K. Elamari
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
L. A. C. Lopes
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
R. Tonkoski
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
Laura Gabrielli
University of Ferrara, Italy
Michele Bottarelli
University of Ferrara, Italy
Simon P. Neill
School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK
James R. Jordan
School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK
Scott J. Couch
Institute for Energy Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Yoram Krozer
University Twente/Sustainable Innovations Academy, Enschede/Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Nickolai I. Klyui
V. Lashkarev Institute of Semiconductor Physics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Anatoliy N. Lukyanov
V. Lashkarev Institute of Semiconductor Physics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Anatoliy V. Makarov
V. Lashkarev Institute of Semiconductor Physics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Volodymyr B. Lozinskii
V. Lashkarev Institute of Semiconductor Physics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Gennadiy S. Khrypunov
Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute, National Technical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Andriy N. Klyui
Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kiev, Kiev, Ukraine
Daniella Johansson
Heat and Power Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Per-åke Franck
CIT Industriell Energi AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
Thore Bernsson
Heat and Power Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Kristina M. Holmgren
Chalmers University of Technology, Inst of Energy and Environment dep. of Heat and Power Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden \ IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Gothenburg, Sweden
Thore Bernsson
Chalmers University of Technology, Inst of Energy and Environment dep. of Heat and Power Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Eva Andersson
CIT Industriell Energi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Tomas Rydberg
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Gothenburg, Sweden
Felipe Toro
Institute for Resource Efficiency and Energy Strategies IREES, Karlsruhe, Germany
Felix Reitze
Institute for Resource Efficiency and Energy Strategies IREES, Karlsruhe, Germany
Sulabh Jain
TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
Eberhard Jochem
Institute for Resource Efficiency and Energy Strategies IREES, Karlsruhe, Germany \ Centre for Energy Policy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Luís Ricardo Bernardo
Energy and Building Design, Lund Technical University, Lund, Sweden
Henrik Davidsson
Energy and Building Design, Lund Technical University, Lund, Sweden
Björn Karlsson
Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
Tarja Ketola
Industrial Management Unit, University of Vaasa, Finland
F. Vagi
Hellenic Open University, MSc ‘Environmental Design of Cities and Buildings’, Patras, Greece
A. Dimoudi
Hellenic Open University, MSc ‘Environmental Design of Cities and Buildings’, Patras, Greece \ Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
Mohammad Pazouki
Materials and Energy research center, Meshkindasht, Karaj, Iran
Farzane Zamani
Materials and Energy research center, Meshkindasht, Karaj, Iran
Seyed Amir Hossein Zamzamian
Materials and Energy research center, Meshkindasht, Karaj, Iran
Ghasem Najafpour
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
L. Ariyanfar
Department of Energy Engineering, Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN
H. Ghadamian
Department of Energy Engineering, Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN
R. Roshandel
Energy Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IRAN
Jean-François Cyr
K.C. Irving Chair in Sustainable Development, Universitå de Moncton, Moncton (NB), Canada
Mathieu Landry
K.C. Irving Chair in Sustainable Development, Universitå de Moncton, Moncton (NB), Canada
Yves Gagnon
K.C. Irving Chair in Sustainable Development, Universitå de Moncton, Moncton (NB), Canada
Naser Hamedi
Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Arzhang Abadi
Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Ramin Imani Jajarmi
Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp11057842Published in: World Renewable Energy Congress - Sweden; 8-13 May; 2011; Linköping; Sweden
Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings 57:13, p. 842-850
Electricity is usually supplied by diesel generators in remote communities at costs that can reach up to $1.50 per kWh in northern Canada. At these costs; several renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) can be cost effective to meet part of the energy needs. Their main drawback; being fluctuating and intermittent; can be compensated with either storage units; which are costly; and/or by adapting the electrical power consumption (load) to the availability of RESs. Electric water heaters (EWHs) are good candidates for demand side management (DMS) because of their relatively high power ratings and intrinsic thermal energy storage capabilities. The average power consumed by an EWH is strongly related to the set point temperature (Td) and to the hot water draw (Wd). A 5.5 kW; 50 gallon EWH is modeled in MATLAB-Simulink and a typical 24-hour water draw profile is used to estimate the potential range of power variation offered by an EWH for power balancing purposes. Besides; a strategy for controlling the power consumed by the EWH; by means of Td; using a grid frequency versus temperature/power droop characteristic is proposed. In this way; the EWH can be used for power balancing and for assisting with the mini-grid frequency control.
Diesel hybrid system; electric water heater; power balancing; frequency regulation
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