EVALUATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY BASED ON TRI HITA KARANA IN THE PURA AGUNG JAGATNATHA IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Implementing occupational health and environmental safety aspects is very important in project implementation. In addition to accelerating work, safety for workers is essential and must be considered. In the implementation of the project in Bali, Tri Hita Karana was carried out to maintain the stability and smoothness of the project. However, limited literature still reveals the relationship between these aspects. This study aims to evaluate and analyze the application model of occupational health and environmental safety based on Tri Hita Karana in the Pura Agung Jagatnatha Improvement Project in Denpasar City. A quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach was used to evaluate each variable in the Tri Hita Karana component, including Parahyangan (X1), Pawongan (X2), and Palemahan (X3), on occupational health and environmental safety (Y). Two hundred selected respondents were given questionnaires to evaluate each hypothesis. The sampling technique uses total sampling with a research time of 6 months, and the model is analyzed using SEM–AMOS. The results show that the application of the Tri Hita Karana to occupational health and environmental safety has positive and significant consequences (p < 0.05) in the aspects of Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan. The mathematical model built is Y = 0.548X1 + 0.423X2 + 0.211X3, which means that a change in the Parahyangan value has a direct effect on the application of OHSE by 0.548 times, a change in the value of Pawongan has a direct effect on the application of OHSE by 0.423 times and a change in the value of Palemahan will directly affect the application of OHSE by 0.211 times. Hence, it is hoped that project implementers in Bali will be guided by implementing occupational health and environmental safety based on Tri Hita Karana.


INTRODUCTION
Implementing occupational health and environmental safety (OHSE) aspects is crucial in project implementation.In addition to providing a comfortable space for project workers, the efficiency of processing time with minimal risk is expected for all project components.In Bali, in any development process, all components of society believe that the order of life consists of and is connected with the concepts of Sekala (physical, material) and Niskala (metaphysical, spiritual), which expect all components to respect each other (Kristinayanti et al., 2020;Sarjana et al., 2020).Errors and disobedience in implementation will pose risks and undesirable events.The implementation of occupational health and environmental safety components is essential when related to construction projects.In addition to having a fatal impact if not carried out correctly or failing to complete the project on time, this aspect must be carried out correctly and systematically (Dina & Purba, 2022;Gusti et al., 2019;Mohandes & Zhang, 2021).
Tri Hita Karana has been widely developed and used as a foundation for Hindus in carrying out a job (Putra, 2021;Wardana & Sudira, 1999;Widhiastini & Permatasari, 2020).This concept consists of three components that seek to harmonize aspects of life with all activities on earth, including Parahyangan (Human Relationship with God), Pawongan (Human Relationship with Humans), and Palemahan (Human Relationship with the Environment) (Aditia et al., 2022;Permajaya, 2018).All work will be achieved as expected if these three components are aligned.Otherwise, if not carried out, one will cause various disturbances that have consequences.The concept of Tri Hita Karana has been widely used in construction projects and has been associated with achieving safety, occupational health, and the environment.This is because the Tri Hita Karana component contains the three aspect loads.The Occupational Health and environmental safety Program (OHSE) is a program launched by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia that expects every construction service provider, service user, and service provider to meet security, safety, health, and sustainability standards (Undang Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 Tentang Jasa Konstruksi, 2017), and organizational recognition in OHSE performance has been implemented through certification ISO 45001, which contains occupational safety and health management (ISO Standards, 2018).
Implementing safety, occupational health, and the environment based on Tri Hita Karana has been widely implemented.Periodically, before carrying out a project, it is necessary to minimize risk and avoid accidents using standard personal protective equipment for all project workers (Artayasa, 2021;Putra, 2021;Sarjana et al., 2020).In addition, maintaining communication between project teams and coordinating one component with another is a form of OHSE implementation and applying Pawongan and Palemahan aspects.Meanwhile, Niskala, before carrying out a project, all project components carry out worship prayers to ask for the smooth running of the project as expected to God Almighty so that the Parahyangan aspect has been applied both before, during, and after development accompanied by sacred upakara, which is dedicated so that development runs safely, smoothly and is given safety in the work done.Furthermore, Somad (2013) explained that the project is considered successful if the implementation follows the planning from the aspects of cost, quality, time, and safety.cost following the plan, quality according to specifications, time to plan and safety in the absence of work accidents is an essential aspect in construction projects so that predisposing obstacles must be identified before the implementation of a project.
Until now, the implementation of occupational health and environmental safety aspects based on Tri Hita Karana has been carried out massively and has been believed to impact the implementation of a project positively.However, more literature still needs to explain the correlation between the application of safety, occupational health, and environment based on Tri Hita Karana, so further analysis is needed.One of the projects that applies the Tri Hita Karana concept to achieve occupational health and environmental safety aspects is the Pura Agung Jagatnatha Improvement Project located in Denpasar City, which is ongoing.This study evaluates and analyses the occupational health and environmental safety application model based on Tri Hita Karana in the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project in Denpasar City.Hopefully, this research can provide practical information related to the suitability of applying occupational health and environmental safety based on Tri Hita Karana in the project.It will provide new information, especially integrating cultural and conceptual values of the environment to realize a safe project that meets safety, occupational health, and environmental standards.In addition, this research contributes to filling the gap related to the application of culture-based OHSE concepts in construction projects, especially in Bali.

METHODS
Quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach (Paulus et al., 2023).The research analysed occupational health and environmental safety applications based on Tri Hita Karana in the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project in Denpasar City.These research data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaire distribution, and documentation at the implementing group of the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project in Denpasar City located in Jalan Surapati, Dangin Puri, East Denpasar District, Denpasar City.The six-month project improvement by Pura Jagatnatha Denpasar will begin on March 17, 2023, and end on October 17, 2023.The research was carried out according to the project schedule, and the data were collected from the preconstruction meeting stage (0%) to the 60% completion stage.The population of this study is the implementing group of the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project, including project owners, contractors, planning consultants, supervisory consultants, stakeholders (Hindu saints responsible for maintaining the sanctity of the temple), krama banjar Abasan Denpasar, and pecalang (customary police in Bali).The sample of this study was determined using a total sampling technique of 200 respondents (Adnyana, 2021).The questionnaire used to collect data was tested for validity and reliability, and a pilot study was conducted on 50 respondents before the research was conducted.The variable measurement scale ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).In this study, there are three main hypotheses: 1) H1 = there is an influence between Parahyangan (X1) and the application of OHSE (Y); 2) H2 = there is an influence between Pawongan (X2) and the application of OHSE (Y); and 3) H3 = there is an influence between Palemahan (X3) and the application of OHSE (Y).The data that have been collected are then tabulated and analyzed using Statistical Equation Modeling -Analysis of Moment Structure (SEM-AMOS).Evaluation of the hypothesis using model suitability (Goodness of Fit) consisting of 8 parameters with a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05),construct reliability (CR) ≥ 0.7, and variance extracted (VE) ≥ 0.5 (Darwin et al., 2021).Data are presented in the form of tables, figures, and narratives.

Project profile and research respondents
The improvement project of Pura Agung Jagatnatha, located in Denpasar City, is carried out within 200 working days, from March 17 to October 2, 2023.The contract value is Rp 12,343,280,000.00(twelve million three hundred forty-three million two hundred eighty thousand rupiah).The established development implementer is the PT.Abang Qanita Pratama's sister and KSO PT Karya Dinamika Mesari.The planning consultant is PT Kencana Adhi Karma, while the supervisory consultant is CV Tetaring.In the process, there are three stages of improvement work of Pura Agung Jagatnatha, including a) Preparatory Work, OHSE work, demolition, arrangement of ponds and project signboards, b) Architectural and Structural Work (starting from the outermost side of the temple (insulation wall) to the construction of laying and laying temples, and c) Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Works.This research improvement project involved 200 respondents from various walks of life.Based on the distribution of respondent profiles, project workers dominated as a research sample, followed by Krama (Community) Banjar Abasan and the owner of the project workers.The distribution of respondent profile data is presented in Table 1.

Respondents' perception of Parahyangan
Respondent's perception of Parahyangan, the improvement project of Pura Agung Jagatnatha, that the temple is a sacred area that is maintained sacred (X1.1) with the presence of religious symbols and sacred objects found in the work environment, the existence of religious symbols and sacred objects placed following the provisions of religious literature, the sacred area is higher than other zones.There is also a building separation between the sacred area and the construction work environment.With an average value of 3,905, the respondents' perception states that the temple is a sacred area that is kept sacred.The place to pray (X1.2) has an average of 3,705, which means agreeing, because in the project there has been provided a solar refutation, a place of prayer (plangkiran) at the keet directors.In the project, there is a particular task for the person in charge of performing prayers.Respondent's perception of the availability of prayer facilities (X1.3), such as the availability of incense, the availability of canang for daily worship, and the availability of holy water, had a mean/average of 3,945, which means that in the project related to safety efforts, the implementation of construction provided prayer facilities.Respondents' perception that in the project, a ritual ceremony was held at the time of construction (X1.4) with an average of 3,785, which means agree.
However, the average value based on respondents' perceptions is lowest compared to other indicators.Based on field data, ritual ceremonies are carried out before the implementation of the project; for example, a ngeruwak event is carried out to ask for safety and smoothness when doing work.The installation of solar supports and ritual ceremonies on building materials used for sacred buildings was done before the workers did the work.Sacred building materials following the concept of traditional Balinese architecture (X1.5) have an average value of 3,915, which agrees with building materials used based on the concept of traditional Balinese architecture, such as using building materials from sandalwood, cempaka wood, and teak wood.These woods are certain in Janantaka lontar, with the Prabu and Patih class classifications.Nevertheless, some materials used do not exist and need to follow the lontar due to the scarcity of certain woods.Nevertheless, a ritual ceremony is first performed before use for the materials not listed in the lontar.Ritual ceremonies for wood used as building materials such as saka, canggahwang, emblem, and iga-iga.

Respondents' perceptions of Pawongan
The analysis of respondents' perceptions of Pawongan showed that workers had confidence.Most answered in agreement, with an average of 4.02.Workers who work primarily for lower structure work (foundation) and work for the column and beam structures (beginning, ironing, and casting) come from Java.Some workers from Java embraced Islam, and some were Christian for Balinese style work, such as exposed tulikup brick installation, and traditional Balinese building work, such as woodwork and roofing.Before doing work, each worker makes prayers to ask for safety, health, and smoothness while working.Respondents' perception of workers having a high work ethic had an average score of 3,575.Based on the number of respondents who answered enough to agree 70 and agree 108, workers are committed enough to do work, have goals and fighting power in doing work, and have work discipline.Based on commitment, fighting power, and high work discipline, the weekly project implementation experiences a positive deviation.Respondent's perception of workers having a social spirit average value of 3,935 means agreeing, living in harmony, avoiding disputes, helping each other, and having mutual respect for fellow workers.
With the social spirit, the workers carried out their work smoothly without any physical and psychological pressure, and respondents' perception of workers obeying the project order averaged a score of 3,725.Workers can accept sanctions if they violate project rules, carry out duties following their respective duties, use excellent and correct work tools, use PPE while working, follow OHSE directions, do not smoke while working, do not drink alcohol at the work site, and do not fight in the work environment.Workers obey the project rules because, in the implementation of the project, they require workers to obey the regulations.Workers are given OHSE briefings every morning by OHSE officers so that with OHSE briefings, workers understand the OHSE program.Respondents' perception of workers obtaining rights following applicable rules was an average of 3,955.This relates to payments made on time according to the volume that has been done, workers getting proper bed facilities, toilet washing bath facilities, personal protective equipment that suits their needs, getting proper health care such as providing first aid kit boxes complete with wound medicine, vitamins and others, and workers are entitled to health insurance.Workers' rights to obtain facilities are obligations of construction service providers stated in the contract.

Respondents' Perceptions of Palemahan
Respondents' perception of Palemahan (X3), which is related to a clean work environment, has an average value of 3,965, with the sorting of construction waste such as traces of wood, iron, and unused nails.The purpose of sorting construction waste is to reduce construction waste that is harmful to workers.The workers are recommended to finish doing the work of tools, materials are tidied up, and the tools are placed in the warehouse.During construction, special workers are available for the working environment's cleanliness and are paid daily.With the availability of daily workers assigned explicitly to the cleanliness of the work environment, the project maintained the cleanliness of the work environment.Respondents' perception of safe and clean work facilities had an average score of 3.63.In the project, trash cans, hand washing stations, material storage warehouses, and tools are provided.The respondents' perception of reducing construction waste has an average value of 4, which means that the average answer agrees that the improvement project of Pura Agung Jagatnatha is held, handling construction waste, and the calculation of construction waste is evaluated with efficient and effective implementation methods.There is an awareness of construction workers not to litter, with respondents' perception that in the implementation of the project, a trash can is provided with an average value of 3.68 by providing more than two bins and handling organic and inorganic waste.Respondents' perception of the availability of safe and comfortable construction equipment has an average value of 3,905; respondents agree that checking work tools is carried out regularly, damaged work tools are immediately repaired, and maintenance of work tools is carried out properly and correctly.

Respondents' perceptions of OHSE implementation
Respondents

Confirmation of result validity, reliability, and outliers
Based on the results of the analysis of the validity and reliability of the instrument in 200 respondents, the probability value of all indicators (p = 0.000 < 0.05) was obtained, which indicated that the indicators in each variable were able to measure latent variables (Parahyangan (X1), Pawongan (X2), Palemahan (X3) and the application of OHSE (Y) significantly.All values of the loading factor (λ) > 0.6 indicate that the validity of the indicator meets the requirements.Average variance extracted (AVE) value > 0.5, a composite reliability (CR) value > 0.7, and a Cronbach alpha (CA) value > 0.6 indicate that the reliability of the indicator meets the requirements.Thus, research instruments can be declared valid and reliable to build or form latent variables.The results of validity testing are presented in Table 2. Based on the normality test results, a multivariate CR value of -1.531 is on the back (-1.96≤ CR ≤ 1.96), with a significance level of 0.05, meaning that the data normality test has been fulfilled.Furthermore, testing outlier data using the Mahalanobis d-squared indicator shows that p1 = 0.011 and p2 = 0.895 are more significant than 0.001, indicating no outlier data.Thus, the evaluation of the suitability of the model can be continued.

Goodness of Fit Evaluation
Several fit indices measure the suitability of the model used in testing the model, whether it is acceptable or rejected.This study used eight criteria of goodness of fit, as presented in Table 3.Based on the goodness of fit criteria in Table 3, the chi-square indicator shows that the estimated chi-square value is 106,620 < 120,990, so the model is in the good fit category.A small chi-square will produce a considerable probability value.The model is declared appropriate when the probability value ≥ 0.05.This study obtained a p value = 0.237 > 0.05, so the model was declared a good fit.Furthermore, models with CMINDF values ≤ 2.00 can be declared a good fit.This study obtained CMINDF values of 1,099 ≤ 2.00, meaning a good fit.In line with the findings, the RMSEA value after the index modification process was obtained at 0.022 ≤ 0.08, so the model was declared a good fit.The goodness-of-fit index (GFI) obtained a GFI value of 0.941 > 0.990; thus, the tested model fits well.Then, the adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) obtained AGFI values of 0.907 > 0.90 to declare the model a good fit.The Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) examination results obtained a TLI value of 0.995 > 0.95, so the model was declared a good fit.Finally, on the comparative fit index (CFI) examination, a CFI value of 0.996 > 0.95 was obtained to declare the model a good fit.All indicators of goodness of fit are met, and then the hypothesis evaluation is performed.

Hypothesis evaluation
Based on the results of hypothesis confirmation, the first hypothesis shows that the Parahyangan variable (X1) significantly affects the application of OHSE (Y).This is expressed by CR values of 7.484 > 1.  4.

Correlation of Parahyangan components with the application of OHSE
The relationship between Parahyangan and the application of OHSE has a positive and significant effect expressed by CR>1.96 and a probability value of 0.000<0.05.The analysis results can be interpreted as Parahyangan, which means human relationship with God; in the construction world, humans are construction actors, and there is a positive influence with the application of OHSE with a positive coefficient value of 0.548.The existence of a significant positive relationship in the components or indicators contained in the Parahyangan variables on the implementation of safety, occupational health, and the environment in the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project in Denpasar City reflects the high sense of trust and confidence of workers and all project components to God Almighty or other guardians of nature contained in the holy place (Artayasa, 2021).In principle, the higher the Parahyangan aspect is, the better the application of OHSE will be directly proportional.Field evaluations show that people/entities involved in the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project perform ritual ceremonies such as ngeruwak (a Hindu ceremony in Bali to open land to start new construction), ground-breaking and Nuasin Saka (starting time and new work) (Permajaya, 2018).All such ritual ceremonies are performed before construction to ensure smoothness and safety.The ceremony carried out at this stage is one of the implementations of the Tri Hita Karana concept in Parahyangan.It is essential to obtain grace and smoothness from implementing a project to God Almighty and ask permission from the guardian of land, space, or territory so that unwanted things do not happen during the development process (Subawa, 2020;Suminto & Kustiyanti, 2023).
The high level of trust and support for the achievement of safety, occupational health, and environment in the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project area is carried out by carrying out coordination and preparatory meetings for the implementation of work (pre-construction meeting) (Muflihah & Pudjihardjo, 2019;A. B. Putra et al., 2021;Santoso et al., 2022).The preconstruction meeting begins with a joint prayer to ask for safety and smoothness during the improvement process of Pura Agung Jagatnatha.The implementation of the preconstruction meeting is a meeting between the Commitment Making Officer and the implementing provider as the second party to carry out equality of perception between the contracting parties.The pre-construction meeting will be held on March 20, 2023, in the temple project area to be repaired.Along with the preconstruction meeting, the Ngeruwak event was held, a Hindu ceremony in Bali to clear land and start new construction to ask for safety and smoothness while improving Pura Agung Jagatnatha.
Furthermore, a series of upakara improvements to Pura Agung Jagatnatha were also carried out by the Mayor of Denpasar through the upakara Mendem dasar development of Pura Agung Jagatnatha and Nuasin Saka.
Before the Mendem dasar ceremony, a joint prayer was held to ask for the safety and smooth implementation of the project.Thus, there is a correlation between Parahyangan aspects and the application of OHSE.Based on the analysis, it has a positive relationship because, with the awareness of asking for safety, construction actors have applied the principles of safety, occupational health, and the environment (Dina & Purba, 2022;Mohandes & Zhang, 2021;Santoso et al., 2022).One approach to the OHSE program lies in the behavioural approach.Humans (construction actors) who always have a harmonious relationship with God have the awareness to always ask for safety and smoothness at work.The better the relationship between humans and the creator, the more it will impact the ease and smoothness of doing things.In theory, Parahyangan focuses on humanity's belief in the creator as a manifestation of gratitude for all the gifts given (Permajaya, 2018).

Correlation of Pawongan components with the application of OHSE
In this variable, the relationship between the Pawongan component and the application of safety, occupational health, and the environment in Pura Agung Jagatnatha is characterized by a CR value of 7.383 > 1.96 and a probability value of 0.000.The value of the positive path coefficient is 0.423.The results of the analysis show that the relationship between Pawongan and the application of OHSE is positive and significant, which means a harmonious relationship between construction actors and other actors.This value indicates that the higher the implementation of Pawongan components such as mutual respect, cooperation, and coordination with each other, the more the safety, occupational health, and environment increase (ISO Standards, 2018;Rijanto., 2010;Somad, 2013).The high sense of cooperation is in line with the application of OHSE, which has implications for low unwanted events when doing work while reducing the possibility of work accidents (Latib et al., 2016;Ahadian et al., 2021;Gibb et al., 2013).The harmonious relationship built by project workers and other components due to intense communication and good coordination with construction actors will have implications for low errors in implementing the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project in Denpasar City.
Looking at this phenomenon, good coordination and communication will have implications for preventing and solving construction problems more efficiently.Good communication, implementation of work in cooperation, and shoulder-to-shoulder with each other will provide smoothness during construction.Tri Hita Karana is a philosophical and ethical framework derived from Balinese Hinduism.It is often applied to various aspects of life, including community welfare, spirituality, and sustainable living.The Pawongan aspect refers to efforts to maintain the harmony of relationships between people.This includes social and societal aspects.In the context of OHS and the environment, this can include ensuring the welfare of workers and local communities during construction or improvement projects (Eze et al., 2020;Putra et al., 2021).The Pawongan aspect of community welfare emphasizes maintaining harmonious relations with the community.In the context of OHSE, this can include ensuring that local communities are not negatively affected by construction activities, such as noise pollution or disruption to daily life due to construction materials, congestion, and so on, while Pawongan, on the aspect of project workers by emphasizing efforts that can ensure the safety and welfare of workers as a whole.The project can create a positive and harmonious work environment by prioritizing worker safety, fair labour practices, and proper training (Asah-Kissiedu et al., 2021;Matthei, 2021).
Regarding Pawongan, it is carried out with a physical approach between people to people.From the behavioral approach, construction workers have confidence in each worker's behavior, following applicable norms and not violating the rules of conduct during project implementation.Construction workers have a high work ethic, have a social spirit, and obey project rules, so workers have the awareness to implement OHSE.The physical approach is carried out by providing OHSE guidance on OHSE programs, such as using personal protective equipment while working, getting proper toilet washing facilities and sleeping facilities, and getting proper health care if sick or routine care.Thus, the Pawongan aspect in Tri Hita Karana plays an essential role in achieving the occupational health and safety (OHS) goals and the environment in the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project.By encouraging harmonious relationships within and among workers and recognizing the environment as an essential part of society, the project can pursue a holistic and sustainable approach that respects the well-being of people and nature (Kineber et al., 2023;Mohandes & Zhang, 2021).

Correlation of Palemahan components with the application of OHSE
In this variable, the relationship between the Palemahan component and the application of safety, occupational health, and the environment in Pura Agung Jagatnatha in Denpasar City is characterized by a CR value of 3.978 > 1.96 and a probability value of 0.000 was obtained.The value of the positive path coefficient is 0.211.A change in the Palemahan value (X3) will directly affect the OHSE (Y) application by 0.211 times.The findings show a positive relationship between the Palemahan component (a harmonious relationship between construction actors and the environment) and the application of safety, occupational health, and the environment.As good as the environmental conditions (Palemahan) around the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project area, the implementation of OHSE in the project is improving.The Palemahan aspect emphasizes the importance of harmonious relationships between humans and the surrounding environment.In the context of a temple improvement project, the project must be carried out with the utmost respect for the natural environment in and around the temple (Artayasa, 2021;Wardana & Sudira, 1999;Widhiastini & Permatasari, 2020).Furthermore, environmental health is essential, so measures must be taken to minimize environmental impact during construction (Boadu et al., 2021;Gibb et al., 2013;A. B. Putra et al., 2021).This can include waste management, pollution control, and protection of nearby water sources that can be problematic during construction improvement (Rijanto., 2010).
The project selected construction waste to create a comfortable and clean work environment (Gibb et al., 2013;Kristinayanti et al., 2020;C. Putra, 2021).Construction waste can be recycled from used iron, wood, and bent wire pieces.To reduce construction waste in the project, special workers are available to maintain environmental cleanliness and safe and clean work facilities such as trash cans (Adnyana & Sudaryati, 2022;Kristinayanti et al., 2020) .Avoid the careless placement of materials and construction tools and the availability of material storage warehouses and tool storage warehouses.Cultivating environmental concerns by construction actors can create a safe and clean environment.Therefore, based on the analysis results, the relationship between Palemahan and the application of OHSE is positive and significant.

Application of OHSE based on Tri Hita Karana
Based on field observations, the implementation of safety, occupational health, and environment based on Tri Hita Karana in the improvement project of Pura Agung Jagatnatha was carried out, starting with preparing improvement materials and carrying out ceremonies on the building materials to be used (Figure 3a) to ask for blessings on the materials used to be following their functions.In addition, to ensure the safety of project workers, all workers use personal protective equipment in the form of vests, the use of masks, rubber boat shoes, project hats depending on the level, and the use of gloves to minimize abrasions when taking materials (Figure 3b).The unloading and transportation of materials are carried out with the principle of efficiency and care so that the work is carried out correctly (Figure 3c).Then, the project implementers initiated the improvement with a Ngeruwak event (Figure 3d), Mendem dasar (Figure 3e), and a joint ceremony (Figure 3f).This procession is one form of the implementation of OHSE based on Tri Hita Karana.The implementation of this project has been adjusted to the concept of Tri Hita Karana, which was adjusted to implement Environmental Health and Safety, which was guided by the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 10 of 2021 concerning Guidelines for Construction Safety Management Systems.Tri Hita Karana's concept in applying K3L is directly and indirectly related to behaviour in an effort to prevent work accidents.This effort can be seen from the awareness of workers to ask for safety before work by praying and praying, which has directly carried out the Parahyangan aspect.Furthermore, as workers have worked with their primary responsibilities and functions according to their respective fields of expertise, this has reflected the harmony of work that fulfills the pawongan aspect.

Research Limitations
This research uses the concept of Tri Hita Karana in implementing the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project.It is associated with applying occupational health and environmental safety following construction project guidelines.However, this study still has limitations in generalizing the results when used in other projects.Standards of occupational health and environmental safety indicators need to be improved in order to produce sharper and more valid information by increasing sample size and additional variables outside the Tri Hita Karana component.

CONCLUSION
Implementing occupational health and environmental safety aspects is very important in project implementation.In addition to impacting accelerating work, safety for workers is essential and must be considered.In the implementation of the project in Bali, Tri Hita Karana was carried out to maintain the stability and smoothness of the project.The implementation of occupational health and environmental safety based on Tri Hita Karana has positive and significant consequences in the aspects of Parahyangan (human relationship with God), Pawongan (human relationship with humans), and Palemahan (human relationship with the environment).The model built from the SEM -AMOS analysis is Y = 0.548X1 + 0.423X2 + 0.211X3, which means that a change in the Parahyangan value (X1) has a direct effect on the application of OHSE by 0.548 times, a change in the value of Pawongan (X2) has a direct effect on the application of OHSE by 0.423 times and a change in the value of Palemahan (X3) will directly affect the application of OHSE by 0.211 times.Through these results, it is expected that project implementers in Bali will be guided by implementing occupational health and environmental safety based on Tri Hita Karana.In the future, further research is needed related to the differences in projects that apply the concept of occupational health and environmental safety based on Tri Hita Karana with other approaches to obtain a safe project picture following existing guidelines.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Research Framework Model 96 and probability values (p = 0.000 < 0.05).The value of the positive path coefficient is 0.548.A change in the Parahyangan value (X1) will directly affect the OHSE (Y) application by 0.548 times.Furthermore, the second variable shows that the Pawongan variable (X2) significantly affects the application of OHSE (Y).This is expressed by CR values of 7.383 > 1.96 and probability values (p = 0.000 < 0.05).The value of the positive path coefficient is 0.423.That is, a change in the Pawongan value (X2) will directly affect the OHSE (Y) application by 0.423 times.Finally, the third hypothesis shows that the Palemahan variable (X3) significantly affects the application of OHSE (Y).This is expressed by CR values of 3.978 > 1.96 and probability values (p = 0.000 < 0.05).The value of the positive path coefficient is 0.211.A change in the Palemahan value (X3) will directly affect the OHSE (Y) application by 0.211 times.Structural model of the relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables based on SEM AMOS analysis, namely, Y = 0.548X1 + 0.423X2 + 0.211X3.The evaluation of the hypothesis is presented in Figure 2 and Table

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Correlation model of occupational health and environmental safety based on Tri Hita Karana

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Application of safety, occupational health, and environment based on Tri Hita Karana Finally, workers try to minimize pollution, which is indirectly related to implementing the Palemahan aspect in the three aspects of Tri Hita Karana, including the awareness and behaviour generated by the project workers.The implementation of the PERMEN Number 10 of 2021 has gone well.It is by the required guidelines (Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 10 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pedoman Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Konstruksi, 2021).

Table 1 . Profile of respondents on the Pura Agung Jagatnatha improvement project in Denpasar City Respondent Profile Frequency (n = 200) Percentage (%)
' perceptions of applying OHSE to work safety (Y1) were average at 4.16.Related to occupational health (Y2) 4.37, comfort at work average value 4.43, work productivity (Y4) average value 4.35, and welfare (Y5) average value 4.255.Based on the average value of respondents' perceptions exceeding number 4, respondents' perceptions of the indicators of OHSE implementation in project implementation stated that they strongly agreed to be applied.The application of OHSE with work safety indicators, among others, the placement of objects or goods is carried out by being marked or boundary.Provision of equipment used for prevention, relief, and protection.Norms that the project team has, such as behaviour and attitude in the work environment.The project team must know that negligence is a significant factor in work accidents that can cause casualties.Work accidents cause considerable losses in the company; on the project, safe work equipment that can be used according to its function is available.To support the OHSE program, OHS officers provide OHSE training on the availability of PPE, project rules, and OHS signs.OHS officers anticipate, identify, and evaluate conditions that can endanger work safety by making OHS reports and documenting OHSE activities.Respondents' perceptions of the implementation of OHSE with occupational health indicators strongly agree on projects with health financing, health services where construction service companies cooperate with the nearest clinic, P3K disclosure, clean working environment conditions, labour insurance, and other facilities that support workers' occupational health.Respondents' perceptions about implementing OHSE with comfort indicators at work strongly agree because the project is supervised by pecalang or security guards, a conducive working atmosphere, payment system regularity, project teams receive fair and objective treatment, and workers receive employment security.Respondent's perception of applying OHSE with work productivity indicators relates to interest, wages obtained, a safe work environment, high morale and work ethic, and a better attitude than the previous day.Respondents' perception of implementing OHSE with welfare indicators is that by implementing OHSE, workers work following their goals and expectations.By working consistently and based on automatic work commitments, there is a quantitative increase in income and qualitatively better family health.