Variations of Phenomenon and Circumstance in Mental Processes

Volume 4 Nomor 1 March 2020 Page 142-151 Abstract: This research aims to identify the variation of Phenomenon and Circumstance in mental processes. Data was taken from two literary works, and were analyzed using theories of Systemic Functional Linguistics by Halliday (1985), Thomas Bloor and Meriel Bloor (1995), and Egginns (2000). The analysis was conducted using content analysis method by sorting mental processes that contain two clauses where the second clause was projected by the first clause. Data was presented by identifying elements in mental processes containing Phenomenon and Circumstance. The main components of mental process include Participant, Process, and Phenomenon, with Circumstance as an optional component, meaning it is not an obligatory component in the processes. Results show that there are two variations of phenomenon that can project other clauses complemented by many types of Circumstance. The first is the phenomenon of Fact embedded with Circumstance of Location, Extent, Manner, and Matter. The second is the Phenomenon of Thought with Circumstance of Extent, Location, Manner, Cause and Role. The most frequent Circumstance that can be found includes Circumstance of Manner, followed by Circumstance of Extent.


INTRODUCTION
Functional grammar is a concept introduced by Halliday, an English Professor in University of Sidney in his widely-known book entitled An Introduction to Functional Grammar (1985). Basically, functional grammar is a way of looking at grammar in terms of how grammar is used (Martin, Matthiesen, & Painter, 1997, p. 1). In other word, while formal grammar sees language as a construction, functional grammar sees how language is used to make meaning (Rahmasari, 2018, p. 58). Functional grammar is basically different from formal grammar: the traditional and the transformational ones, in several terms. Formal grammar uses sentence as the unit of analysis, while functional grammar uses the text as a whole. Formal grammar tends to see language as a set of rules for sentence construction, while functional grammar sees language as a source for meaning making (Gerot & Wignell, 1995, p. 7).
Formal grammar uses sentence as the unit of analysis, while functional grammar uses the text as a whole with clause as the unit of analysis. Clauses can consist of one or more groups, and one group consists of one or more words (Bloor & Bloor, 1995, p. 27). There are three main groups. The first is nominal group, which is a part of the clause that contains nouns and the words than can accompany nouns (Egginns, 2000, p. 60). For example, a black spider with spider as the Head and the rest as modifiers. The second is verbal group, which is the expansion of a verb … that consists of a sequence of words of the primary class of verb (Halliday & Matthiesen, 2004, p. 335), for example the word can't walk with walk as the Head and can't as modifier. The last is adverbial group, which (serves) as circumstantial adjunct or circumstance (Halliday & Matthiesen, 2004, p. 335).
Basically, Halliday describes three kinds of meanings, textual meaning (clause as a message), interpersonal meaning (clause as an exchange), and ideational meaning (clause as a representation). In clause as representation, the meaning is conveyed through clauses as the grammatical units. In Functional grammar, clauses are analyzed based on its Process and Participant. The term Process here refers to what is going on in the whole clause and refers to that part of the proposition encoded in the Verbal Group (Bloor & Bloor, 1995, p. 110).
In clause as representation, there are six Processes discussed, one of which is Mental Process. The processes in Mental Process are realized by verbs. There are three kinds of verbs that can be found in mental processes, including verbs of cognition, perception and affection. Mental processes consist of a subject that is best-known as Senser. Senser is the one who experiences the process. This participant must always be animate and is usually human (Lock, 1996). Senser can be realized by nominal groups or pronouns.
Senser senses something that is called Phenomenon. Phenomenon is best described as taste of mind or psychological events; Phenomenon maybe animate or inanimate (Bloor & Bloor, 1995). Phenomenon is most typically a thing, realized by a noun group, a thought realized by a finite clause, or an event, realized by Ving or V clause, such as the clause him helping Doreen with the answer in the clause I noticed him helping Doreen (Lock, 1996, pp. 106-107).
Phenomenon can be a person, a concrete object, an abstraction (Thompson, 1996, p. 83). There are 3 types of Phenomenon that exists in mental processes (Lock, 1996, pp. 106-110), including Phenomenon of Thing, Fact, and Thought. Phenomenon can be represented by nouns, noun groups, or clauses. In other words, mental processes can consist of two clauses, namely clause complexes. These two clauses, then, are in a relation known as Projection (Halliday, 1985, p. 228). Projection describes the relationship known as indirect or reported thought, or direct or quoted thought (Egginns, 2000, p. 247). Projection could be realized by different grammatical units such as clause complex, prepositional phrases, adverb …. (Chen, 2016, p. 72).
All mental processes potentially involve both Senser and Phenomenon (Halliday, 1985). This means that all mental process should always have two participants in it, whether if it is a single clause or clause complex, explicitly or implicitly (Rahmasari & Nurhayati, 2019).
Besides Senser and Phenomenon as obligatory participants in mental processes, there is one other participant that can be found in mental processes, namely Circumstance. Circumstances refer to examples such as the location of an event in time or space, its manner, or its cause; and these notions of when, where, how and why the things happens provided by … explanation, by linking circumstance to the four WH-forms that were adverbs…. (Halliday & Matthiesen, 2004, p. 260).
Circumstance elements can be realized by adverbial group, for example the prepositional phrase clearly in I will try to think it clearly. Besides by adverbial group, Circumstance can be also realized by a Prepositional Phrase, such as the words to the movie in I want to go to the movie.
Circumstance is an optional participant, meaning it can be used or not. There are seven types of circumstances, including circumstance of Extent, Location, Manner, Matter, Cause, Accompaniment, and Role. Circumstance of extent answers the question of duration, for example very much; circumstance of location answers the question of when? and where?; circumstance of manner answers the questions of how?; circumstance of matter answers the question of what about?; circumstance of cause answers the question of why?; circumstance of accompaniment answers the question of with whom?; and circumstance of role answers the question of what as? (Egginns, 2000, pp. 237-239).

METHOD
Initially, there were 249 data that was analyzed. The data was taken from two literary works, namely Blood Canticle by Anne Rice (2003) and Eclipse by Stephenie Meyer (2007). Initially, there were 249 data analyzed. The data was analyzed using content analysis method. Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use (Krippendorf, 2004, p. 18).
Using content analysis, the research was conducted in several steps. The first step is to identify which data that consists of two clauses to see which mental processes contains projection. As a result, there are 133 data that qualify with the requirement. Then, these data was further analyzed by identifying which mental clauses contain circumstance. It was found that there are only 30 data that matched with the qualification, comprised of 9 data of Phenomenon of Fact and Circumstance and 21 data of Phenomenon of Fact and Circumstance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the variation of phenomenon and circumstance was divided into two categories, the variation of phenomenon of Fact and circumstance (location, extent, manner, and matter) and Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance (Extent, Location and Manner). From 9 data, the circumstance that appeared the most is the circumstance of Extent (33,4%) as presented in Table 1 below, although the rest of circumstances are also appeared in the equal amount.

Phenomenon of Fact and Circumstance of Extent
The first pattern in this classification is Senser that is followed by Process, Phenomenon of Fact, and Circumstance of Extent. Senser is realized by noun group, Process is realized by verbal group, and Phenomenon of Fact is realized by Fact clause. On the other hand, the role of Extent as Circumstance can be filled with adverbial group or prepositional phrase. Circumstance of Extent answers the questions about duration and spatial distance.
From the data source, there is one clause that includes Extent as Circumstance as one of optional role can be found in mental process with Thing as Phenomenon. (1)

I can't believe you're reading Wuthering Heights again… (Eclipse, 17)
In this data, mental process is indicated by verbal group can't believe, with the word believe as Head of the group. The role of Senser is represented by noun group I. The role of Phenomenon is filled by embedded clause of you're reading Wuthering Heights. This clause is considered to be a Fact because if we insert the fact that in front of the clause, there will be no change in meaning. In other words, the clause you're reading Wuthering Heights is projected by the clause I can't believe. On the other hand, the role of Circumstance as Extent is realized by adverbial group again¸ because it answers the question of duration (How many times? Again /one more times).

Phenomenon of Fact and Circumstance of Location
The second pattern in this classification is Senser that is followed by Process, Phenomenon of Fact, and Circumstance of Location. Senser is realized by noun group, Process is realized by verbal group, and Phenomenon of Fact is realized by Fact clause. The role of Circumstance of Location is realized by adverbial group or prepositional group. Circumstance of Location answers the questions when and where.

Se
Pr Ph: F Cir: Ext NG VG Fact cl AG/PP There are two data from the source that contain this pattern of participants in mental process. Below are the analysis. (2)

They will perhaps appreciate that at the root of our lineage there exists not a great goddess but a fairly simple personality, honed by time, and visions and desires linked to her own mortal (Blood Canticle, 265)
In this data, mental process is realized by verbal group will perhaps appreciate with the word appreciate as the Head of the group. The role of Senser is realized by noun group I.  (2) and (3) contain different cognition verb. Therefore, we have verbs appreciate and realize that can be found in mental process within the structure.

Phenomenon of Fact and Circumstance of Manner
The third pattern within the classification is Phenomenon of Fact and Circumstance of Manner. It can be formulated as Senser that is followed by Process, Phenomenon of Fact, and Circumstance of Manner. Senser is realized by noun group, Process is realized by verbal group, and Phenomenon of Fact is realized by Fact clause. The role of Manner as Circumstance is filled by prepositional phrase. Circumstance of Manner answers the questions how?

Se
Pr Ph: F Cir: Mat NG VG Fact cl PP There is one data from the source that contains this pattern of participants in mental process. Below is the analysis. In Data 4, mental process is realized by verbal group occurred to, with the word occurred as the Head of the group. The role of Senser is realized by noun group me. Pronoun it functions as something that is being sensed, or Phenomenon, especially Phenomenon of Fact because it refers to that clause that I had grown too fond of all these people. It is a Fact because if we put it in front of the mental process, it is still acceptable and gives no changing in meaning. As mentioned before, the clause that I had grown too fond of all these people acts as a Fact. Thus, in this sentence, the Fact is projected by the clause It occurred to me with uncommon strength. As mentioned before that Fact can be put in front of the mental process, thus the Fact in this sentence can be put in front of the sentence as in Data (5)

Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance Variants
Next is mental process variation with Phenomenon of Thought and circumstances. In this classification, there are three variants of Circumstance that can be found, namely Circumstance of Manner, Extent, Location, Cause and Role and combination (Extent and Location). From the collected data, the circumstance that appeared the most is the circumstance of Manner (42.9%) as presented in Table 2 below.

Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance of Extent
The first pattern of this classification is Senser that is followed by Process, Phenomenon of Thought, and Circumstance of Extent. Circumstance of Extent answers the questions about duration and spatial distance. There are several data from data source that contain Circumstantial of Extent in mental process with Thought as Phenomenon. The role of Circumstance can be filled by an Adverbial group or Prepositional Phrase. In Data 6, there are two clauses, with I let myself imagine as the main clause and we were in dark bed as an embedded clause. In the main clause, mental process is signified by the Verbal Group let myself imagine with the word imagine as Head of the group and the rest as modifiers. The role of Senser is filled by Noun Group I and the role of Phenomenon is filled by the embedded clause of we were in dark bed as a Thought. The word again represents the role of Extent as Circumstance because it answers question how many time. Here, the clause we were in a dark bed was projected by I let myself imagine. Verbs that can be found in mental process within the structure are imagine and wonder.

Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance of Location
The second pattern in this classification is Senser that is followed by Process, Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance of Location, or can be formulated as Se + Pr + Ph: Tht + Cir: Loc. The last role is not necessarily put in the last part of the process. As always, Senser is filled by Noun Group, Process by Verbal Group, Phenomenon of Thought by that/if/wh-clause, and Circumstance of Location by Adverbial Group or Prepositional Phrase. In Data 8, there are three clauses with I wondered as the main clause, who was out in the downpour as embedded clause, and when Edward officially left for the evening as additional information. The mental process in the main clause is realized by noun group wondered. The role of Senser is filled by other noun group, which is I. Something that is being sensed or Phenomenon is the WH-clause of who was out in the downpour. The other WH-clause of when Edward officially left for the evening realizes the role of Circumstance, particularly Circumstance of Location. In this data, the clause I wonder projects the clause who was out in the downpour. In Data 9 the main clause is I knew. The mental verb is then realized by verbal group knew and Senser is realized by noun group I. The role of Phenomenon is realized by WH-clause of why I was dissatisfied with my liberty. There are two Circumstances here, the embedded clause as the disturbing vision struck again and the word exactly. The embedded clause serves as Circumstance of Location because it answers the question why that becomes one of the indicator of Location as Circumstance. The adverbial group exactly functions as Circumstance of Manner, because it answers the question of how -ly. Here, the clause why I was dissatisfied with my liberty is projected by the clause I knew exactly.

Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance of Manner
The third pattern in this classification is Senser that is followed by Process, Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance of Manner, or can be formulated as Se + Pr + Ph: Tht + Cir: Man. As always, Senser is filled by Noun Group, Process by Verbal Group, Phenomenon of Thought by that/if/wh-clause, and Circumstance of Manner by Adverbial Group or Prepositional Phrase.

Phenomenon of Thought and Circumstance of Extent and Location
The Sixth pattern found in from the data is Senser that is followed by Process, Phenomenon of Thought and two Circumstance. The first Circumstance found is Circumstance of Extent, and the second Circumstance founf it Circumstance of Location. The formulation of this pattern is Se + Pr + Cir: Ext + Ph: Tht + Cir: Loc. The role of Senser is filled by Noun Group, Process by Verbal Group, Phenomenon of Thought by that/if/whclause, and Circumstance of Extent by noun group and Circumstance of Location is filled by prepositional Phrase.