Understanding the Evolution of Mammalian Brain Structures; the Need for a (New) Cerebrotype Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Taxa-Specific Evolution of Brain Structure Sizes
Taxa (number of PIC) | Neocortex | Cerebellum | Schizocortex | Hippocampus | Septum | Paleocortex | Tests (LR) | |
Insectivores (27) | 1.138 (1.057–1.226) | 1.090 (1.009–1.179) | 1.095 (1.010–1.188) | 0.895 (0.810–0.987) | 0.878 (0.807–0.954) | 0.975 (0.824–1.151) | 30.591 (***) | |
Carnivores (17) | 1.297 (1.205–1.399) | 1.152 (1.008–1.320) | 1.021 (0.781–1.336) | 0.936 (0.761–1.149) | 0.918 (0.740–1.135) | 0.973 (0.811–1.166) | 21.076 (***) | |
Prosimians (15) | 1.121 (1.045–1.203) | 1.081 (1.021–1.144) | 1.054 (0.936–1.187) | 0.975 (0.874–1.087) | 0.924 (0.853–1.001) | 0.838 (0.701–0.997) | 20.525 (***) | |
Simians (25) | 1.315 (1.235–1.412) | 1.285 (1.196–1.381) | 0.990 (0.836–1.174) | 0.977 (0.840–1.136) | 1.008 (0.886–1.146) | 0.952 (0.840–1.079) | 39.988 (***) | |
Chiroptera | Pteropodidae (40) | 1.101 (1.057–1.148) | 0.991 (0.941–1.044) | 0.919 (0.852–0.991) | 0.840 (0.768–0.918) | 0.965 (0.920–1.013) | 0.956 (0.904–1.012) | 38.297 (***) |
Vespertilionidae (58) | 1.169 (1.076–1.272) | 1.140 (1.052–1.235) | 1.223 (1.099–1.364) | 1.327 (1.150–1.541) | 1.104 (1.017–1.199) | 1.094 (0.998–1.200) | 7.463 (NS) | |
Phyllostomidae (50) | 1.138 (1.063–1.220) | 1.078 (1.006–1.157) | 1.109 (0.985–1.250) | 1.065 (0.918–1.237) | 1.109 (0.988–1.246) | 1.163 (1.035–1.309) | 2.165 (NS) | |
Molossidae (16) | 1.291 (1.191–1.402) | 1.182 (1.000–1.402) | 1.090 (0.951–1.250) | 1.003 (0.884–1.138) | 0.929 (0.770–1.118) | 1.011 (0.931–1.097) | 21.16 (***) | |
Emballonuridae (16) | 1.163 (1.070–1.267) | 1.182 (1.008–1.390) | 1.321 (1.091–1.617) | 1.057 (0.946–1.182) | 1.104 (0.935–1.307) | 1.220 (0.972–1.549) | 5.237 (NS) | |
Hipposideridae (19) | 1.291 (1.225–1.361) | 1.065 (0.940–1.207) | 1.144 (1.036–1.266) | 1.006 (0.919–1.103) | 1.057 (0.990–1.128) | 1.152 (1.072–1.238) | 27.83 (***) | |
Tests (LR) | All taxa | 44.038 (***) | 31.586 (***) | 27.495 (***) | 33.349 (***) | 28.451 (***) | 30.516 (***) | |
All taxa minus Chiroptera | 16.603 (***) | 14.169 (**) | 1.388 (NS) | 1.779 (NS) | 3.320 (NS) | 2.210 (NS) | ||
Chiroptera Taxa | 24.791 (***) | 13.266 (*) | 25.751 (***) | 28.619 (***) | 13.734 (*) | 22.263 (***) |
2.2. Brain Structure Evolution in Mammalian Taxa
PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | PC 5 | PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | PC 5 | |||
Insectivores | 61.550 | 11.472 | 10.156 | 8.995 | 3.957 | % Variance | 82.921 | 11.539 | 3.039 | 1.098 | 0.744 | Carnivores |
−0.505 | 0.714 | −0.380 | −0.173 | 0.247 | Medulla | −0.869 | −0.040 | −0.185 | 0.059 | 0.436 | ||
−0.434 | −0.177 | −0.387 | 0.790 | −0.022 | Cerebellum | −0.510 | 0.859 | 0.018 | 0.001 | −0.028 | ||
−0.118 | 0.456 | 0.268 | −0.314 | −0.615 | Mesencephalon | −0.870 | −0.246 | −0.168 | 0.293 | −0.032 | ||
−0.290 | 0.084 | 0.210 | −0.340 | −0.600 | Diencephalon | −0.702 | −0.534 | −0.009 | 0.410 | −0.018 | ||
0.031 | −0.022 | 0.190 | 0.180 | −0.058 | Striatum | −0.551 | −0.411 | 0.652 | 0.080 | −0.262 | ||
0.211 | 0.447 | 0.169 | −0.026 | −0.073 | Septum | −0.752 | −0.212 | −0.258 | 0.155 | −0.083 | ||
0.961 | −0.174 | −0.027 | −0.105 | 0.170 | Paleocortex | −0.647 | −0.344 | 0.449 | −0.458 | 0.110 | ||
0.107 | 0.210 | 0.880 | 0.331 | 0.213 | Hippocampus | −0.561 | −0.312 | −0.712 | −0.201 | −0.193 | ||
−0.077 | −0.238 | 0.083 | −0.089 | −0.414 | Schizocortex | −0.490 | −0.616 | 0.233 | −0.240 | 0.057 | ||
−0.908 | −0.354 | 0.012 | −0.200 | 0.089 | Neocortex | 0.999 | 0.037 | −0.005 | 0.003 | 0.002 | ||
0.922 | −0.151 | −0.280 | −0.080 | −0.103 | Olfactory bulb | |||||||
PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | PC 5 | PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | PC 5 | |||
Prosimians | 82.668 | 11.193 | 2.656 | 1.501 | 1.091 | % Variance | 84.421 | 10.966 | 2.323 | 1.036 | 0.544 | Simians |
−0.933 | −0.122 | −0.023 | −0.029 | −0.093 | Medulla | −0.845 | −0.315 | 0.235 | −0.085 | 0.163 | ||
−0.167 | −0.908 | 0.379 | −0.011 | −0.034 | Cerebellum | −0.285 | 0.958 | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.028 | ||
−0.801 | 0.112 | −0.094 | 0.526 | −0.211 | Mesencephalon | −0.758 | −0.422 | 0.336 | 0.246 | −0.175 | ||
−0.143 | −0.408 | −0.755 | −0.098 | −0.380 | Diencephalon | −0.867 | −0.348 | −0.113 | 0.211 | 0.234 | ||
0.367 | 0.273 | −0.133 | −0.779 | −0.316 | Striatum | −0.529 | −0.073 | −0.829 | 0.030 | −0.132 | ||
−0.890 | 0.314 | −0.066 | 0.010 | 0.087 | Septum | −0.617 | −0.366 | 0.247 | 0.062 | −0.096 | ||
−0.621 | 0.755 | 0.197 | −0.022 | 0.009 | Paleocortex | −0.763 | −0.259 | 0.330 | 0.275 | −0.286 | ||
−0.837 | −0.258 | −0.376 | 0.007 | 0.277 | Hippocampus | −0.769 | −0.369 | −0.032 | −0.493 | 0.051 | ||
−0.370 | −0.449 | −0.103 | −0.032 | 0.741 | Schizocortex | −0.689 | −0.168 | 0.365 | −0.332 | −0.252 | ||
0.999 | 0.032 | 0.003 | 0.019 | 0.006 | Neocortex | 1.000 | −0.011 | −0.002 | 0.003 | 0.009 | ||
−0.718 | 0.601 | 0.288 | 0.006 | 0.091 | Olfactory bulb | −0.491 | −0.111 | 0.253 | −0.100 | −0.305 | ||
PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | PC 5 | PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | PC 5 | |||
Pteropodidae | 63.620 | 15.838 | 9.076 | 5.546 | 2.789 | % Variance | 35.384 | 25.968 | 18.225 | 13.012 | 2.668 | Vespertilionidae |
0.769 | −0.254 | 0.205 | 0.044 | 0.438 | Medulla | −0.802 | −0.003 | −0.290 | −0.444 | −0.227 | ||
0.412 | −0.795 | 0.360 | 0.105 | −0.238 | Cerebellum | 0.130 | 0.968 | −0.146 | 0.151 | −0.010 | ||
0.597 | −0.136 | −0.084 | 0.523 | 0.390 | Mesencephalon | −0.703 | 0.078 | 0.274 | −0.514 | 0.273 | ||
−0.077 | 0.269 | 0.347 | 0.527 | 0.510 | Diencephalon | −0.542 | −0.425 | 0.008 | −0.293 | −0.108 | ||
−0.592 | 0.177 | 0.265 | −0.563 | −0.065 | Striatum | −0.109 | −0.117 | 0.503 | 0.104 | 0.619 | ||
0.407 | −0.080 | −0.006 | −0.234 | 0.323 | Septum | −0.286 | −0.530 | −0.321 | 0.382 | 0.129 | ||
0.375 | 0.417 | 0.370 | −0.682 | 0.047 | Paleocortex | −0.411 | −0.395 | 0.350 | 0.705 | −0.055 | ||
0.757 | −0.042 | −0.637 | −0.055 | −0.083 | Hippocampus | 0.624 | −0.364 | −0.684 | 0.007 | 0.030 | ||
0.401 | −0.284 | −0.671 | −0.160 | −0.086 | Schizocortex | 0.458 | −0.338 | −0.281 | −0.023 | 0.286 | ||
−0.994 | −0.063 | −0.081 | 0.018 | −0.016 | Neocortex | 0.805 | −0.020 | 0.520 | −0.260 | −0.112 | ||
0.177 | 0.879 | 0.164 | 0.310 | −0.266 | Olfactory bulb | −0.290 | −0.266 | 0.135 | 0.752 | −0.273 |
3. Discussion
3.1. Defining a “Taxon Cerebrotype”
3.2. Toward a Global Framework
3.2.1. Evo-Devo Mechanisms
3.2.2. Selection and Constraints
3.2.3. The Cerebrotype Approach
4. Methods
4.1. Data
4.2. Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Acknowledgments
References
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Willemet, R. Understanding the Evolution of Mammalian Brain Structures; the Need for a (New) Cerebrotype Approach. Brain Sci. 2012, 2, 203-224. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2020203
Willemet R. Understanding the Evolution of Mammalian Brain Structures; the Need for a (New) Cerebrotype Approach. Brain Sciences. 2012; 2(2):203-224. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2020203
Chicago/Turabian StyleWillemet, Romain. 2012. "Understanding the Evolution of Mammalian Brain Structures; the Need for a (New) Cerebrotype Approach" Brain Sciences 2, no. 2: 203-224. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2020203