Recycling Old Concrete as Waste Concrete Powder for Use in Pervious Concrete: Effects on Permeability, Strength and Eco-Friendliness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Research Significance
2. Experimental Programme
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Designs and Mixing Procedure
- The cement and WCP were added to the mixer and the mixture was dry-mixed for 30 s.
- The water and WR were added to the mixer and the (water + WR + cement + WCP) mixture was wet-mixed for 90 s.
- The RCA was added to the mixer and the pervious concrete mixture was mixed for 90 s.
2.3. Testing Methods
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Slump of Paste Portion and WR Dosage
3.2. Interconnected Porosity Results
3.3. Water Permeability Results
3.4. Failure Mode and Cube Compressive Strength Results
- As shown in Figure 3, the WCP has a median particle size intermediate between those of the cement and the coarse aggregate, and thus when added would form part of the paste and fill into the voids between coarse aggregate particles to increase the packing density, which would then improve the strength [71,72,73].
4. Comprehensive Analysis of Experimental Results
4.1. Correlation between Interconnected Porosity and Water Permeability
4.2. Improved Strength at Increased Permeability
4.3. Improved Strength at Reduced Cement Content
4.4. Proposed Mix Design for WCP Pervious Concrete
5. Conclusions
- By adjusting the water reducer dosage such that the paste portion of the concrete has the target slump of 20 to 40 mm, all the concrete mixes designed have achieved the suitable rheology for the production of pervious concrete.
- Regression analysis showed that there are good correlations between the interconnected porosity and un-submerged/submerged water permeability.
- The decrease in P/A ratio improved the interconnected porosity and water permeability, and reduced the cement consumption, but it diminished the cube strength.
- The decrease in W/C ratio improved the interconnected porosity and water permeability and enhanced the cube strength, but it increased the cement consumption.
- The addition of WCP as paste replacement can slightly improve the interconnected porosity and un-submerged/submerged water permeability, substantially enhance the cube strength and simultaneously reduce the cement consumption, carbon footprint and waste disposal.
- From the permeability priority point of view, the concrete mix 0.4-0.30-10 is proposed, while from the strength priority point of view, the concrete mix 0.5-0.30-10 is recommended.
- The proposed method of adding WCP by the PR method has great potential to be applied to the production of eco-friendly high-performance pervious concrete.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | Alkali | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (%) | 62.92 | 23.22 | 4.35 | 0.98 | 3.11 | 2.81 | 0.43 | 1.78 |
Mix No. | Slump (mm) | WR Dosage (%) |
---|---|---|
0.4-0.30-0 | 25 | 0.20 |
0.4-0.30-5 | 25 | 0.27 |
0.4-0.30-10 | 35 | 0.50 |
0.4-0.35-0 | 28 | 0.12 |
0.4-0.35-5 | 32 | 0.15 |
0.4-0.35-10 | 26 | 0.22 |
0.5-0.30-0 | 25 | 0.20 |
0.5-0.30-5 | 25 | 0.27 |
0.5-0.30-10 | 35 | 0.50 |
0.5-0.35-0 | 28 | 0.12 |
0.5-0.35-5 | 32 | 0.15 |
0.5-0.35-10 | 26 | 0.22 |
Mix No. | Interconnected Porosity (%) | Un-Submerged Permeability Coefficient (mm/s) | Submerged Permeability Coefficient (mm/s) | Cube Strength (MPa) | Cement Content (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.4-0.30-0 | 29.57 | 12.60 | 16.26 | 6.34 | 466.2 |
0.4-0.30-5 | 31.26 | 14.13 | 18.18 | 8.90 | 442.9 |
0.4-0.30-10 | 32.03 | 14.91 | 19.23 | 11.82 | 419.5 |
0.4-0.35-0 | 27.41 | 11.17 | 14.57 | 5.91 | 421.8 |
0.4-0.35-5 | 28.12 | 12.13 | 15.88 | 7.69 | 400.7 |
0.4-0.35-10 | 29.84 | 13.12 | 16.98 | 10.42 | 379.6 |
0.5-0.30-0 | 24.53 | 9.99 | 12.53 | 8.87 | 543.9 |
0.5-0.30-5 | 25.36 | 10.23 | 13.13 | 12.20 | 516.7 |
0.5-0.30-10 | 26.34 | 10.84 | 14.18 | 16.38 | 489.5 |
0.5-0.35-0 | 22.87 | 9.01 | 11.93 | 8.28 | 492.1 |
0.5-0.35-5 | 23.38 | 9.35 | 12.08 | 10.47 | 467.5 |
0.5-0.35-10 | 24.97 | 10.22 | 13.53 | 13.84 | 442.9 |
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Xie, H.Z.; Li, L.G.; Liu, F.; Kwan, A.K.H. Recycling Old Concrete as Waste Concrete Powder for Use in Pervious Concrete: Effects on Permeability, Strength and Eco-Friendliness. Buildings 2022, 12, 2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122172
Xie HZ, Li LG, Liu F, Kwan AKH. Recycling Old Concrete as Waste Concrete Powder for Use in Pervious Concrete: Effects on Permeability, Strength and Eco-Friendliness. Buildings. 2022; 12(12):2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122172
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Hui Zhu, Leo Gu Li, Feng Liu, and Albert Kwok Hung Kwan. 2022. "Recycling Old Concrete as Waste Concrete Powder for Use in Pervious Concrete: Effects on Permeability, Strength and Eco-Friendliness" Buildings 12, no. 12: 2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122172