Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) and Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) Technologies—A Comparison Review of Technology Possibilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Technology Basic Principle Overview
2.1. CAES Basic Principle
2.2. LAES Basic Principle
3. Design Options and Possibilities
3.1. CAES Design
3.2. LAES Design
4. Technology Perspectives and Differences
- Standalone configuration: This design represents a single-purpose facility solely focused on the storage of electric energy. Typically, these facilities have large capacities, often reaching hundreds of MWh.
- Microgrid configuration: This configuration involves systems with smaller energy supply capacities that are connected in close proximity to the end user.
5. Technology SWOT Analysis
5.1. CAES Technology
Strengths | Weaknesses |
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Opportunities | Threats |
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5.2. LAES Technology
Strengths | Weaknesses |
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Opportunities | Threats |
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6. Design Indicators
7. Economic Indicator
8. Conclusions
- Development of thermal energy storage technologies which will be cheaper, with fast charging and discharging.
- Development technologies for high-grade cold storage (LAES).
- Searching new locations with suitable geological conditions (CAES).
- Development of effective technologies for heat exchange between heat storage and other parts of the storage system.
- Development of new integrated technologies with involved CAES or LAES.
- Development of new operation models of CAES and LEAE operation in grits with renewables.
- Intensification of operational parameters of systems components (compressors, heat exchangers and atd.) of round trip efficiency improvement.
9. Literature Review
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ARC | Absorption Refrigeration Cycle |
CAES | Compressed Air Energy an Storage |
AA-CAES | Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage |
A-CAES | Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage |
D-CAES | Diabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage |
CAS | Compressed Air Storage |
CHP | Combined Heat and Power |
CTES | Cold Thermal Energy Storage |
LAES | Liquid Air Energy Storage |
LAS | Liquid Air Storage |
LCOE | Levelized Cost of Electricity |
LCOS | Levelized Cost of Storage |
LNG | Liquefied Natural Gas |
RTE | Round Trip Efficiency |
TES | Thermal Energy Storage |
ORC | Organic Rankine Cycle |
UCAES | Underwater Compressed Air Energy Storage |
WTES | Warm Thermal Energy Storage |
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Technology | Power Range [MW] | Capacity Range [MWh] | Energy Density [kWh/(m)] | Round Trip Efficiency [%] |
CAES | 1–320 | ≤1000 | 0.5–20 | 42–70 |
LAES | 1–300 | ≤1000 | 50–200 | 45–70 |
PTES | 10–150 | ≤1000 | 10–100 | 48–75 |
PHS | 30–5000 | 100–2000 | 0.5–1.5 | 65–87 |
Technology | Power CAPEX [$/kW] | Energy CAPEX [$/kWh] | Operation Lifetime [Years] | Site Constraints [-] |
CAES | 400–1000 | 2–250 | 20–40 | Yes |
LAES | 300–1000 | 1300–2200 | 20–40 | No |
PTES | - | - | 20–40 | No |
PHS | 2000–4000 | 5–100 | 30–60 | Yes |
Technical Indicators | Economical Indicators |
---|---|
|
|
Huntorf | McIntosh | |
---|---|---|
Year of commissioning | 1978 | 1991 |
Power of compression train [MW] | 60 | 49 |
Duration of charging [hour] | 8 | 41 |
Power provided during discharge [MW] | 321 | 110 |
Duration of discharging at full power [hour] | 2 | 26 |
Volume of cavern [(m)] | 310,000 | 5,380,000 |
Pressure in cavern [bar] | 43–70 | 46–75 |
Max. air mass flow [kg/s] | 417 | 154 |
Electric energy required per kWh output [/] | 0.8 | 0.82 |
Fossil energy required per kWh output [/] | 1.6 | 1.21 |
Highview 1 | Highview 2 | |
---|---|---|
Year of commissioning | 2010 | 2018 |
Discharge power [MW] | 0.35 | 2.5 |
Capacity [MWh] | 5 | 15 |
Cycle | Optimal Pressure [MPa] | Consumption [kW/kg] | Exergy Efficiency [%] |
---|---|---|---|
Linde–Hampton | 25–26 | 2.5–2.6 | 2.47 |
Claude | 3.8–4.5 | 0.72–0.73 | 12.16 |
Kapitza | 3.8–4.5 | 0.71–0.72 | 12.1 |
Cycle Description | Round Trip Efficiency [%] | Exergy Efficiency [%] | Operation Temperature Range [°C] | Power Range [MW] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Original LAES system [84] | 58–61 | 51–61 | −194–237 | 0.009–0.011 |
Original LAES system [48] | 45 | 67 | −194–5 | 0.982 |
LAES system coupled with solar heliostats [84] | 75–90 | 36–51 | −194–350 | 0.014–0.15 |
LAES system with isothermal compression, coupled with solar heliostats [84] | 115–124 | 53–55 | −194–350 | 0.014–0.15 |
LAES system integrated into steam power plant [77] | 49- 94 | - | −194–181 | 27–80 |
LAES system with gas thermal cycle [85] | 77 | 65 | −194–1270 | 1 |
LAES system, coupled with nuclear power plant [69] | 71 | - | −194–280 | 77 |
Standard D-CAES system (Huntorf) [12] | 42 | - | 20–945 | 321 |
Standard AA-CAES system [86] | 71–77 | - | 25–600 | 100 |
Type of Technology | Article Focus | Reference |
---|---|---|
CAES | Topic and technology overall review | [11,12,29] |
Technology components review and study | [13,14,68,89] | |
Thermal energy storage and CAES technology | [9] | |
Compressed air storage and caverns | [25,56,57,58,59,60,61] | |
Thermodynamic analysis, thermal cycles and optimization | [36,39,41,86,90,91] | |
Polygeneration | [23,78,79,80,81,82] | |
Underwater energy storage | [34,36,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] | |
LAES | Topic and technology overall review | [6,10,19,76] |
Technology components review and study | [20,47,49,92] | |
Thermal energy storage and LAES technology | [93,94] | |
Techno-economic analysis of LAES system | [46,72,75,77,83] | |
Thermodynamic analysis, thermal cycles and optimization | [24,45,51,65,84,95,96,97,98,99] | |
Technology integration with nuclear power plants | [22,69] | |
Technology integration with renewable power sources | [70,75,84] | |
Polygeneration | [82] | |
Industrial integration and LNG regesification | [71,72,74] |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Burian, O.; Dančová, P. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) and Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) Technologies—A Comparison Review of Technology Possibilities. Processes 2023, 11, 3061. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113061
Burian O, Dančová P. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) and Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) Technologies—A Comparison Review of Technology Possibilities. Processes. 2023; 11(11):3061. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113061
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurian, Ondřej, and Petra Dančová. 2023. "Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) and Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) Technologies—A Comparison Review of Technology Possibilities" Processes 11, no. 11: 3061. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113061