Impact of the Acceptance of Disability on Self-Esteem among Adults with Disabilities: A Four-Year Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Acceptance of Disability (2016→2017) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | High→High | Low→High | High→Low | Low→Low | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | p-Value | |
Total | 3329 | 100.0 | 1534 | 46.1 | 592 | 17.8 | 468 | 14.1 | 735 | 22.1 | |
Gender | 0.3211 | ||||||||||
Men | 2160 | 64.9 | 1014 | 66.1 | 388 | 65.5 | 289 | 61.8 | 469 | 63.8 | |
Women | 1169 | 35.1 | 520 | 33.9 | 204 | 34.5 | 179 | 38.2 | 266 | 36.2 | |
Age | 0.0952 | ||||||||||
19–29 | 133 | 4.0 | 52 | 3.4 | 28 | 4.7 | 23 | 4.9 | 30 | 4.1 | |
30–49 | 1104 | 33.2 | 475 | 31.0 | 205 | 34.6 | 167 | 35.7 | 257 | 35.0 | |
50–64 | 1697 | 51.0 | 830 | 54.1 | 292 | 49.3 | 225 | 48.1 | 350 | 47.6 | |
65– | 395 | 11.9 | 177 | 11.5 | 67 | 11.3 | 53 | 11.3 | 98 | 13.3 | |
Marital status | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Married | 1569 | 47.1 | 906 | 59.1 | 267 | 45.1 | 182 | 38.9 | 214 | 29.1 | |
Single, widow, divorced, separated | 1760 | 52.9 | 628 | 40.9 | 325 | 54.9 | 286 | 61.1 | 521 | 70.9 | |
Region | 0.0020 | ||||||||||
Urban area | 1618 | 48.6 | 703 | 45.8 | 290 | 49.0 | 225 | 48.1 | 400 | 54.4 | |
Rural area | 1711 | 51.4 | 831 | 54.2 | 302 | 51.0 | 243 | 51.9 | 335 | 45.6 | |
Educational level | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
University or above | 1066 | 32.0 | 660 | 43.0 | 147 | 24.8 | 134 | 28.6 | 125 | 17.0 | |
High school or below | 2263 | 68.0 | 874 | 57.0 | 445 | 75.2 | 334 | 71.4 | 610 | 83.0 | |
Economic activity | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Active | 1735 | 52.1 | 1068 | 69.6 | 275 | 46.5 | 194 | 41.5 | 198 | 26.9 | |
Non-active | 1594 | 47.9 | 466 | 30.4 | 317 | 53.5 | 274 | 58.5 | 537 | 73.1 | |
Household income | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
High | 768 | 23.1 | 498 | 32.5 | 105 | 17.7 | 81 | 17.3 | 84 | 11.4 | |
Mid–high | 889 | 26.7 | 476 | 31.0 | 158 | 26.7 | 124 | 26.5 | 131 | 17.8 | |
Mid–low | 833 | 25.0 | 337 | 22.0 | 167 | 28.2 | 122 | 26.1 | 207 | 28.2 | |
Low | 839 | 25.2 | 223 | 14.5 | 162 | 27.4 | 141 | 30.1 | 313 | 42.6 | |
Stress | 0.0003 | ||||||||||
Less | 342 | 10.3 | 184 | 12.0 | 71 | 12.0 | 32 | 6.8 | 55 | 7.5 | |
Much | 2987 | 89.7 | 1350 | 88.0 | 521 | 88.0 | 436 | 93.2 | 680 | 92.5 | |
Disability type | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Internal | 275 | 8.3 | 109 | 7.1 | 44 | 7.4 | 42 | 9.0 | 80 | 10.9 | |
External | 1962 | 58.9 | 1007 | 65.6 | 332 | 56.1 | 278 | 59.4 | 345 | 46.9 | |
Sensory | 720 | 21.6 | 340 | 22.2 | 142 | 24.0 | 92 | 19.7 | 146 | 19.9 | |
Mental | 372 | 11.2 | 78 | 5.1 | 74 | 12.5 | 56 | 12.0 | 164 | 22.3 | |
Disability period | 0.0018 | ||||||||||
Congenital | 327 | 9.8 | 134 | 8.7 | 46 | 7.8 | 55 | 11.8 | 92 | 12.5 | |
≤5 years | 230 | 6.9 | 96 | 6.3 | 41 | 6.9 | 33 | 7.1 | 60 | 8.2 | |
5–10 years | 511 | 15.3 | 260 | 16.9 | 93 | 15.7 | 76 | 16.2 | 82 | 11.2 | |
>10 years | 2261 | 67.9 | 1044 | 68.1 | 412 | 69.6 | 304 | 65.0 | 501 | 68.2 | |
Disability severity | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Low | 2105 | 63.2 | 1146 | 74.7 | 357 | 60.3 | 283 | 60.5 | 319 | 43.4 | |
High | 1224 | 36.8 | 388 | 25.3 | 235 | 39.7 | 185 | 39.5 | 416 | 56.6 |
Variables | Low Self-Esteem | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N a | % b | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
Acceptance of disability (2016→2017) | ||||
High→High | 130 | 8.5 | 1.00 | |
Low→High | 101 | 17.1 | 1.23 | (0.92–1.64) |
High→Low | 126 | 26.9 | 1.66 | (1.33–2.08) |
Low→Low | 321 | 43.7 | 2.35 | (1.81–3.04) |
Variables | Low Self-Esteem | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acceptance of Disability | |||||||
High→High | Low→High | High→Low | Low→Low | ||||
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||||||
Gender | |||||||
Men | 1.00 | 1.36 | (0.95–1.93) | 1.84 | (1.38–2.46) | 2.55 | (1.87–3.48) |
Women | 1.00 | 1.06 | (0.64–1.75) | 1.38 | (0.98–1.94) | 2.09 | (1.34–3.27) |
Age | |||||||
19–29 | 1.00 | 1.12 | (0.49–2.53) | 1.77 | (0.95–3.26) | 2.54 | (1.34–4.80) |
30–49 | 1.00 | 1.03 | (0.66–1.60) | 1.41 | (1.02–1.95) | 2.05 | (1.39–3.01) |
50–64 | 1.00 | 1.59 | (1.02–2.47) | 2.25 | (1.61–3.14) | 3.30 | (2.37–4.58) |
65– | 1.00 | 1.59 | (0.75–3.40) | 1.58 | (0.79–3.17) | 1.98 | (0.95–4.12) |
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 1.00 | 1.23 | (0.79–1.92) | 1.67 | (1.19–2.35) | 3.01 | (2.14–4.24) |
Single, widow, divorced | 1.00 | 1.13 | (0.77–1.66) | 1.59 | (1.18–2.13) | 1.98 | (1.39–2.83) |
Region | |||||||
Urban area | 1.00 | 1.46 | (1.00–2.11) | 1.82 | (1.36–2.42) | 2.97 | (2.07–4.27) |
Rural area | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.69–1.59) | 1.59 | (1.16–2.18) | 2.01 | (1.42–2.86) |
Economic activity | |||||||
Active | 1.00 | 1.59 | (1.02–2.46) | 2.22 | (1.52–3.24) | 2.76 | (1.93–3.94) |
Non-active | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.73–1.48) | 1.41 | (1.08–1.84) | 2.10 | (1.52–2.89) |
Household income | |||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.21 | (0.64–2.31) | 2.62 | (1.52–4.52) | 2.91 | (1.64–5.15) |
Mid–high | 1.00 | 0.92 | (0.54–1.54) | 1.76 | (1.11–2.81) | 2.78 | (1.73–4.46) |
Mid–low | 1.00 | 1.68 | (1.06–2.68) | 2.18 | (1.45–3.27) | 3.93 | (2.64–5.84) |
Low | 1.00 | 0.98 | (0.62–1.56) | 1.20 | (0.84–1.71) | 1.53 | (1.01–2.32) |
Disability type | |||||||
Internal | 1.00 | 0.75 | (0.30–1.85) | 1.77 | (0.91–3.46) | 3.24 | (1.75–5.97) |
External | 1.00 | 1.21 | (0.81–1.81) | 1.67 | (1.22–2.29) | 2.25 | (1.59–3.20) |
Sensory | 1.00 | 1.56 | (1.02–2.37) | 1.87 | (1.22–2.88) | 3.63 | (2.32–5.68) |
Mental | 1.00 | 1.06 | - | 1.43 | - | 1.75 | - |
Variables | Self-Esteem | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not Low | Low | ||
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
Acceptance of disability questions (answering disagree) | |||
I cannot get along well with people because of my disability. (R) | 1.00 | 8.88 | (5.82–13.53) |
My disability made me think of the world more broadly. | 1.00 | 1.39 | (0.83–2.32) |
I feel bad when I can not do something because of my disability. (R) | 1.00 | 2.06 | (1.54–2.77) |
I do not suffer because of my disability. | 1.00 | 2.34 | (1.67–3.27) |
I am a person with a disability, but I am satisfied with my life. | 1.00 | 3.14 | (2.02–4.90) |
How I live my life is more important to me than the disability itself. | 1.00 | 2.29 | (1.31–3.98) |
Disability has the greatest impact on my life. (R) | 1.00 | 2.08 | (1.56–2.78) |
Honesty is more important than the disability itself. | 1.00 | 1.90 | (1.15–3.13) |
There are many things in life that are far more important than appearance. | 1.00 | 1.41 | (0.86–2.31) |
There are so many fun things that I forget that I am disabled and live. | 1.00 | 2.99 | (2.19–4.08) |
Though I have a disability, my life is full. | 1.00 | 3.55 | (2.59–4.86) |
I am uncomfortable because of my disability, but I can do anything if I put my mind to it. | 1.00 | 3.51 | (2.52–4.89) |
Variables | Acceptance of Disability | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High→High | Low→High | High→Low | Low→Low | ||||
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||||||
Self-esteem questions (answering disagree) | |||||||
I am a person of worth. | 1.00 | 1.64 | (1.18–2.28) | 3.10 | (2.38–4.04) | 3.37 | (2.55–4.45) |
I have a number of good qualities. | 1.00 | 1.73 | (1.34–2.24) | 2.25 | (1.76–2.87) | 2.69 | (2.12–3.40) |
I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. (R) | 1.00 | 1.14 | (0.94–1.38) | 1.19 | (0.99–1.43) | 1.23 | (1.02–1.47) |
I am able to do things as well as most other people. | 1.00 | 1.60 | (1.30–1.97) | 2.78 | (2.30–3.36) | 4.52 | (3.73–5.47) |
I feel I do not have much to be proud of. (R) | 1.00 | 1.18 | (1.00–1.39) | 1.23 | (1.03–1.47) | 1.68 | (1.40–2.02) |
I have a positive attitude toward myself. | 1.00 | 1.68 | (1.30–2.16) | 2.95 | (2.39–3.64) | 4.15 | (3.29–5.25) |
I am satisfied with myself. | 1.00 | 1.54 | (1.25–1.90) | 3.44 | (2.83–4.18) | 6.19 | (5.07–7.56) |
I wish I could have more respect for myself. (R) | 1.00 | 0.97 | (0.79–1.19) | 0.55 | (0.45–0.67) | 0.58 | (0.47–0.70) |
I certainly feel useless at times. (R) | 1.00 | 1.14 | (0.95–1.38) | 1.27 | (1.07–1.50) | 1.29 | (1.07–1.56) |
At times I think I am no good at all. (R) | 1.00 | 1.13 | (0.94–1.37) | 1.01 | (0.85–1.22) | 0.69 | (0.57–0.84) |
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Jung, Y.H.; Kang, S.H.; Park, E.-C.; Jang, S.-Y. Impact of the Acceptance of Disability on Self-Esteem among Adults with Disabilities: A Four-Year Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073874
Jung YH, Kang SH, Park E-C, Jang S-Y. Impact of the Acceptance of Disability on Self-Esteem among Adults with Disabilities: A Four-Year Follow-Up Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073874
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Yun Hwa, Soo Hyun Kang, Eun-Cheol Park, and Suk-Yong Jang. 2022. "Impact of the Acceptance of Disability on Self-Esteem among Adults with Disabilities: A Four-Year Follow-Up Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 3874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073874