Effect of Incremental Utilization of Unground Sea Sand Ore on the Consolidation and Reduction Behavior of Vanadia–Titania Magnetite Pellets

Abstract

In the iron and steel industry, improving the usage amount of New Zealand sea sand ore as a raw material for ironmaking can reduce the production costs of iron and steel enterprises to a certain extent. In this paper, New Zealand sea sand ore without any grinding pretreatment was used as a raw material, oxidized pellets were prepared by using a disc pelletizer, and the effect of sea sand ore on the performance of green pellets and the metallurgical properties of oxidized pellets was investigated. The effects of sea sand ore on the compressive strength, falling strength, compressive strength of oxidized pellets, and reduction performance were mainly investigated. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis methods were used to discuss the influence of sea sand ore on the microstructure of the pellets’ oxidation and reduction process. As the amount of sea sand ore used increased, the compressive strength of green pellets was gradually decreased, and the falling strength of green pellets and the compressive strength of oxidized pellets were gradually increased. When the amount of sea sand ore used was 40%, the reduction swelling index of pellets was 16.31%. The increase of sea sand ore used made the reduction of pellets suppressed and the reduction rate decreased. When the amount of sea sand ore used increased to 40%, the reduction degree of sea sand ore pellets was only 60.06%. The experimental results in this paper provide specific experimental data for the large-scale application of New Zealand sea sand ore in the blast furnace ironmaking process.

1. Introduction

The research and utilization of complex iron ore resources by researchers can not only alleviate the plight of iron ore resource shortage in iron and steel enterprises, but also save a lot of raw material costs for iron and steel enterprises to a large extent [1,2]. Therefore, the development and utilization of non-high-quality vanadia–titania magnetite resources have become a common concern of scholars and steel companies from all over the world [3,4].

Sea sand ore is a kind of complex iron ore resource with titania magnetite as the main mineral phase formed by the erosion of rivers, waves, tides, and ocean currents in coastal areas [5,6,7,8]. It is also a globally recognized resource of vanadia–titania magnetite that is difficult to beneficiate and difficult to smelt [9]. There are mineral deposits in New Zealand, Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The reserves are very rich, easy to mine, and low cost [10,11]. The iron-bearing sea sand mineralization process represented by the New Zealand sea sand ore is mainly due to the eruption of volcanic rock, which was formed by cooling in air or sea water, and then due to the erosion of air and sea water, the sea sand deposits in the coastal area of New Zealand were formed [12,13]. Wright et al. conducted basic research on New Zealand sea sand ore, and it was shown that the main phase of sea sand ore was titanomagnetite, aluminum spinel, and a small amount of ilmenite [5,6,7]. The relevant literature reported that the total iron grade of sea sand ore was about 60%, the titanium dioxide content was about 7–9%, and it also contained relatively high amounts of V₂O₅, Al₂O₃, K₂O, Na₂O, and other difficult to sinter minerals [14,15,16].

The New Zealand sea sand ore is a vanadia–titania magnetite with a compact structure and complex mosaic distribution of useful metal minerals. Compared with other iron ores, sea sand ore particles are mostly spherical, with a smooth surface, coarser particle size, small specific surface area, small wet capacity, and poor hydrophilicity. Ball milling performance and pellet-forming performance are also poor. Therefore, as a raw material for ironmaking, it is difficult to agglomerate, and it is limited in blast furnace smelting [17,18]. Lv et al. studied the influence of sea sand ore on the quality of sinter, and found that with the increase in the proportion of sea sand ore, the low-temperature reduction degradation performance of sinter became worse and the reducibility became better, and the amount of sea sand ore used should be controlled at 5–10% [19]. Hu et al. studied the influence of sea sand ore on the sintering process, and suggested that the proportion of sea sand ore in the sintered mixture should be strictly controlled within 20% [20].

Many scholars have conducted a series of studies on the reduction characteristics of sea sand ore. Park E. et al. studied the phase transition of sea sand ore in the process of gas-based reduction (CO or H₂) [21,22,23]. Longbottom R. J. et al. analyzed the phase transformation of sea sand ore during the reduction process, and considered the formation of the bonding phase in the compact and the increase in the compact strength were mainly affected by the reduction temperature [24,25,26]. Sun et al. proposed adopting non-blast furnace ironmaking to treat sea sand ore by using coal-based direct reduction-magnetic separation to recover iron and titanium from ilmenite, and conducted related research to verify the feasibility of this method [27,28,29].

The pellet is regarded as an excellent raw material for ironmaking because of its advantages such as high grade, good reducibility, and uniform particle size. Due to the regular particle shape of sea sand ore, the surface is smooth and dense, the particle size is relatively coarse, and the ball-forming performance is poor. Therefore, the application of sea sand ore in blast furnace ironmaking is mostly used as an auxiliary material to prepare sinter, and there are few related studies on the preparation of oxidized pellets with sea sand ore.

To reduce the production cost of iron and steel enterprises, this paper prepared the coarse-grained sea sand ore into oxidized pellets without any pretreatment. The effects of the amount of sea sand ore used on the falling strength, compressive strength, reduction swelling index, and reduction degree of pellets were investigated, and the change laws and influencing factors were analyzed. On this basis, the effect of the amount of sea sand ore used on the microstructure before and after the reduction of oxidized pellets was discussed by conducting x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis of the oxidized pellets at different experimental conditions.

2. Experimental

2.1. Raw Materials

The pelletizing raw materials used in this experiment mainly included New Zealand sea sand ore (HS), Sijiaying (SJY), Yuantong-14 (YT-14), and bentonite. The experimental raw materials were quantitatively analyzed by atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Optima 8300DV; PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF, ZSXPrimus-II; Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). The results are shown in

Table 1. Chemical composition of the experimental raw materials (mass/%).

Compositions	TFe	FeO	SiO2	CaO	MgO	Al2O3	TiO2	V2O5	S	P
HS	58.36	28.23	3.27	1.15	2.88	3.33	6.95	0.47	0.003	0.15
SJY	65.29	17.99	6.72	0.22	0.42	0.42	0.12	0.03	0.061	0.021
YT-14	66.27	24.77	1.83	0.69	0.88	1.41	2.48	0.29	0.066	0.045

and

Table 2. Chemical compositions of bentonite (mass/%).

Compositions	SiO2	CaO	MgO	Al2O3	Na2O	K2O
Content	44.88	4.08	2.88	12.88	4.18	1.03

. It can be seen from Table 1 that the total iron content of sea sand ore was 58.36% and the content of TiO₂ and V₂O₅ was 6.95% and 0.47%, respectively, which belongs to a typical vanadia–titania magnetite. The experiment was mainly based on the principle of optimizing ore blending. Oxidized pellets were prepared from the above three raw materials to make use of the sea sand ore.

2.2. Characteristic Analysis of New Zealand Sea Sand Ore

XRD (X’Pert Pro; PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands) was used to analyze the phase composition of the experimental raw materials, and the results are shown in Figure 1. Sea sand ore (HS) was mainly composed of hematite (Fe₂O₃), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), and ilmenite spinel (Fe₂TiO₄). Titanium was mainly present in sea sand ore in the form of ilmenite spinel. The main phases in Sijiaying (SJY) were hematite (Fe₂O₃), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), and silica (SiO₂), while Yuantong-14 (YT-14) was mainly composed of the hematite (Fe₂O₃), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), and ilmenite oxide phases (Fe_2.5Ti_0.5O₄).

After putting the sea sand ore into an oven for drying treatment, its macroscopic morphology is shown in Figure 2a, and its microscopic morphology is shown in Figure 2b,c. An energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) (Ultra Plus; Carl Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Germany) was used to analyze the chemical compositions. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the shape of the sea sand ore particles was relatively regular, showing a spherical or ellipsoidal shape; the texture of the particles was smooth and shiny; and the density was relatively high. These characteristics are not conducive to the preparation of oxidized pellets from the sea sand ore. The EDS analysis results were consistent with the XRD analysis. In addition, it was found that P in the sea sand ore existed in the form of calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂).

A Mastersizer 3000 laser particle size analyzer (Mastersizer 3000; Malvern, UK) was used to analyze the particle size composition of the three raw materials, and the results are shown in Figure 3. It can be seen from the particle size distribution diagram that the particle size of the sea sand ore was coarsest, followed by Yuantong-14, and Sijiaying ore was the finest. Among them, the particle size distribution of the large part of the sea sand ore was about 144 μm, and the particle size of Sijiaying and Yuantong-14 was relatively fine, most of which were distributed around 52 μm and 67 μm, respectively.

By using the NOVA-1200e specific surface area analyzer (NOVA-1200e; Quantachrome, Boynton Beach, FL, USA) and nitrogen adsorption Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET) method, the specific surface area of the three raw materials used in the experiment was determined and analyzed to further characterize the surface condition of the raw material particles. The results are shown in

Table 3. Specific surface area of the experimental raw materials.

Raw Materials	HS	SJY	YT-14
BET (m2/g)	0.3	70.2	8.2

. Among the three raw materials used in the experiment, the specific surface area of the sea sand ore was the smallest at only 0.3 m²/g, the specific surface area of Yuantong-14 was the second at 8.2 m²/g, and the specific surface area of Sijiaying was the largest, reaching as high as 70.2 m²/g. The small specific surface area is also one of the reasons why it is difficult to prepare pellets from vanadia–titania magnetite.

2.3. Experimental Methods

The experimental scheme controls for the amount of the Sijiaying ore added was unchanged at 50%; the dosage of the sea sand ore used was 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively; and the dosage of Yuantong-14 used was 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10%, respectively; and the external dosage of the binder bentonite was 1.5%. The 3 kg dried mixture in the disc pelletizer was prepared into 10–12.5 mm qualified green pellets. Approximately 9% water was added in the pelletizing process, and the green pellets’ performance was tested and analyzed. The qualified green pellets were dried in a drying oven at 110 °C for 180 min. Then, the dried pellets were taken out and put into a muffle furnace for oxidation roasting. The roasting system is shown in Figure 4. The compressive strength of the oxidized pellets was tested by a digital display automatic pellet pressure testing machine (testing 22 sample pellets, removing a maximum and a minimum).

Eighteen pellets of 10–12.5 mm with uniform shape and no crack were selected as samples for the reduction swelling experiment of the oxidized pellets. After the oxidized pellets were heated to 900 °C under an inert atmosphere, the reducing atmosphere was adjusted to 10.5 L/min nitrogen (N₂) and 4.5 L/min carbon monoxide (CO). After 60 min of reduction, the pellets were cooled to ambient temperature under an inert atmosphere. Formula (1) was used to calculate the volume of pellets before and after reduction swelling, and Formula (2) was used to calculate the reduction swelling index (RSI), expressed as a percentage of volume:

$$V=\frac{4}{3}\pi {(\frac{D}{2})}^3$$

(1)

$$RSI=\frac{V_1-V_0}{V_0}\times 100\%$$

(2)

where D is the average diameter of the sample (mm); V₀ is the average volume of the sample before reduction (mm³); V₁ is the average volume of the sample after reduction (mm³); and RSI is the reduction swelling index (%).

Five hundred grams of pellets were selected as the sample for the reduction experiment. After the oxidized pellets were heated to 900 °C under an inert atmosphere, the reducing atmosphere was adjusted to 10.5 L/min nitrogen (N₂) and 4.5 L/min carbon monoxide (CO). After 180 min of reduction, the pellets were cooled to ambient temperature under an inert atmosphere. Formula (3) was used to calculate the reduction degree index (RI) of pellets after reduction for 180 min. Fe³⁺ was taken as the benchmark and expressed as the mass percentage.

$$RI=(\frac{0.111W_1}{0.430W_2}+\frac{m_0-m_1}{m_0\times 0.430W_2}\times 100)\times 100\%$$

(3)

where m₀ is the mass of the sample before reduction (g); m₁ is the mass of the sample after 180 min reduction (g); W₁ is the content of FeO in the sample before the test (mass%); W₂ is the total iron content of the sample before the test (mass%); and RI is the reduction index (%).

To better study the effect of the incremental utilization of unground sea sand ore on the consolidation and reduction behavior of vanadia–titania magnetite pellets and the mechanism of action. Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES, Optima 8300DV, PerkinElmer, MA, USA) and XRF (ZSXPrimus-II, Rigaku, Japan) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the experimental raw materials and pellets. The particle characteristics of the experimental raw materials were characterized by a laser particle size analyzer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern, UK) and a specific surface area (NOVA-1200e, Quantachrome, FL, USA). XRD (X’Pert Pro, PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands) was used to analyze the phase composition of the experimental raw materials and pellets before and after reduction; SEM (Ultra Plus; Carl Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Germany) was used to detect the microstructure of the sea sand ore, and pellets before and after reduction through the backscattering detector (BSE) and EDS.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of Sea Sand Ore Dosage on the Performance of Green Pellets

3.1.1. Falling Strength and Moisture of Green Pellets

The relationship between the dosage of sea sand ore used and the falling strength and moisture of green pellets is shown in Figure 5. The water content of green pellets was basically maintained at about 8%, which was in line with the best moisture of green pellets. The falling strength gradually increased with an increase in the sea sand ore used. Under the condition that the moisture of green pellets was not much different, when the amount of sea sand ore used increased from 0% to 40%, the falling strength of green pellets increased from 11.63 times/pellet to 28.71 times/pellet, all of which met the requirements of no less than 3–5 times/pellet.

For the pellet preparation process, it is not that the particle size of the raw material is as fine as possible. The more fines in the material, the more uneven the wettability, the lower the porosity between the material particles, and segregation will occur. According to the tightest packing theory of the particles in green pellets, that is, the medium particles are embedded between the large particles and the small particles are embedded between the medium particles. In this case, the arrangement of the particles is the tightest, and the strength of green pellets is the highest. With the increase in the amount of sea sand ore added, the fine-grained Yuantong-14 ore gradually decreased. On one hand, the particle size distribution of the raw material particles was more uniform, and the filling of the material particles inside the green pellets was more compact; on the other hand, the coarse-grained sea sand ore played the role of “ball core” and “skeleton” in the process of making pellets, which promoted the formation of the cue ball and the improvement in the green pellets’ strength.

3.1.2. Compressive Strength and Moisture of Green Pellets

The relationship between the dosage of sea sand ore used and the compressive strength and moisture of green pellets is shown in Figure 6. With increasing sea sand ore dosage, the compressive strength of the green pellets first increased and then decreased. When the dosage of sea sand ore used was 10%, the compressive strength of green pellets was up to 15.69 N/pellet, and when the dosage of sea sand ore was 40%, the compressive strength of green pellets decreased to 8.41 N/pellet. The compressive strength of the green pellets was mainly through the combined action of capillary gravitation energy, chemical energy, and viscous energy. With increasing sea sand ore dosage, the coarse-grained particles increased and the capillary gravitational energy decreased. At the same time, the sea sand ore had a smooth surface with a small specific surface area, and the frictional resistance energy between particles decreased. Therefore, the compressive strength of green pellets gradually decreased with increasing sea sand ore dosage.

3.2. Effect of Sea Sand Ore Dosage on the Compressive Strength of Oxidized Pellets

The influence of the dosage of sea sand ore on the compressive strength of oxidized pellets is shown in Figure 7. With increasing sea sand ore dosage, the compressive strength of oxidized pellets gradually increased from 2505 N/pellet to 3146 N/pellet, which all met the actual production requirements of the enterprise. Within a certain range of sea sand ore addition, with increasing sea sand ore dosage, the compressive strength of oxidized pellets was enhanced to a certain extent, but it was still lower than the compressive strength of the pellets without sea sand ore.

XRD was used to analyze the oxidized pellets with 0%, 20%, and 40% sea sand ore added, and the results are shown in Figure 8. The oxidized pellets were mainly composed of hematite, ilmenite, silicate, and titanium dioxide. Among the three types of oxidized pellets, Fe was mainly present in Fe₂O₃ and FeTiO₃, and Ti was mainly present in FeTiO₃. When sea sand ore increased to 40%, TiO₂ was formed. In addition, the silicate phase was mainly MgAl₂Si₄O₁₂ in oxidized pellets without sea sand ore; with increasing sea sand ore dosage, the silicate phase changed to Al₂SiO₅.

The compressive strength of pellets was mainly determined by the internal microstructure of pellets in the processes of oxidative roasting and the consolidation of pellets. To further explore the change law of the compressive strength of sea sand ore pellets, SEM was used to analyze the microscopic morphology of the pellets, and the results are shown in Figure 9. The particle size distribution in the pellets was relatively uniform, the oxidation speed was relatively fast, and the hematite was evenly distributed, which avoided the reaction with SiO₂ to form low-strength silicate system compounds such as iron olivine. Therefore, the compressive strength of the oxidized pellets without sea sand ore was higher. As the amount of sea sand ore used increased, the particles inside the pellets appeared as coarser block particles, and the silicate composition gradually increased. Comparing Figure 9b,c, it can be seen that with increasing sea sand ore dosage, the particle size distribution in the pellet gradually tended to be uniform, and the holes gradually became smaller. As a result, the compressive strength of pellets gradually increased with increasing sea sand ore dosage.

EDS and surface scanning were used to analyze the chemical composition of the internal mineral phases of the oxidized pellets with the additive amount of 40% sea sand ore, and the results are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11. Combined with SEM-EDS and surface scanning analysis, it was found that the oxidized pellets of sea sand ore were mainly composed of hematite, ilmenite, silicate, silica, and calcium phosphate. The bright area A was mainly the hematite phase and a small amount of solid solution oxides such as Ti and V; the bright gray area B was the ilmenite phase containing a small amount of elements such as Mg and V; the dark gray area C mainly contained the silicate phase of Ca, Mg, Al, and a small amount of Fe, Ti, V; the black area D was oxides such as gangue SiO₂; and the light gray area E was mainly slag phase materials such as calcium phosphate.

3.3. Effect of Sea Sand Ore Dosage on Reduction Swelling Index

The effect of the usage amount of sea sand ore on the reduction swelling index of the oxidized pellets and the compressive strength of the swelling pellets is shown in Figure 12. As the amount of sea sand ore used increased, the reduction swelling index of the oxidized pellets gradually increased, while the compressive strength of the pellets gradually decreased after a reduction in swelling. When the amount of sea sand ore used was 40%, the reduction swelling index of pellets was 16.31%, which can still be used as raw materials for blast furnace ironmaking.

Figure 13 shows the XRD pattern of the sea sand ore oxidized pellets after reduction swelling. With increasing sea sand ore dosage, the porosity between the particles inside the pellets increased, and the gas diffusion rate was fast during the reduction process, which resulted in the accelerated phase transition speed of Fe₂O₃–Fe₃O₄, and the crystal bridge between the hematite grains was quickly destroyed. In addition, with increasing sea sand ore dosage, the silicon content increased, which led to the reduction of part hematite into Fe and Fe_xO. However, in the process of reducing wuestite to metallic iron, the catalytic action of alkali metals promoted the growth of metallic iron in a certain direction and produced iron whiskers, which made the volume of the pellets expand, and the reduction swelling index increased. In addition, severe pulverization happened after reduction swelling, and it is difficult to ensure the crystalline strength between the pellet particles simply by relying on the iron oxide recrystallization connection. Therefore, the compressive strength of the pellets after reduction swelling decreased.

3.4. Effect of Sea Sand Ore Dosage on the Reduction Degree of Oxidized Pellets

The influence of sea sand ore dosage on the reduction degree of oxidized pellets and the compressive strength of pellets after reduction is shown in Figure 14. Combining the analysis of the change curve of the reduction degree with the extension of reduction time in Figure 15. It was found that the reduction degree of pellets decreased with increasing sea sand ore dosage. When the amount of sea sand ore used was 40%, the reduction degree of sea sand ore pellets was only 60.06%, and the compressive strength of reduced pellets was 612 N/pellet. In addition, as the amount of sea sand ore used increased, the reduction rate of the pellets gradually decreased, and the reduction time to a certain reduction degree was gradually prolonged. The main reason was that the sea sand ore was a vanadia–titania ore, and the pellets contained valuable elements such as Ti and V, which are difficult to reduce and resulted in a decrease in the reduction rate and a reduction in the reduction degree.

Figure 16 shows the XRD pattern of the oxidized pellets with sea sand ore reduced at 900 °C for 3 h. The reductive phases of the pellets with sea sand ore were mainly metal iron, wuestite, silica, and silicate. Based on the relationship between ΔG^θ and T in the reduction process of oxidized pellets with sea sand ore in Figure 17, the main reactions that occur in the reduction process of pellets with sea sand ore are shown in Formulas (4)–(9):

FeTiO₃ + CO = Fe + TiO₂ + CO₂

(4)

2FeTiO₃ + CO = Fe + FeTi₂O₅ + CO₂

(5)

1.5FeTi₂O₅ + 2.5CO = 1.5Fe + Ti₃O₅ + 2.5CO₂

(6)

3Fe₂O₃ + CO = 2Fe₃O₄ + CO₂

(7)

Fe₃O₄ + CO = 3FeO + CO₂

(8)

FeO + CO = Fe + CO₂

(9)

With increasing sea sand ore dosage, the FeTiO₃ content in oxidized pellets increased, and the reduction of FeTiO₃ was mainly according to Formulas (4)–(6). It can be observed from Figure 17 that when the reduction temperature was 1173 K, the occurrence of Reaction (5) was still difficult. Therefore, the reduction product of FeTiO₃ was metallic iron, but not FeTi₂O₅. The reduction of hematite was mainly the process of reducing hematite to magnetite in accordance with Formula (7), reducing magnetite to ferrous oxide with Formula (8), and reducing the ferrous oxide to metallic iron with Formula (9). Therefore, with the increase in sea sand ore used, the FeTiO₃ content in oxidized pellets increased, but the reduction of FeTiO₃ in oxidized pellets was limited, so the reduction degree of the pellets gradually decreased.

Figure 18 shows the SEM images of the oxidized pellets with different dosages of sea sand ore after reduction at 900 °C for 3 h and Figure 19 shows the EDS images of oxidized pellets with 40% sea sand ore after reduction at 900 °C for 3 h. The phases in reductive pellets were mainly composed of slag phases such as zone A metallic iron, zone B wuestite, zone C ilmenite, zone D silica, and zone E silicate. Among them, the bright white metallic iron phase outer layer was mostly dark gray wuestite, which explains that the reduction of pellets was mainly carried out gradually from the outside to the inside. The ilmenite distributed in dots or layers mostly grew on the outside of the metallic iron and wuestite phase. After reduction, the dark black slag phase was mainly filled around the metal phase. In addition, holes appeared in the pellet after reduction. At the same time, as the amount of sea sand ore used increased, holes inside the pellet gradually increased and became larger, so the compressive strength of the pellets after reduction gradually decreased. In addition, as the amount of sea sand ore used increased, the metallic iron phase of the reductive pellets gradually became smaller, while the wuestite phase gradually became larger. This indicates that with increasing sea sand ore dosage, the reduction rate of the oxidized pellets gradually slowed down and the difficulty in the reduction of the oxidized pellets increased.

Figure 20 shows the elemental distributions of the oxidized pellets with 40% sea sand ore reduced at 900 °C for 3 h. It can be seen from the figure that titanium and iron achieved a preliminary separation. Most of the iron existed alone in the form of metallic iron or wuestite, and most of the titanium formed a new phase of ilmenite. There were fewer impurities in the accumulation area of the metallic iron phase; Ca, Mg, Al, and Si were mainly concentrated in the slag phase, which achieved the separation of iron and gangue.

4. Conclusions

According to the principle of optimizing ore blending, the grinding process was eliminated in the research. Vanadia–titania magnetite pellets were prepared by the incremental utilization of unground sea sand ore and the addition of Sijiaying and Yuantong-14 ore as auxiliary materials. The influence of sea sand ore on the compressive strength, falling strength, and reduction performance of the oxidized pellets was studied, and the influencing mechanism was explored. The main conclusions are as follows:

(1)

The moisture of green pellets with sea sand ore did not change much, and basically maintained at about 8%, which was in line with the best moisture for the preparation of green pellets. The falling strength of green pellets and the compressive strength of the oxidized pellets gradually increased with the increase in sea sand ore dosage, while the compressive strength of green pellets gradually decreased, but it still met the requirements of blast furnace ironmaking raw material production.

(2)

As the amount of sea sand ore used increased, the reduction swelling index of pellets gradually increased, while the compressive strength of the pellets after reduction swelling showed a trend of gradual decline. When the amount of sea sand ore used was 40%, the reduction swelling index of pellets was 16.31%, which can still be used as the raw materials for blast furnace ironmaking.

(3)

When the amount of sea sand ore used gradually increased, the reduction of pellets was inhibited, the reduction index decreased, and the compressive strength of pellets after reduction also gradually decreased. The microscopic morphology of reductive pellets showed that the reductive pellets were mainly composed of metallic iron, wuestite, ilmenite, and slag phases such as silica and silicate. When the amount of sea sand ore used was 40%, the reduction degree of pellets was 60.06%, and the compressive strength of the reductive pellets was 612 N/pellet.