Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Treatment of Patients with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Pre-Post Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Patient Selection and Clinical Evaluation
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kochanek, P.M.; Dixon, C.E.; Mondello, S.; Wang, K.K.K.; Lafrenaye, A.; Bramlett, H.M.; Dietrich, W.D.; Hayes, R.L.; Shear, D.A.; Gilsdorf, J.S.; et al. Multi-Center Pre-clinical Consortia to Enhance Translation of Therapies and Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury: Operation Brain Trauma Therapy and Beyond. Front. Neurol. 2018, 9, 640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shultz, S.R.; Tan, X.L.; Wright, D.K.; Liu, S.J.; Semple, B.D.; Johnston, L.; Jones, N.C.; Cook, A.D.; Hamilton, J.A.; O’Brien, T.J. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is neuroprotective in experimental traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2014, 31, 976–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schneider, A.; Krüger, C.; Steigleder, T.; Weber, D.; Pitzer, C.; Laage, R.; Aronowski, J.; Maurer, M.H.; Gassler, N.; Mier, W.; et al. The hematopoietic factor G-CSF is a neuronal ligand that counteracts programmed cell death and drives neurogenesis. J. Clin. Investig. 2005, 115, 2083–2098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wallner, S.; Peters, S.; Pitzer, C.; Resch, H.; Bogdahn, U.; Schneider, A. The Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor has a dual role in neuronal and vascular plasticity. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2015, 3, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Perez-Polo, J.R.; Rea, H.C.; Johnson, K.M.; Parsley, M.A.; Unabia, G.C.; Xu, G.; Infante, S.K.; DeWitt, D.S.; Hulsebosch, C.E. Inflammatory consequences in a rodent model of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2013, 30, 727–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McGinn, M.J.; Povlishock, J.T. Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 2016, 27, 397–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.-R.; Navalitloha, Y.; Singhal, S.; Mehta, J.; Piao, C.-S.; Guo, W.-P.; Kessler, J.A.; Groothuis, D.R. Hematopoietic growth factors pass through the blood–brain barrier in intact rats. Exp. Neurol. 2007, 204, 569–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, D.-C.; Lin, S.-Z.; Fan, J.-R.; Lin, C.-H.; Lee, W.; Lin, C.-C.; Liu, Y.-J.; Tsai, C.-H.; Chen, J.-C.; Cho, D.-Y.; et al. Intracerebral implantation of autologous peripheral blood stem cells in stroke patients: A randomized phase II study. Cell Transplant. 2014, 23, 1599–1612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Peña, I.D.; Borlongan, C.V. Translating G-CSF as an Adjunct Therapy to Stem Cell Transplantation for Stroke. Transl. Stroke Res. 2015, 6, 421–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shyu, W.-C.; Lin, S.-Z.; Lee, C.-C.; Liu, D.D.; Li, H. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for acute ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2006, 174, 927–933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Banks, J.L.; Marotta, C.A. Outcomes validity and reliability of the modified Rankin scale: Implications for stroke clinical trials: A literature review and synthesis. Stroke 2007, 38, 1091–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schag, C.C.; Heinrich, R.L.; Ganz, P.A. Karnofsky performance status revisited: Reliability, validity, and guidelines. J. Clin. Oncol. 1984, 2, 187–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flöel, A.; Warnecke, T.; Duning, T.; Lating, Y.; Uhlenbrock, J.; Schneider, A.; Vogt, G.; Laage, R.; Koch, W.; Knecht, S.; et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in stroke patients with concomitant vascular disease—A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e19767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sanchez-Ramos, J.; Cimino, C.; Avila, R.; Rowe, A.; Chen, R.; Whelan, G.; Lin, X.; Cao, C.; Ashok, R. Pilot study of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 31, 843–855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sprigg, N.; O’Connor, R.; Woodhouse, L.; Krishnan, K.; England, T.J.; Connell, L.A.; Walker, M.F.; Bath, P.M. Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor and Physiotherapy after Stroke: Results of a Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial: Stem Cell Trial of Recovery EnhanceMent after Stroke-3 (STEMS-3 ISRCTN16714730). PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0161359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duning, T.; Schiffbauer, H.; Warnecke, T.; Mohammadi, S.; Flöel, A.; Kolpatzik, K.; Kugel, H.; Schneider, A.; Knecht, S.; Deppe, M.; et al. G-CSF prevents the progression of structural disintegration of white matter tracts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A pilot trial. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e17770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.; Dai, Y.; Ma, X.; Wang, S.; Xu, X.; Pei, X.; Li, R.; Wang, H. Different changes in granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and its correlation with inflammatory biomarkers in patients after traumatic brain injury. NeuroReport 2020, 31, 293–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, J.; Russell, T.; Qiu, X.; Hao, F.; Kyle, M.; Chin, L.; Zhao, L.-R. The contribution of stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reducing neurodegeneration and promoting neurostructure network reorganization after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 2020, 1746, 147000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corrigan, F.; Arulsamy, A.; Teng, J.; Collins-Praino, L.E. Pumping the Brakes: Neurotrophic Factors for the Prevention of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia after Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Neurotrauma 2017, 34, 971–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, X.; Ping, S.; Kyle, M.; Chin, L.; Zhao, L.-R. Long-term beneficial effects of hematopoietic growth factors on brain repair in the chronic phase of severe traumatic brain injury. Exp. Neurol. 2020, 330, 113335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, S.; Kong, X.; Acosta, S.; Sava, V.; Borlongan, C.; Sanchez-Ramos, J. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor promotes brain repair following traumatic brain injury by recruitment of microglia and increasing neurotrophic factor expression. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2016, 34, 415–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, J.; Zou, Z.-M.; Zhou, T.-L.; Su, Y.-P.; Ai, G.-P.; Wang, J.-P.; Xu, H.; Dong, S.-W. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can be mobilized into peripheral blood by G-CSF in vivo and integrate into traumatically injured cerebral tissue. Neurol. Sci. 2011, 32, 641–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzales-Portillo, G.S.; Sanberg, P.R.; Franzblau, M.; Gonzales-Portillo, C.; Diamandis, T.; Staples, M.; Sanberg, C.D.; Borlongan, C.V. Mannitol-enhanced delivery of stem cells and their growth factors across the blood–brain barrier. Cell Transplant. 2014, 23, 531–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sikoglu, E.M.; Heffernan, M.E.; Tam, K.; Sicard, K.M.; Bratane, B.T.; Quan, M.; Fisher, M.; King, J.A. Enhancement in cognitive function recovery by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury. Behav. Brain Res. 2014, 259, 354–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheibani, N.; Grabowski, E.F.; Schoenfeld, D.A.; Whalen, M.J. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on functional and histopathologic outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice. Crit. Care Med. 2004, 32, 2274–2278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakowitz, O.W.; Schardt, C.; Neher, M.; Stover, J.F.; Unterberg, A.W.; Kiening, K.L. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor does not affect contusion size, brain edema or cerebrospinal fluid glutamate concentrations in rats following controlled cortical impact. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 2006, 96, 139–143. [Google Scholar]
- Toshkezi, G.; Kyle, M.; Longo, S.L.; Chin, L.S.; Zhao, L.-R. Brain repair by hematopoietic growth factors in the subacute phase of traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 2018, 129, 1286–1294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Age (range) at treatment | 53 (16–81) |
Age (range) at traumatic brain injury | 52 (15–80) |
Sex (male/female) | 28/10 |
Hypertension | 14 (37%) |
Diabetes Mellitus | 8 (21%) |
Benign prostate hyperplasia | 1 (3%) |
Coronary artery disease | 1 (3%) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chiu, T.-L.; Wang, Y.-J.; Chang, T.-W.; Lin, S.-Z.; Tsai, S.-T. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Treatment of Patients with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Pre-Post Study. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111441
Chiu T-L, Wang Y-J, Chang T-W, Lin S-Z, Tsai S-T. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Treatment of Patients with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Pre-Post Study. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(11):1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111441
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiu, Tsung-Lang, Ya-Jung Wang, Tze-Wei Chang, Shinn-Zong Lin, and Sheng-Tzung Tsai. 2021. "Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Treatment of Patients with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Pre-Post Study" Brain Sciences 11, no. 11: 1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111441