Electrospinning-Based Carbon Nanofibers for Energy and Sensor Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electrospinning of Carbon Precursor Polymer
2.1. Setup and Conditions for Electrospinning
2.2. Polymer Nanofibers for Carbon Nanofibers
2.2.1. Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Nanofibers
2.2.2. Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Carbon Nanofibers
2.2.3. Pitch-Based Carbon Nanofibers
2.2.4. Polyimide-Based Carbon Nanofibers
2.2.5. Carbohydrate Polymer-Based Carbon Nanofibers
2.2.6. Poly(p-xylene tetrahydrothiophenium chloride)-Based Carbon Nanofibers
Precursor | Temperature (°C) | Environment | Purpose | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PAN | 200–300 | Air | Oxidation stabilization | [38] |
900–1300 | Argon/Nitrogen | Carbonization | ||
Up to 2500 | Argon/Nitrogen | Orientation Improvement | ||
PVA | 180–300 | Air | Oxidation stabilization | [46] |
600–1000 | Argon/Nitrogen | Carbonization | ||
Pitch | Before softening point of material | Air | Oxidation stabilization | [64] |
Up to 1200 | Argon/Nitrogen | Carbonization | ||
PI | Up to 1000 | Argon/Nitrogen | Carbonization | [50] |
Carbohydrate/PEO | 105 | Air | Oxidation stabilization | [55,56] |
Up to 800 | Argon/Nitrogen | Carbonization | ||
PXTC/PPV | Up to 1800 | Argon/Nitrogen | Carbonization | [63] |
3. Different Carbon Nanofibers Obtained by Electrospinning
3.1. Carbon Nanofibers from Common Electrospinning
3.2. Carbon Nanofibers from Modified Single-Nozzle Electrospinning
3.2.1. Porous Carbon Nanofibers
3.2.2. Metal-Oxide-Decorated Carbon Nanofibers
3.3. Carbon Nanofibers from Modified Dual-Nozzle Electrospinning
4. Application of Carbon Nanofibers
4.1. Energy Storage Applications
4.1.1. Supercapacitor
4.1.2. Li-Ion Battery Anode
4.1.3. Lithium-Sulfur Battery
4.1.4. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)
4.1.5. Catalyst
4.1.6. Membrane Electrode Assembly for Fuel Cells
4.2. Sensor Applications
4.2.1. Electrochemical Sensor
4.2.2. Warfare Agent Chemical Sensors
4.2.3. Biosensor
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nguyen, T.D.; Lee, J.S. Electrospinning-Based Carbon Nanofibers for Energy and Sensor Applications. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126048
Nguyen TD, Lee JS. Electrospinning-Based Carbon Nanofibers for Energy and Sensor Applications. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(12):6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126048
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Trong Danh, and Jun Seop Lee. 2022. "Electrospinning-Based Carbon Nanofibers for Energy and Sensor Applications" Applied Sciences 12, no. 12: 6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126048