N) ratio of 30 can be an optimized ratio for vermicomposting [37]. Kitchen waste, collected from cafeterias and consisting of vegetable and fruit peelings that were rich in nitrogen, was combined with a portion of garden waste and shredded paper waste to make up the carbon content. Before vermicomposting, the collected samples were partially decomposed by keeping them in shade for almost 2 weeks. Furthermore, the initial C/N ratio of 30 was controlled by blending the optimum amount of cow dung (248 g) and additional saw dust and garden waste (12 g) with the partially decomposed waste. Worms were collected from the rear of a facility of the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. Two types of worms, i.e., Eisenia fetida (EF) and Lumbricus rubellus (LR), and a combination of these two, were used for the study. They were introduced into the bins for the initiation of composting ( Figure 1). The volume of the bin was 0.15 m 3 , i.e., (height × length × width) (0.75 m × 0.5 m × 0.4 m).
for landless farmers in rural agriculture [36]. From the literature, it can be found that vermicompost has been established as a cost-effective bio-fertilizer and can be used for the growth of some vegetables. Most studies have focused on using a single type of worm for vermicomposting, and less focus has been given to the combined application of different worms for compost production.
In the current investigation, Eisenia fetida (EF) and Lumbricus rubellus (LR) were used as a combination in the same bin to biodegrade kitchen waste and to assess the effect of the obtained compost on selected vegetables. Vermicomposting was studied in three types of setup for the degradation of solid waste: fruit scraps, paper waste, and yard clippings. The waste degradation was studied in controlled conditions (pH, moisture content, C:N, and temperature). The compost obtained from these three setups was tested as a fertilizer for growing spinach and turnips. Compost efficiency was compared based on plant yield, plant height, sprouting, and harvesting time.

Collection of Waste
Composting requires the presence of two types of materials: nitrogenous and carbonaceous. The proportion of nitrogenous or carbonaceous material depends on the quality of the required compost. A carbonaceous/nitrogenous (C/N) ratio of 30 can be an optimized ratio for vermicomposting [37]. Kitchen waste, collected from cafeterias and consisting of vegetable and fruit peelings that were rich in nitrogen, was combined with a portion of garden waste and shredded paper waste to make up the carbon content. Before vermicomposting, the collected samples were partially decomposed by keeping them in shade for almost 2 weeks. Furthermore, the initial C/N ratio of 30 was controlled by blending the optimum amount of cow dung (248 g) and additional saw dust and garden waste (12 g) with the partially decomposed waste. Worms were collected from the rear of a facility of the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. Two types of worms, i.e., Eisenia fetida (EF) and Lumbricus rubellus (LR), and a combination of these two, were used for the study. They were introduced into the bins for the initiation of composting ( Figure 1). The volume of the bin was 0.15 m 3 , i.e., (height × length × width) (0.75 m × 0.5 m × 0.4 m).

Initiation of Vermicomposting
Food waste was vermicomposted in beds prepared in plastic bins. Each bed was filled with 1.5 kg of shredded newspaper, 0.5 kg of the substrate (food waste), 0.05 kg of garden waste, and approximately 100 adult earthworms; however, only 76 earthworms remained alive in the first basket. So, a total of 76 earthworms were used for the study in the case of a single type of worm (Figure 1a,c), and in the combined case, 38 Eisenia fetida worms and 38 Lumbricus rubellus worms were used for uniformity of data ( Figure 1b). The worms were introduced into the compost beds to begin the process of vermicomposting ( Figure 2). The moisture level of the beds was maintained at about 45-70% [38] during the vermicomposting period by periodically sprinkling them with water through water sprays. The compost was periodically analyzed in the laboratory for moisture content (MC), pH, temperature, organic content (C), C/N, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The containers were supplied with small holes in the top lid to ensure aerobic conditions.

Initiation of Vermicomposting
Food waste was vermicomposted in beds prepared in plastic bins. Each bed was filled with 1.5 kg of shredded newspaper, 0.5 kg of the substrate (food waste), 0.05 kg of garden waste, and approximately 100 adult earthworms; however, only 76 earthworms remained alive in the first basket. So, a total of 76 earthworms were used for the study in the case of a single type of worm (Figure 1a,c), and in the combined case, 38 Eisenia fetida worms and 38 Lumbricus rubellus worms were used for uniformity of data ( Figure 1b). The worms were introduced into the compost beds to begin the process of vermicomposting ( Figure 2). The moisture level of the beds was maintained at about 45-70% [38] during the vermicomposting period by periodically sprinkling them with water through water sprays. The compost was periodically analyzed in the laboratory for moisture content (MC), pH, temperature, organic content (C), C/N, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The containers were supplied with small holes in the top lid to ensure aerobic conditions.

Application of Vermicompost in Agricultural Fields
Seedlings that had been transplanted earlier were removed on the 30th day, and the rest were removed at every 15th day after transplanting, keeping the better and healthier plants undisturbed. Weeding was done when necessary to keep the plants free from weeds, for better soil aeration and for the conservation of soil moisture. When the plants were well established, each plant was staked with bamboo sticks to keep the plants erect. Irrigation was done regularly up to the harvest to keep the pots moistened. Vegetables were harvested at the full maturity stage. Moreover, a control variant, i.e., seeding the plants under soil alone, was not tested in this study. We directly applied the compost produced by the vermicomposting into the soil for plant cultivation.

Sampling of Vegetables
Turnips (Brassica rapa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were harvested. The collected vegetables were carried in gunny bags, then half of the collected samples were immediately transferred to a storeroom, and the rest were kept in the laboratory for

Application of Vermicompost in Agricultural Fields
Seedlings that had been transplanted earlier were removed on the 30th day, and the rest were removed at every 15th day after transplanting, keeping the better and healthier plants undisturbed. Weeding was done when necessary to keep the plants free from weeds, for better soil aeration and for the conservation of soil moisture. When the plants were well established, each plant was staked with bamboo sticks to keep the plants erect. Irrigation was done regularly up to the harvest to keep the pots moistened. Vegetables were harvested at the full maturity stage. Moreover, a control variant, i.e., seeding the plants under soil alone, was not tested in this study. We directly applied the compost produced by the vermicomposting into the soil for plant cultivation.

Sampling of Vegetables
Turnips (Brassica rapa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were harvested. The collected vegetables were carried in gunny bags, then half of the collected samples were immediately transferred to a storeroom, and the rest were kept in the laboratory for chemical analysis. Proper care was taken while harvesting and handling the collected samples to avoid any mechanical injury. The analysis was replicated three times, and the average of results is reported. Sprouting time is the time required by the seeds to sprout and emerge from the soil; it depends on the type of soil and the conditions to which the seeds were exposed. In this study, sprouting time in days was also determined to evaluate the difference in role of the different types of worms used in vermicomposting. In addition, the vegetative growth/maturity time is the time required by the plants to grow leaves, reach full maturity, and be ready for harvest. In this study, vegetative times were reported in the collective response of the harvesting time.

Plant Height
The height of the plants was measured in cm and measured from the ground level to the tip of the longest stem, then the mean value was calculated (the average of three readings was recorded with a standard deviation). The height of the plant was recorded on the 15th, 30th, and 40th day. Lastly, the plant height was recorded at the final harvest.

Yield
After the harvesting of the vegetables, the total weight (kg) of each fruit plant was calculated by adding the weight of all the fruit collected from each plant until the final harvest; then, the weight was calculated in kg m −2 and converted into t/Ha (Equation (2)).

Characterization of Nutrients in the Soil and the Compost
As macronutrients are a vital requirement for plant growth, the compost obtained by vermicomposting was then characterized on the basis of nutrient concentrations before its application on crops. As a percentage of these nutrients are naturally present in the soil, the same tests were also conducted on the soil where the crops grew. The characteristics of the soil and compost were analyzed by the NCDA and CS methods for waste and compost analysis (total nitrogen, total phosphorous, organic matter (C)). The pH of the samples was analyzed by ASTM D5231-92 (Benchtop pH Meter), and potassium was analyzed using a UV-5200 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer Ultraviolet Visible 172 Spectrophotometer 190-1100 nm wavelength Range 2 nm Bandwidth. The moisture content of the samples was analyzed by the dry oven (101-0A)43 L methodology. The equation used to measure the MC of the compost is shown in Equation (3).
Wet weight is the initial sample weight; i.e., 100 g dry weight is the weight of the sample measured after being dried by using the oven at 105 • C for 24 h.
In order to assess the maintained conditions of the three setups, periodic readings were taken for pH, moisture content, C/N ratio, and temperature. In addition, data were collected from the triplicate analysis, and their averages were reported with variation in standard deviation (SD). Furthermore, variations in the characteristics of the vermicomposting on the growth of targeted vegetation were analyzed by statistical analysis (ANOVA, with a 95% confidence level) by using the SPSS program tool.

pH Variation with Time
The pH variation of the compost produced by the different worm conditions is illustrated in Figure 3a. The result shows that the pH value of the EF compost increased from 7.6 ± 0.25 to 7.8 ± 0.26 during the twelve days of experimentation. Moreover, an increasing trend was consistent throughout the study period and recorded as 8.1 ± 0.42 and 9.01 ± 0.43 for the 25th day and the 40th day of analysis, respectively. The increase in pH values was expected due to the decomposition process carried out by the worms, as mentioned elsewhere [39]. Similar trends were observed for the pH variation for the LR and EF-LR compost. The pH values of the LR compost varied from 7.5 ± 0.53 to 8.9 ± 0.61 from the start of the study to 40 days of experimentation. Similarly, for the EF-LR combined compost setup, the pH value on the first day was 7.5 ± 0.22 and on the 40th day, 8.85 ± 0.26, as illustrated in Figure 3a. From these results, it was concluded that the pH of the compost was close to neutral initially, i.e., 7.5 ± 0.22 and increased with time to 8.9 ± 0.61, indicating that the final product can be useful for remediating acidic soils [39]. The comparative study reveals that there was no significant variation in pH for any of the three studied processes as compared to one another after 40 days.
In order to assess the maintained conditions of the three setups, periodic readings were taken for pH, moisture content, C/N ratio, and temperature. In addition, data were collected from the triplicate analysis, and their averages were reported with variation in standard deviation (SD). Furthermore, variations in the characteristics of the vermicomposting on the growth of targeted vegetation were analyzed by statistical analysis (ANOVA, with a 95% confidence level) by using the SPSS program tool.

pH Variation with Time
The pH variation of the compost produced by the different worm conditions is illustrated in Figure 3a. The result shows that the pH value of the EF compost increased from 7.6 ± 0.25 to 7.8 ± 0.26 during the twelve days of experimentation. Moreover, an increasing trend was consistent throughout the study period and recorded as 8.1 ± 0.42 and 9.01 ± 0.43 for the 25th day and the 40th day of analysis, respectively. The increase in pH values was expected due to the decomposition process carried out by the worms, as mentioned elsewhere [39]. Similar trends were observed for the pH variation for the LR and EF-LR compost. The pH values of the LR compost varied from 7.5 ± 0.53 to 8.9 ± 0.61 from the start of the study to 40 days of experimentation. Similarly, for the EF-LR combined compost setup, the pH value on the first day was 7.5 ± 0.22 and on the 40th day, 8.85 ± 0.26, as illustrated in Figure 3a. From these results, it was concluded that the pH of the compost was close to neutral initially, i.e., 7.5 ± 0.22 and increased with time to 8.9 ± 0.61, indicating that the final product can be useful for remediating acidic soils [39]. The comparative study reveals that there was no significant variation in pH for any of the three studied processes as compared to one another after 40 days.

Temperature Variation with Time
The temperature variation of the compost with respect to time under different worm conditions is illustrated in Figure 3b. The temperature range was 38 ± 1.23 to 28 ± 0.81 • C for the EF-LR compost. Moreover, the temperature variation of the individual worm compost was from 38 ± 1.90 to 31 ± 1.35 • C and 37 ± 2.4 to 30 ± 2.1 • C for EF and LR, respectively. Thus, the results revealed that the EF-LR combined conditions had a lower temperature as compared to the individual. Moreover, this process needs to be performed during the winter season to avoid the temperature increasing up to a level where the worms may not survive. In the summer, pre-treatment of the substrate can be done to avoid a temperature rise.

Moisture Content (MC)
The moisture content decreased with time in all conditions, as illustrated in Figure 3c. The MC decreased from 60.4 ± 4.22% to 39 ± 1.95%, 45.5 ± 3.18%, and 36.1 ± 1.08% for EF-, LR-, and EF-LR-produced compost, respectively. Moreover, for the EF compost, the setup initially increased from 53.2 ± 2.66% to 55.8 + 1.79% from Day 1 to Day 12, as illustrated in Figure 3c. The value decreased to 46.5 ± 2.13% after 25 days, while after 40 days, it was 39 ± 1.95%. In addition, from the MC results, we concluded that the compost that matured during the 40 days of the experimentation analysis might have reduced microbial activity. As the literature shows, 50 percent MC is the minimum requirement for microbial activity, and less than 50 percent of MC indicates a mature compost [40]. Thus, to overcome the reduction of the MC of the compost after 40 days of vermicomposting, the required quantity of water was provided to maintain the MC at between 45-70%. Figure 3d shows the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the compost produced by EF, LR, and EF-LR. Similar to the MC results, the C/N ratio also decreased with time due to the decomposition reaction and the reduction of carbonous compounds. Moreover, the reduction rate was higher in the EF-LR compost, followed by the LR and EF compost. The C/N ratio of the EF compost decreased to 30.85 ± 1.54, 23.46 ± 1.17, and 20 ± 1 during the 12th, 25th, and 40th day of analysis, respectively. The C/N ratio of the LR compost was 28.26 ± 1.97, 25.21 ± 1.72, and 16.49 ± 1.15, as observed on Days 12, 25, and 40, respectively. Similarly, the C/N ratio of the EF-LR compost decreased to 27.13 ± 0.81, 24.67 ± 0.71, and 13.18 ± 0.40 on the 12th, 25th, and 40th day of analysis. It is important to mention here that the carbon-nitrogen ratio may generally be an indicator of compost maturity and that the C/N ratio should be less than or around 20 for a final compost that represents a good quality of compost [17]. Thus, the EF-LR compost was found to be the best compared to others in terms of C/N. This may be due to the different nature of the worms collectively operating in compost production. During different days, the conditions (pH, moisture content, availability of oxygen, nature of the material, etc.) may change and may affect the performance of the worms and their mortality [41]. However, the combination of two worms with different natures (soil-based and vegetation-based) may positively affect the compost production performance. Eisenia fetida was used at the upper part of the basket, while Lumbricus rubellus was beneath the upper layer. During the experiments, it was observed that in the combined process, Eisenia fetida operated from the surface of organic waste, while Lumbricus rubellus went deep into the composting material, and this may be due to their different natures, which helped the overall efficiency of the process compared to a single type of worm.

Percentage of Potassium
It can be seen from Figure 4 that in the presence of the single worm species, the percentage of potassium was lower (the EF and LR composts had 6 ± 0.18% and 2.5 ± 0.07%, respectively) as compared to compost produced by the combined worms (EF-LR compost had 8.4 ± 0.20%) in similar kitchen waste and at the same conditions. It is anticipated that this increase in potassium content directly plays a vital role in plant growth when this compost is used as a substitute for conventional fertilizer, since vermicompost promotes nitrogen fixation in soils to enhance their richness. Lastly, the soil had a percentage of 16 ± 0.45% with respect to nitrogen content. compost had 8.4 ± 0.20%) in similar kitchen waste and at the same condition anticipated that this increase in potassium content directly plays a vital role i growth when this compost is used as a substitute for conventional fertilizer vermicompost promotes nitrogen fixation in soils to enhance their richness. Las soil had a percentage of 16 ± 0.45% with respect to nitrogen content.

Percentage of Phosphorus
Similar to the potassium percentage, the percentage of phosphorus also s similar trend. The EF, LR, and EF-LR combined composts had phosphorus concent of 8 ± 0.20%, 2.5 ± 0.06%, and 13.5 ± 0.35%, respectively. An increase in the P conten EF-LR compost resulted in mineralization, which in turn increased soil fertility [4 soil already contained 25 ± 0.58% phosphorus, which clearly suggested that two t worms in a combination works better than individual types alone. Figure 4 indicates that the nitrogen content was also the highest in the comb process compared to the other two vermicomposting processes, as the n percentage present in the EF compost was 9 ± 0.23% and 9.1 ± 0.27% in the LR co The combination compost of EF-LR had a nitrogen ratio of 14 ± 0.42%. The soi nitrogen percentage of 52 ± 1.50%. These results suggested that macronutrie already present in plenty in fertile soils and in composts. This can also be attrib nutrient-rich kitchen waste, as it already contains fruits and vegetables that are nutrients [43].

Percentage of Nitrogen
The standard deviation (SD) of the above-mentioned parameters shows that a variation is present in nitrogen, followed by phosphorus, while a negligible va occurred in potassium.

Evaluation of Compost Efficiency
The mature compost produced from the different combinations of worms wa on the growth of spinach and turnips as a substitute for conventional fertilizer.

Percentage of Phosphorus
Similar to the potassium percentage, the percentage of phosphorus also shows a similar trend. The EF, LR, and EF-LR combined composts had phosphorus concentrations of 8 ± 0.20%, 2.5 ± 0.06%, and 13.5 ± 0.35%, respectively. An increase in the P content of the EF-LR compost resulted in mineralization, which in turn increased soil fertility [42]. The soil already contained 25 ± 0.58% phosphorus, which clearly suggested that two types of worms in a combination works better than individual types alone. Figure 4 indicates that the nitrogen content was also the highest in the combination process compared to the other two vermicomposting processes, as the nitrogen percentage present in the EF compost was 9 ± 0.23% and 9.1 ± 0.27% in the LR compost. The combination compost of EF-LR had a nitrogen ratio of 14 ± 0.42%. The soil had a nitrogen percentage of 52 ± 1.50%. These results suggested that macronutrients are already present in plenty in fertile soils and in composts. This can also be attributed to nutrient-rich kitchen waste, as it already contains fruits and vegetables that are rich in nutrients [43].

Percentage of Nitrogen
The standard deviation (SD) of the above-mentioned parameters shows that a wider variation is present in nitrogen, followed by phosphorus, while a negligible variation occurred in potassium.

Evaluation of Compost Efficiency
The mature compost produced from the different combinations of worms was tested on the growth of spinach and turnips as a substitute for conventional fertilizer. For the evaluation of compost efficiency on crops, several parameters were selected. These included sprouting and harvesting times of spinach and turnips, plant height of both crops, and the yield of both crops in comparison to chemical fertilizers.

Sprouting Time
The results shown in Figure 5 give the sprouting time for spinach. In the case of EF and LR, the compost was 4 ± 0.50 days individually, and the EF-LR compost was 3 ± 0.24 days. Similarly, the sprouting time of turnips for EF-LR was also lower (7 ± 0.92 days) compared to the EF and LR composts, which had 9 ± 1.2 and 10 ± 0.92 days of sprouting time, respectively. Vermicompost acts as a bio-oxidative, so it may release compounds that help crop sprouting and growth. Thus, the EF-LR compost was more bio-oxidative in nature, showing a shorter sprouting time for both crops [44]. In general, the statistical analysis of the results shows that variation of the sprouting time of the spinach in all three composts was significantly different, as p < 0.05, which shows the difference in sprouting times for spinach. However, no significant difference was observed in the case of the turnip, as p > 0.05. It might be due to a non-significant impact of the compost in the sprouting time of the turnip. In addition to that, the overall sprouting time of the combined compost was shorter, and we concluded that seeds exposed to the combined compost could be expected to reach harvest earlier.

Sprouting Time
The results shown in Figure 5 give the sprouting time for spinach. In the case of EF and LR, the compost was 4 ± 0.50 days individually, and the EF-LR compost was 3 ± 0.24 days. Similarly, the sprouting time of turnips for EF-LR was also lower (7 ± 0.92 days) compared to the EF and LR composts, which had 9 ± 1.2 and 10 ± 0.92 days of sprouting time, respectively. Vermicompost acts as a bio-oxidative, so it may release compounds that help crop sprouting and growth. Thus, the EF-LR compost was more bio-oxidative in nature, showing a shorter sprouting time for both crops [44]. In general, the statistical analysis of the results shows that variation of the sprouting time of the spinach in all three composts was significantly different, as p < 0.05, which shows the difference in sprouting times for spinach. However, no significant difference was observed in the case of the turnip, as p > 0.05. It might be due to a non-significant impact of the compost in the sprouting time of the turnip. In addition to that, the overall sprouting time of the combined compost was shorter, and we concluded that seeds exposed to the combined compost could be expected to reach harvest earlier.

Harvesting Time
Harvesting time was also found to be faster in the case of compost from the combination of worms for both spinach and turnips ( Figure 6). The results show that in the case of the EF compost, the harvesting times for spinach and turnips were 29 ± 1.5 and 42 ± 2.2 days, respectively. However, for the LR and EF-LR composts, the harvesting times of spinach and turnips were 31 ± 0.42 and 42 ± 1.9 days, and 27 ± 0.64 and 38 ± 0.92 days, respectively. Generally, compost with good nutrients and optimal chemical composition results in a shorter harvest time for the crop and good plant size [45]. Similar to the sprouting time, statistical analysis of the harvesting time also shows no significant difference for the turnip harvesting under three different composts. Moreover, the spinach shows significantly different results, and we concluded that variation in compost

Harvesting Time
Harvesting time was also found to be faster in the case of compost from the combination of worms for both spinach and turnips ( Figure 6). The results show that in the case of the EF compost, the harvesting times for spinach and turnips were 29 ± 1.5 and 42 ± 2.2 days, respectively. However, for the LR and EF-LR composts, the harvesting times of spinach and turnips were 31 ± 0.42 and 42 ± 1.9 days, and 27 ± 0.64 and 38 ± 0.92 days, respectively. Generally, compost with good nutrients and optimal chemical composition results in a shorter harvest time for the crop and good plant size [45]. Similar to the sprouting time, statistical analysis of the harvesting time also shows no significant difference for the turnip harvesting under three different composts. Moreover, the spinach shows significantly different results, and we concluded that variation in compost type has significant impact on the harvesting time of spinach. However, in general, EF-LR compost has a shorter harvesting time in both cases. These results show a good correlation between the nutrient levels in the combined process compared to the EF and LR composts alone. Hence, it may be suggested that nutrient-rich compost may help in the reduction of harvesting time [45].
type has significant impact on the harvesting time of spinach. However, in general, EF-LR compost has a shorter harvesting time in both cases. These results show a good correlation between the nutrient levels in the combined process compared to the EF and LR composts alone. Hence, it may be suggested that nutrient-rich compost may help in the reduction of harvesting time [45].

Plant Height
Plant height may be another important indicator to judge the quality of a compost. The results shown in Figure 7 indicate that the EF-LR compost had better results, and the plant height for both spinach and turnips was higher than for the EF and LR composts alone. Figure 7 shows that the heights of the spinach and turnip plants were 4.2 ± 0.1 and 4 ± 0.2 inches in the case of the EF compost, in comparison to the EF-LR-compost-grown plants, which were 4.9 ± 0.24 and 4.4 ± 0.12 inches, respectively. Moreover, the LRcompost-grown plants were shorter compared to the EF-LR-compost-grown plants, as illustrated in Figure 7. The height was 4.4 ± 0.22 inches for the LR compost. Moreover, statistical results also confirmed that for both plants' height, spinach and turnip harvested in the three compost conditions show significant difference (p < 0.05). Overall, the combined EF-LR harvested plants have higher plant height compared to the individual harvested plants in both cases. As for genetic structure, plant height is a significant component contributing to plant yield. By using vermicompost, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be enhanced, which can eventually boost plant height and yield [46].

Plant Height
Plant height may be another important indicator to judge the quality of a compost. The results shown in Figure 7 indicate that the EF-LR compost had better results, and the plant height for both spinach and turnips was higher than for the EF and LR composts alone. Figure 7 shows that the heights of the spinach and turnip plants were 4.2 ± 0.1 and 4 ± 0.2 inches in the case of the EF compost, in comparison to the EF-LR-compost-grown plants, which were 4.9 ± 0.24 and 4.4 ± 0.12 inches, respectively. Moreover, the LR-compostgrown plants were shorter compared to the EF-LR-compost-grown plants, as illustrated in Figure 7. The height was 4.4 ± 0.22 inches for the LR compost. Moreover, statistical results also confirmed that for both plants' height, spinach and turnip harvested in the three compost conditions show significant difference (p < 0.05). Overall, the combined EF-LR harvested plants have higher plant height compared to the individual harvested plants in both cases. As for genetic structure, plant height is a significant component contributing to plant yield. By using vermicompost, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be enhanced, which can eventually boost plant height and yield [46].   Figure 8 indicates that the yield of turnips in the case of EF compost was 10.95 ± 1.2 t/Ha. The yield of the LR compost was 9.29 ± 0.9 t/Ha. The EF-LR compost yield was 12.86 ± 1.92 t/Ha. In the case of chemical fertilizers, the yield was 11.75 ± 1.5 t/Ha. These results verify that the EF-LR compost used for the turnip plants had a higher yield not only in comparison to the EF and LR composts but also to chemical fertilizer used for crop harvesting. Moreover, statistical analysis results show that the yields of spinach have significantly different outcomes as compared to the turnip in similar exposed conditions. The EF-LR compost has a higher plant yield in the case of spinach and is significantly verified as p < 0.05, which shows the difference in results. However, in the case of turnips, the EF-LR compost shows a higher yield, but in comparative evaluation, the difference is not significant, as p > 0.05. The results obtained for spinach had a similar pattern compared to the turnip yield, as shown in Figure 8. The highest yield was obtained for the EF-LR compost. The yield of spinach was 15.00 ± 2.5 t/Ha in the case of EF compost, and the LR compost had a yield of 13.10 ± 1.42 t/Ha. In the case of EF-LR compost, the yield was 20.71 ± 1.24 t/Ha. The chemical fertilizers showed a yield of 16.5 ± 3.2 t/Ha. Eisenia fetida is a worm that is familiar with tropical climates, and in contrast, the Lumbricus rubellus is more inclined to temperate climates. The conditions of our setups were closer to tropical, so the former performed better than the latter [49]. Our results confirmed that the EF-LR-based compost yielded 38% and 58%, and 17.4% and 37.9%, higher turnip and spinach production, compared to EF-and LR-based compost, respectively. Moreover, for large-scale application, harvesting of spinach from EF-LR compost would be the better option compared to turnip, as confirmed by the statistical results, which show the significantly different results for plant height, harvesting time, sprouting time, and outcome yield (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The goal of the study was to analyze the degradation of solid kitchen waste by three setups of earthworms for composting, in order to find an alternative to chemical fertilizer. Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus rubellus, and a combination of these two worms were used for the compost formation. The chemical composition of the compost and its impact on the growth of spinach and turnips were evaluated. Through this research, the following conclusions can be drawn.

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The efficiency of the composts was found to be in the following order in terms of utilization as an alternative fertilizer: EF-LR compost > Eisenia fetida (EF) compost > Lumbricus rubellus (LR) compost. The potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen ratio of the EF-LR combined compost was (8.4 ± 0.20%, 13.5 ± 0.35%, 14 ± 0.42%), greater than those of the EF compost (6 ± 0.18%, 8 ± 0.20%, 9 ± 0.23%) and the LR compost (2.5%, In general, the outcome yield of both plants would be higher with EF-LR compost in comparison to individual compost and the utilization of chemical fertilizer. This was because by nature, Eisenia fetida is epigeic, which means the worms are surface dwellers, and Lumbricus rubellus is sometimes anecic and sometimes endogeic in nature, which means the worms live beneath the surface for some span of life and then on the surface for some time [47]. In the case of the EF-LR combined compost, the two species may work independently according to their particular nature. Eisenia fetida during the experiment seemed to function on the top surface, while Lumbricus rubellus functioned at the bottom of the setup. The setup gave the optimal conditions for both worms to perform efficiently without influencing each other in their specific regions. This likely contributed to the EF-LR compost being the most fertile and rich over the other two composts, subsequently creating the high yield of crops produced by the EF-LR compost [48]. The results obtained for spinach had a similar pattern compared to the turnip yield, as shown in Figure 8. The highest yield was obtained for the EF-LR compost. The yield of spinach was 15.00 ± 2.5 t/Ha in the case of EF compost, and the LR compost had a yield of 13.10 ± 1.42 t/Ha. In the case of EF-LR compost, the yield was 20.71 ± 1.24 t/Ha. The chemical fertilizers showed a yield of 16.5 ± 3.2 t/Ha. Eisenia fetida is a worm that is familiar with tropical climates, and in contrast, the Lumbricus rubellus is more inclined to temperate climates. The conditions of our setups were closer to tropical, so the former performed better than the latter [49]. Our results confirmed that the EF-LR-based compost yielded 38% and 58%, and 17.4% and 37.9%, higher turnip and spinach production, compared to EFand LR-based compost, respectively. Moreover, for large-scale application, harvesting of spinach from EF-LR compost would be the better option compared to turnip, as confirmed by the statistical results, which show the significantly different results for plant height, harvesting time, sprouting time, and outcome yield (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The goal of the study was to analyze the degradation of solid kitchen waste by three setups of earthworms for composting, in order to find an alternative to chemical fertilizer. Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus rubellus, and a combination of these two worms were used for the compost formation. The chemical composition of the compost and its impact on the growth of spinach and turnips were evaluated. Through this research, the following conclusions can be drawn.

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The EF-LR combined compost showed a sprouting time of 7 ± 0.92 days for turnips and 3 ± 0.24 days for spinach, which was comparatively shorter than that of the EF compost (9 ± 1.2 days for turnips and 4 ± 0.50 days for spinach) and the LR compost (10 ± 0.92 days for turnips and 4 ± 0.50 days for spinach). Similarly, a shorter harvesting time was observed for the EF-LR compost (38 ± 0.92 days for turnips and 27 ± 0.64 days for spinach), with higher plant height (4.4 ± 0.12 inches for turnips and 4.9 ± 0.24 inches for spinach) compared to the other two individually. The individual composts had a harvesting time of 31 ± 0.42 and 42 ± 1.9 days, and 29 ± 1.5 and 42 ± 2.2 days, for the EF-and LR-based composts for turnips and spinach, respectively, and they had shorter plant heights. • For turnips, the EF-LR compost yielded 38% and 58%, respectively, more than the compost obtained using EF and LR. For spinach, the EF-LR compost produced similar results, with 17.4% and 37.9% more yield than the other two. The results of our study confirmed that to increase production of crops with resulting lower residual chemical pollutants, compost obtained by the combination of EF and LR worms is more promising for use on a large scale than compost obtained from a single species. • Statistical analysis also confirmed that for a better option in the comparative production of spinach and turnip growth using the EF-LR compost, our study confirms that spinach growth shows higher variability in the EF-LR compost compared to compost from a single species.