Development of an E-Handbook Based on Research on the Medicinal Plant Premna serratifolia as The Natural Resources of West Kalimantan for High School Students

: This research aims to develop a comprehensive e-handbook, containing research-based information on the medicinal plant Premna serratifolia as the natural resources of West Kalimantan for high school students. This research used a research and development (R&D) method with an ADDIE model and was conducted in three high schools in West Kalimantan. Research instruments include validation instruments and student response questionnaires. The research data were analyzed using quantitative data analysis. Expert validators in content, media, and language assessed the e-Hanbook, resulting in validation percentages of 85.4% for content, 82.6% for media


Introduction
The interest in the utilization of various medicinal plants has experienced a notable surge, particularly within the health research community, driven by the perceived safety and the widespread availability of active natural compounds.This phenomenon is in accordance with Indonesia's remarkable biological diversity, housing an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 plant species that hold potential as herbal medicinal resources (Saragih & Arsita, 2019).Medicinal plants are intricately intertwined with traditional medicine, often relying on empirical knowledge as opposed to laboratory-based clinical trials.Knowledge of these plants is typically transmitted across generations and acquired through experience and expertise (Tima & Wahyuni, 2020).
Extensive research has been conducted on medicinal plants with the support of the Indonesian government through the National Research Master Plan (RIRN) 2017-2045.The focus of this research is on advancing technology for raw material independence in medicine.Key areas of investigation include the validation of traditional herbal medicine and remedies, natural pigment production technology, and the extraction of raw materials from medicinal plants (OHT).In addition, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) has initiated a Pilot Project for a Conducive Export Ecosystem of Traditional Herbal Medicine, under the theme "Jamu Entering Global Market for a Healthier World," commencing on November 22, 2022.The government has also encouraged this initiative in educational institutions by organizing research competitions in the field of medicinal plants (Kartika, 2023).Various research competitions, including the Indonesian Student Research Olympiad (OPSI), the Madrasah Young Researchers Supercamp (MYRES), and the Youth Scientific Work Competition (LKIR), have been organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemendikbud), the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kemenag), and the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) to support the government's efforts for raw material independence in medicine.
Handbooks are crucial in conducting experimental activities as they serve as guides to ensure that the activities proceed according to procedure.A module typically includes preparation procedures, implementation steps, data analysis, and reporting guidelines.Experiments are carried out in a laboratory tailored to the specific needs of the experiment (Dinata et al., 2021).Handbook as a learning tool can be categorized as either printed or electronic (Puspitasari, 2019).There is a continuous advancement in learning technology to keep up with evolving learning systems, which includes the use of online learning resources like electronic handbooks (Herawati, Sunarya & Muhtadi, 2020).
Insufficient resources for experiments significantly challenge students in medicinal plant research.A survey of students and educators from SMAN 1 Pontianak, SMAN 3 Pontianak, and MAN 2 Pontianak confirmed this.Findings showed 25% of students had difficulties in the Extraction and Fractionation stages, 17% struggled with Functional Group Identification, and 33% faced challenges in bioactivity testing due to a lack of understanding of research processes.Both students and educators highlighted the need for a comprehensive handbook to guide medicinal plant experiments.This underscores the necessity for educational resources to aid students in understanding experimental stages.Premna serratifolia, known as buas-buas, is notably one of the most researched medicinal plants in West Kalimantan.
The concept of a research-based e-handbook entails an educational resource that meets the diverse requirements of learners, incorporates research into the learning process, and encompasses both research methods and findings.This type of e-handbook offers significant value to students by providing valuable insights that aid in their comprehension of research concepts, ideas, and theories (Fitriyati et al., 2015).Its distinguishing feature lies in its capacity to engender learning encounters that encourage the development of advanced thinking skills and establish connections between theoretical knowledge and empirical research findings, thereby rendering learning more tangible and pertinent to real-world applications (Rosyadi et al., 2019).
The e-handbook developed for focusing on the diversity of fish species received high validation scores from both material experts (97.48%) and media experts (93.90%).Students found the handbook very practical, giving it a score of 95.61% (Parwasih & Warouw, 2020).Similarly, teaching materials for bacterial identification were highly validated by experts, averaging a score of 95.86%.Both students (96%) and teachers (88.33%) provided positive feedback (Wulandari et al., 2017).Additionally, the Research-Based E-Handbook for Antimicrobial Testing in the Microbiology Course underwent validation by material experts (95%), media experts (98%), and readability testing (88%) (Ummah et al., 2020).
Conducting research that aligns with the unique characteristics and needs of students is crucial.This study aims to develop a comprehensive e-handbook, containing researchbased information on the medicinal plant Premna serratifolia.The study has resulted in the development of an instructional resource aimed at enhancing students' comprehension of the process of scientific investigation.More specifically, this resource takes the form of a research-oriented electronic manual dedicated to the topic of medicinal plants and is anticipated to facilitate students in conducting medicinal plant experiments more effectively.

Research Method
The study utilized research and development (R&D) employing the ADDIE development model, which includes Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages (Parwasih & Warouw, 2020;Rosa, 2015;Ummah et al., 2020;Wiwin Yuliani, 2020;Wulandari et al., 2017).Data collection methods involved direct communication through teacher interviews during the co-curricular analysis stage and indirect communication through the distribution of response questionnaires during the needs analysis and student characteristics analysis stages.The research included 16 students and 4 teachers for analysis, e-handbook development, and instrument design, validation by 9 validators, implementation in an educational setting, and evaluation based on feedback and outcomes.Validation assessments used a Likert scale ranging from 4 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree), with scores processed using a specific formula to derive percentages (Fatmawati, 2016).

P : Percentage of validator value
: Total score given : The maximum score has been set The validation percentage determined by experts in content, media, and language is based on the criteria specified in Table 1.Following feedback from validators, the next phase involves implementing necessary improvements.This implementation will include distributing the e-handbook link in flipbook format to students engaged in experiments.The final stage includes evaluation, which will involve conducting readability tests in both initial and final field trials.This evaluation will also include distributing response questionnaires to students at SMAN 1 Pontianak, SMAN 3 Pontianak, and MAN 2 Pontianak.The data analysis technique employed was quantitative data analysis, where scores obtained will be processed and adjusted according to the criteria outlined in Table 2.

Analysis Stage
During this stage, an analysis was conducted on extracurricular activities, requirements, and student challenges to explore difficulties faced by educators and students during experiments.Three high school teachers in Pontianak were interviewed to evaluate scientific extracurricular programs.These activities involved students identifying issues from scientific literature, developing frameworks for scientific papers, discussing with mentors, and conducting experiments.Additionally, a needs analysis surveyed 16 students from three Pontianak schools to identify fundamental challenges during experiments.The survey found that 19% of students had prior research experience and had participated in scientific paper competitions, though not at the national level.Students struggled with understanding experimental phases, achieving expected results, and selecting compelling topics for their papers.Notably, many students, being digital natives, preferred using electronic resources like smartphones for accessing journal references.Thus, there is a need for research-based educational resources that provide comprehensive insights into experimental procedures, helping students understand the complexities of conducting experiments with medicinal plants.

Design Stage
In the design phase, the focus was on creating media, content, and tools for a study on medicinal plants by researching learning resources.The media design involved tailoring the selection of media based on study results, resulting in an easily accessible e-handbook for both teachers and students.The e-handbook features A5 paper size, Arial font size 10, and 1.5 line spacing.The content design comprises three main sections: introductory pages, main pages covering the study content, and closing pages.Additionally, this phase included the creation of validation instruments and student response questionnaires.

Development Stage
During the initial phase of development, the team created preliminary designs for the front and back covers, as well as the content within the e-handbook, as shown in Figure 1.The electronic module then underwent a validation phase with input from 9 experts in media, language, and content validation.Based on the assessments from the validators, the e-module was deemed highly valid, achieving a validity rating of 83%.This validity percentage is slightly lower compared to a study by (Ersando, 2022), which attained a 100% validity rating after assessments before and after improvements, involving 7 validators.A detailed breakdown of the percentage values for each field of expertise in this study is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 1. Front and Back Cover of the Research-Based E-Handbook on Medicinal Plants Feasibility of Material Aspects
The content review was conducted by three experts from universities in West Kalimantan, specializing in medicinal plant experiments with a focus on antioxidants.Four different criteria were used to evaluate the content.The results showed that content accuracy scored the highest at 91.7%, as detailed in Figure 3.  3, the ehandbook's content validity score improved to an impressive 85.4%, confirming its high level of validity.

Feasibility of Media Aspects
The assessment of the media component considered various elements, including cover design, content design, and graphics.The cover design received the highest score at 89.6%, while the content design received the lowest score at 75%.After validation by three assessors and averaging the ratings provided by media experts, the overall score was determined to be 82.6%,placing it in the highly valid category, as illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Graphic of E-Handbook Language Feasibility Assessment Results
The validator's improvements include revising the author's profile sentences to avoid sounding like a narrative, integrating the summary section into a subsection, and combining paragraphs 2 and 3 of the foreword to create a three-sentence paragraph.These enhancements were made in response to feedback from experts, as indicated in Table 3, resulting in an overall content validity score of 85.4% in the e-handbook, classifying it as highly valid.

Material Expert Validation Improvements
Suggestions & Comments Repair Before After " The sentences in the author's section need to be corrected because they seem to be telling a story" "The summary is included in the subchapter" "The sentences in the foreword of paragraphs 2 and 3 form one paragraph that has more than 3 sentences"

Implementation Stage
The implementation phase takes place once the e-handbook has been finished during the validation stage and found to be suitable for use.During this phase, the completed ehandbook is initially distributed to students in Word format, then converted to PDF and uploaded to Flipbook.After successful uploading, it will be shared with students via social media platforms, along with an introduction.This process is designed to facilitate readability testing to effectively evaluate the developed e-handbook.

Evaluation Stage
During the evaluation phase, the practicality of the recently developed e-module was assessed through readability tests conducted with students at several reputable schools in West

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Graphic of Feasibility Assessment Results for E-Handbook MaterialAfter receiving input from experts and implementing changes as detailed in Table3, the ehandbook's content validity score improved to an impressive 85.4%, confirming its high level of validity.Table3.Improved Material Expert Validation

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Graph Of The Results Of The E-Handbook Media Feasibility AssessmentSuggestions for improvement included increasing the font size, using Indonesian language for cover titles, and ensuring image background transparency.Table4.Improved Media Expert Validation