Trends in Adult and Continuing Education in Germany

Comparing continuing education in Germany with other countries in Europe, one immediately notices a difference in how continuing education is defined. Adult and continuing education in Germany is defined more narrowly as «education following completion of initial professional or vocational educational training». Trainees or university students who, for instance, have not acquired a professional or vocational degree (regardless of their age) are not considered to be participants in continuing education. Another important aspect is that the sixteen Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany have sovereign power over the system of education (with the exception of certain aspects of vocational training) while, within the individual Länder, there are extremely different ways of organizing the educational system. On top of this, a wide range of ministries is involved with continuing education at the Federal and Länder levels, such as the ministries of education, labour, the interior, etc. Finally, the German situation is marked by a high degree of institutionalization of continuing education in comparison to other European countries, but it is also embedded in extraordinarily complex and multifarious plural structures, which means that there are not only horizontal differences between the Länder, but also vertical differences between different organizational areas. This becomes most evident when one examines general and vocational continuing education separately. In the area of general continuing education, adult education colleges and private institutes predominate, whereas in the area of vocational continuing education, it is business enterprises, economic chambers, together with private institutes once again, which are preponderant. In view of the differentiated situation characterizing continuing education in Germany, it is difficult to identify general trends, as some of the Länder are pulling out of institutional promotion of continuing education, while others are investing considerable resources here. Nevertheless, some general trends can be identified and data produced bearing these out.


Decline in funding
Over the last ten years the amount of funding devoted to continuing education in Germany has declined in absolute and relative terms.Thus, for example, expenditures in this area were EUR 27.8 billion in 1996, but only EUR 24.1 billion in 2006.Funding has also decreased as a percentage of Gross National Product.In 1996 it accounted for 1.48 percent of GNP, whereas in 2006 this figure was only 1.05 percent.The decrease in the volume of funding for continuing education over the past ten years provides food for thought.It stands in stark contrast to the growing importance of continuing education acknowledged by actors responsible for educational policy.It appears, however, that the policy thrust is moving in a different direction; for instance, public funding in the area of pre-school education has increased over this period.

More cooperation and competition
Interestingly enough, both cooperation and willingness to cooperate in the field of continuing education as well as competition have grown over the past ten years.
Continuing education institutions can more and more frequently be heard to claim that they work together with other educational institutions, but also Articoli Trends in AdulT And ConTinuing eduCATion in germAny with business enterprises, cultural institutions and government institutions in devising their programmes in order to reach target groups and provide information and counselling.Continuing education institutions are explicitly voicing a desire for even more cooperation, in particular with respect to regional cooperation.The impact of a major national programme known as «Learning Regions», in which cooperative procedures can be instituted and assessed on a trial basis, can be perceived in many cases.
At the same time, competition is growing among the approximately 19,000 continuing education institutions in Germany.The number of providers has grown, while institutions are increasingly seeking to create profiles focusing on individual segments and niches, but also on broadly ranged programmes (such as, for instance, those at adult education colleges, just as in the past).Globalization is having an impact on individual sectors; hence language programmes are gaining increasing currency in an international market.Programmes in the areas of health, management and economics are subject to increasing international competition.
In addition, there are growing financial constraints.These emanate to some extent from the decline in state promotion of institutions, but also from the growing quality and service demands of learners (the «customers»).Due to this, combined with a frequently tested «threshold» of the maximum fees which can be charged for certain programmes and certain target groups (that is to say, the maximum amounts which people interested in taking part in a programme are willing and able to pay), the latitude of action for institutions is shrinking.

Modules of shorter duration
In analyzing the trend in programmes and courses on offer, it is evident that the duration of these programmes and courses is growing shorter.This is especially the case with traditionally long-term programmes such as vocational training and languages.These are increasingly being carried out in short units -for instance on weekends -and with greater intensity.Programmes and courses tailored to meet the specific needs of entire groups, such as employees of individual enterprises, have grown considerably in number.Here, courses and programmes are developed and carried out «on demand».In these cases the continuing education facility also acts as a service provider specialized in education meeting a specified demand.This is also associated with the development of modules.Progressive programme segments which have been developed in modular form and which award certificates upon completion, entitling but not obliging the holder to take part in additional modules, are becoming more and more common.The structure of programmes thus increasingly allows learners to pursue their specific interests by selecting appropriate modules and acquiring individual learning and educational profiles.

Counselling and information
This is linked to a greater need for information and counselling.The possibility of individual combination of single modules induces awareness of their availability and evaluation of their respective quality, the possibility of access and the work involved.Information on these is necessary as is targeted «educational counselling» which supports the selection of and decision to take part in programmes and courses.
Such information and counselling systems seem to be increasing in number.In many cases they are part of the respective educational facilities (when these are large), but there are also strategies, information and counselling on joint cooperative structures within a region.The individual interests of educational facilities frequently place constraints on the development of joint structures, but in some cases these have been developed and put into practice in an effective manner.

Employment
Over the past ten years the number of full-time employed persons has not increased in continuing education in Germany.It has even declined slightly which reflects the trend in funding of the area.The number of employees in related professions, voluntary staff and the number of free-lancers who work on their own account as «sole proprietors» has, on the other hand, increased.The problems resulting from this development are obvious.Standards for continuing education and qualification are all the more difficult to adhere to when the individuals involved are not provided with adequate job security.
This decline does not apply to qualifications which employees have when they begin working in continuing education, however.Here, it can be seen that compared to previous years more and more individuals can demonstrate qualifications in adult education (by having completed study courses or obtained additional qualifications) and hence that qualifications among teachers have, on the whole, improved.There is still little information on the question of how the switchover of education at universities to a consecutive BA/MA system will change the situation of those working in the area of further education and their structure.

Amount of participation and structures
Following a decline at the turn of the century, participation in continuing education is on the rise again.The most recent figures from the Reporting System on Continuing Education as well as the Adult Education Survey for Germany show a slightly increased rate of approximately 43 percent at present.However, the level at the beginning of the 1990s -48 percent -has still not been attained again.
In the analysis of participation structures, it can clearly be seen that there is still a gap between the social status and the qualification level of the partici-

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Decrease in Public (by federal, Länder and local governments, and public agencies) and private (individual and corporate) expenditures