Review Fibre Reinforced Composites: Multiplicity of Application

Today, at the age of developing newer materials, it is needed to relook all textile fibers and materials by introspection of it in depth the strength and weakness of different fibers to be used alone or in combination with other materials as composites. The development of newer composite materials and to find their newer application potential, are still very attractive subjects of research investigation. Among different category of composites being made, fibre reinforced composites i.e. polymer matrix composites containing fibres as further sub-category under the broad heads-(a) fibre reinforced composites having high performance fibres as reinforcing material such as glass, Kevlar, carbon and boron, etc., in an appropriate polymer matrix system, (b) fibre reinforced composites incorporating low-cost natural fibres as reinforcing materials such as jute, hemp, sisal, coir and ramie etc. in an appropriate blend using more than one fibre as reinforcing materials i.e., incorporating one high polymer resin matrix, and (c) fibre reinforced composites having high performance fibre in combination to get advantages of both in the resultant two fibres hybrid composites e.g., jute-glass fibre hybrid composites.


Introduction
Today, at the age of developing newer materials, it is needed to relook all textile fibers and materials by introspection of it in depth the strength and weakness of different fibers to be used alone or in combination with other materials as composites. The development of newer composite materials and to find their newer application potential, are still very attractive subjects of research investigation. Among different category of composites being made, fibre reinforced composites i.e. polymer matrix composites containing fibres as further sub-category under the broad heads-(a) fibre reinforced composites having high performance fibres as reinforcing material such as glass, Kevlar, carbon and boron, etc., in an appropriate polymer matrix system, (b) fibre reinforced composites incorporating low-cost natural fibres as reinforcing materials such as jute, hemp, sisal, coir and ramie etc. in an appropriate blend using more than one fibre as reinforcing materials i.e., incorporating one high polymer resin matrix, and (c) fibre reinforced composites having high performance fibre in combination to get advantages of both in the resultant two fibres hybrid composites e.g., jute-glass fibre hybrid composites.
For high performance and specific applications, fibre reinforced composites mentioned in the first sub-category are more useful and for low-cost general performance and less specific applications, the fibre reinforced composite material in the second sub-category are recommended, while the third sub-category of fibre reinforced materials mentioned above have been still finding its applications in many newer areas like making blades of fan, etc. From different applications point of view, different varieties of composites materials can provide tailor-made products of required properties to a precise specification for specific application. However, different applications need different property aspects.
In aerospace application, stiffness for lowest weight is the dominant requirement for engineering structure, where cost is of little account. For many sports application performance, price is much a secondary consideration. There are, however, many other uses which require equal importance of performance and price.
Price-wise, use of jute fibre, as a natural, renewable low-cost reinforcing fibre, in the composite has obvious advantages with the risk of less water and weather resistant property.
Presently, polyester fibre has become cheaper fibre among other synthetic commodity fibres and therefore use of polyester fibre waste as reinforcing composites may be an alternative economical proposition. The order of tensile modulus values of some typical reinforcing fibres given below reveals that jute, together with other conventional commodity textile fibres, are clearly inferior in performance to metals or newer range of high performance fibres, are clearly inferior in performance to metals or newer range of high performance fibres such as Kevlar, glass, boron, carbon (HT) i.e., high tenacity carbon and carbon (HM) i.e., high modulus carbon fibres.
However, the order of stiffness i.e., tensile modulus or tensile strength do not convey the full picture, as because weight and cost are two important factors in many applications. So modulus (a measure of stiffness) per unit weight i.e., specific stiffness and strength per unit weight i.e., specific strength as well as stiffness/ until cost (i.e., cost normalized stiffness) and strength/unit cost (cost normalized strength) are more important parameters to compare. The followings are in the increasing order of the said parameters. Jute has a specific strength greater than that of aluminium and of mild steel, as well as specific stiffness of jute is greater than those of nylon, cotton and polyester, though is lower than that of the two metals (aluminium and mild steel). Thus, on specific stiffness basis, jute is a favourable reinforcing material. Further, considering the implication of price, and looking into the above shown order of cost normalized strength values of different materials, jute stands out as very effective and favourable reinforcing material. However drawback of jute-based composites being its poor water and weather resistance, its use in interior applications and/or in less humid or dry areas as wood-substitute was thought to be more effective.

Increasing order of normalized Stiffness/unit cost
Jute based composites restricts its use to modest/high temperature, and humid or corrosive environment. Jute, despite its lower strength than high performance fibres, can lead to composites of high specific strength because of its low density compared to metals and high performance fibres like glass, etc. The possibility of using jute as cheap reinforcing fibre for fabrication of composites has been investigated by authors [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Unlike manmade monofilament reinforcement, jute fibre displayed greater reinforcing efficiency when embedded in a polyester resin matrix than were predicted from measurement of mechanical properties in individual fibres. This is believed to be due to the co-operative interaction of ultimate cells when surrounded by a matrix resin.
However, little has been studied on the possibilities of application of jute based composites as substitute of wooden or metallic parts in different machinery such as looms etc. Substitution of wood by fibre reinforced composites is gradually being increased under economic and environmental pressure. So, with this background information, it was thought appropriate to study the possibilities of use of jute reinforced polyester resin (JRPR) composite materials for making picking stick in non-automatic silk looms and machine parts of other textile machinery. It was also thought useful to produce some jute polyester fibre hybrid composite in polyester resin matrix for other applications considering the potential multiplicity of applications of tailor-made composites of varying composition and design.

Multiplicity in Applications of Fibre-Reinforced Composites
There has been a large growth in variety of fibre reinforced composites developed for different applications point of view. Different fibre reinforced composites can be tailor-made and/or produced considering multiplicity of their application potential. Possible modes of different applications of varied quality of fibre reinforced composites ate tabulated in (Table1). Textile and other machine manufacturing