Investigation of the Task and Ego Orientation and Sport Engagement of Athletes' according to the Perceptions of the Leadership Types of the Trainers

This study aimed to examine the task and ego orientations and the level of commitment to sports according to the perceptions of the athletes about the leadership type of the trainers. A total of 310 amateur basketball players, 205 men, and 105 women constituted the research group. As the data collection tools, in addition to a questionnaire containing items about personal information, task and ego orientation scale, and levels of sports engagement scale were used. Since the data were not normally distributed (p<0.05) as a result of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for binary variables and the Kruskal-Wallis H test for groups with more than two variables. Looking at the research findings, a statistically significant difference was found (p<0.05): According to gender, in the main dimension of task and ego orientation, the sub-dimension of task orientation and the main dimension of sports engagement; according to the duration of playing basketball, in the main dimension of sports engagement and the sub-dimensions of vigor and dedication; according to educational status, in the main dimension of task and ego orientation, sub-dimension of task orientation, main dimension of sports engagement, vigor and dedication sub-dimensions; according to family income, only in dedication sub-dimension of sports engagement; according to the place of residence, only in dedication sub-dimension of sports engagement; according to the leadership types of trainers, in the main dimension of task and ego orientation and ego orientation sub-dimension. The following conclusions were reached: The task and ego orientations of women and their level of sports engagement are higher than men; those who played basketball for 3-4 years had a higher level of sports engagement than others; the task and ego orientations of secondary school graduates and their level of sports engagement are higher than those of primary school graduates; those with a family income of 7501 TL and above have a higher level of dedication in the sub-dimension of sports engagement; those living in the district have a lower level of dedication in the sub-dimension of sports engagement than those living in villages, towns, and city center; the task and ego orientation levels of the athletes with charismatic trainers were higher than those with democratic, authoritarian and liberal trainers.


INTRODUCTION
It is a fact that sport, which has become an integral part of our social life, comes to life based on people's tasks and ego-oriented motives, on the axis of feelings of commitment. Nowadays, sports for many people; emerges as an area where the motivations are satisfied and the sense of commitment develops in two different aspects such as participation and viewing.
Satisfaction from life with the achievement of goals in life makes it easier to engage in activities more; The desire to be satisfied and happy also encourages them to participate in sports activities. Since achieving success in sports will make people happy, as in normal life, how success is described by people gains importance. For example, for some athletes, success is winning medals, while for some athletes, success can only be to improve their skills (Şeker, 2017).
The achievement goal theory is one of the approaches that explain the success motivation in the field of sports and it assumes that there are two success goals in success environments. People feel successful when they reach their goals, and fail when they don't. In this context, goal orientation is accompanied by task-oriented and ego-oriented emotions. Goal orientation means that people be connected with various goals or activities to achieve the sense of achievement that results from reaching the goals. People tend toward various types of goals to gain a sense of achievement (Toros, 2001). Task-oriented goals are personal, but ego-oriented goals are competitive. Process for individuals who prioritize task-oriented goals; For individuals who give priority to ego-oriented goals, the result is important (Toros and Yetim, 2000).
Individual factors such as enjoyment of the sport, personal investments, opportunities for participation, goal orientation, and coping ability; team-related factors such as peer leadership and team communication; and social factors such as coach-player relationship and parental support affect commitment, which is expressed as the opposite of burnout (Londsdale et al., 2007), and thus, commitment to sports. The decrease in the level of burnout appears as a possible result of a commitment to sports (Mishra and Kamalanabhan, 2014). The strongest determinants of commitment are pleasure and personal investments (Frayeh and Lewis, 2017). This study, which aimed to examine the task and ego orientations and sports engagement levels of trainers according to leadership type, the task and ego orientations and sports engagement levels of athletes, and ego orientation and sports engagement according to leadership type makes this research important.

MATERIAL & METHOD
In this section, there are pieces of information about "Particular", "Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ)" and "Sports Engagement Scale (SES)" used as data collection tools; research model, universe and sample, data collection, data analysis and limitations of research.

Material
The data collection tool consisted of three parts and 35 items. In the first part, there were 7 items to determine the personal characteristics of amateur athletes. In the second part, there was TEOSQ (Toros, 2004), which includes 13 items about the task and ego orientation in sports. In the third part, there was Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2): 154-168, 2022 (Sırgancı et al., 2019), in which there are 15 items about the participants' level of sports engagement.

Personal Characteristics
The table containing personal characteristics is given below (see Table 1).

Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire
The task and ego orientation scale in sports is also known as the goal orientation scale. It is a five-point Likert type scale developed by Duda (1989;1992) with the name "Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ)" to explain whether the goal orientations of individuals are task or ego-oriented to maintain their participation in sports. It was later adapted into Turkish by Toros (2004).
The results of the reliability analysis of the scale are given in Table 2. The alpha value indicates a high degree of reliability in the range of 0.80≤α<1.00 (Kayış, 2010). Looking at Table 2; It is seen that the task and ego orientation scale and its sub-dimensions are highly reliable.

Sport Engagement Scale
The Sports Engagement Scale was developed by Guillen and Martinez-Alvarado (2014) by adapting the "Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES)" to the sports environment to determine the devotion of the athletes to the sports branch in which they actively perform and how they feel. Sirganci et al. (2019) and Kayhan et al. (2020) revealed that the Turkish version of the scale is valid and reliable.  Table 3; The Sport Engagement Scale and the sub-dimension of vigor were found to be highly reliable. Alpha value in the range of 0.60≤α<0.80, shows that the scale is quite reliable (Kayış, 2010). Accordingly, the scale is quite reliable in the sub-dimensions of dedication and absorption.

Method
In this chapter; Information about the research model, universe and sample, data collection, and data analysis are given.

The Model of the Research
In this study; the survey model, which is a research approach that aims to describe a past or present situation as it is (Kuzu, 2013), was used. This research is descriptive and quantitative.

Population and Sample
The research population consists of 1521 basketball players in the age category of U12 (11-12), U14 The sample group of 310 people represents the population of 1521 people (Ural and Kılıç, 2011).

Data Collection
Research data were collected through a questionnaire. In the survey; personal information, task and ego orientation scale, and sports commitment scale, respectively. The form was filled out by the participants in person and online.

Analysis of Data
The data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS 22 package program. The data were first subjected to a normality test. Since our sample number was more than 50, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one of the normality tests, was applied and the results are given in Table 4. Since it was seen that the data did not show normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for binary variables, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was applied in case of more than two variables. Significance was sought at the p<0.05 level at the 95% confidence interval. Looking at Table 4, which includes the Kolmogorov-Smirnov values obtained as a result of the normality test; There is no normal distribution in both the task and ego orientation scale and its sub-dimensions, and the sports engagement scale and its sub-dimensions (p<0.05).

RESULTS
In this chapter; The task and ego orientations and sports commitment levels were examined according to gender, age, duration of playing basketball, educational status, family income, residential area, and leadership type of trainers. When Table 5 is examined; It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the task and ego orientation, and task orientation sub-dimension (p<0.01). Although no significant difference was found in the sub-dimensions of sports engagement (p>0.05), it was observed that there was a significant difference in the main dimension of sports engagement (p<0.05). When Table 6 is examined; according to age category, no statistical difference was found in the main and sub-dimensions of task and ego orientation, and in the main and sub-dimensions of sport engagement (p>0.05).  Table 7 is examined; no statistical difference was found in terms of basketball playing time, task and ego orientation, and sub-dimensions (p>0.05). A significant difference was found in the main dimension of sport engagement and vigor sub-dimension (p<0.01), and the dedication sub-dimension (p<0.001).  Table 8 is examined: It is seen that there is a statistical difference according to education level, in the main dimension of task and ego orientation (p<0.05) and task orientation sub-dimension (p<0.01); in the main dimension of sport engagement (p<0.001), vigor sub-dimension and dedication sub-dimension (p<0.001). When Table 9 is examined; a statistical difference was found only in the dedication sub-dimension of the scale of sports engagement according to family income (p<0.05). When Table 10 is examined; a statistical difference was found only in the dedication sub-dimension of the scale of sports engagement according to residential area (p<0.05). When Table 11 is examined; the statistical difference is seen in the main dimension of task and ego orientation and ego orientation sub-dimension (p<0.05). No statistical difference was found in other dimensions (p>0.05).

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
Looking at Table 5; A statistically significant difference was found in favor of women in the main dimension of task and ego orientation, sub-dimension of task orientation, and the main dimension of sports engagement according to gender (p<0.05). Dekker et al. (2013) revealed that girls have higher mastery goals than boys. Siyahtaş et al. (2020) concluded that female athletes are more committed to sports than male athletes. According to Uzgur et al. (2021) revealed that the relationship between recreational runners' sports engagement levels is significant according to the gender variable. In the light of this information, our results are supported by the literature.
Looking at Table 6; No statistical difference was found in any dimension according to age (p>0.05). Dekker et al. (2013) revealed that while mastery goals decrease with age, work avoidance increases.
According to Siyahtaş et al. (2020), sports engagement level weakens as the age of the athletes progresses, and the sports engagement of the athletes who do individual sports is higher than the athletes who play team sports. Özsarı and Çetin (2019), in their study on the task and ego orientations 165 of amateur football players, found a significant difference in task orientations according to age groups.
In this context, it can be said that the findings of our study are partially supported by the literature.
Looking at Table 7; according to the duration of playing basketball, a significant difference was found in the main dimension of sports engagement and vigor sub-dimension (p<0.01), and the sub-dimension of dedication (p<0.001). There was no statistical difference in terms of basketball playing time in the task and ego orientation and its sub-dimensions (p>0.05). According to Özsarı and Çetin (2019), there is no statistically significant difference between the task and ego orientations of amateur football players depending on the variable of the year of doing sports, and our study is supported in this respect.
Looking at Gender and education are two of the key factors influencing the sports engagement level during the Covid-19 shutdown. Angosto et al. (2020); concluded that the group with the highest level of commitment was university-educated men, and the group with the lowest level of commitment was university-educated women with possible different assignments such as housework and childcare.
Looking at Table 9; a statistical difference was found only in the dedication sub-dimension of the sports engagement scale according to family income (p<0.05). It is noteworthy that the group with the highest family income level has the highest level of dedication.
Looking at Table 10; A statistical difference was found only in the dedication sub-dimension of the sports engagement scale according to the place of residence (p<0.05). It is seen that the dedication score of the group whose settlement is a district is at the lowest level. In their study on sports commitment in adolescent football players, Pedreño et.al. (2015) revealed the importance of social goals and praise for autonomous behavior and pointed out that intrinsic motivation contributes positively to sports engagement. Looking at Table 11; It is seen that the statistical difference according to the leadership types of the coaches is in the main dimension of task and ego orientation and the sub-dimension of ego orientation (p<0.05). Remarkably, charismatic coaches have the highest scores in both ego orientation and our main scale, task and ego orientation. In addition, the fact that charismatic coaches have the highest scores in the task orientation sub-dimension and the main dimension of commitment to sports, which do not have a statistically significant difference, indicates that the most effective coach type for athletes is charismatic coaches.

LIMITATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
This research is limited to the data collected from amateur basketball players in the U12, U14, U16, and U18 age groups and playing in local amateur basketball leagues in Hatay. Whether it is task-oriented or ego-oriented, Future studies looking for answers to the question of "Is there a positive moral development in parallel with the level of sports engagement, as an area where children and young people can spend their energy by getting away from bad habits?" which will contribute to the literature to see to what extent have Gazi Mustafa Kemal's words "I like the smart, agile and at the same time moral athlete." been adopted by our society.

Ethical Text
"In this article, the journal writing rules and publication principles rules were followed. The responsibility belongs to the author (s) for any violations that may arise regarding the article.

Author Contributions
The first author is responsible for data analysis and editing of the article, the second author is responsible for data collection, both authors are responsible for the problem situation and financial means.