Problems of Biomineralization Dissolution in Human Arteries

Plenty has been written about the impact of arteriosclerosis, i.e. arterial biomineralization, on the functioning of human body. A little less information is available concerning the dissolution and prevention of such mineralization (calcium channel blockers etc.) [1,2]. The significance of even a small progress in “cleaning” the arteries cannot be overstated. By renewing the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system, it will restore proper functioning of tissue, organs, and other elements of the body, and in effect support removal or reduction of many diseases. It will lead to lasting rejuvenation of the body. Types of Arterial Biomineralization


Introduction
Plenty has been written about the impact of arteriosclerosis, i.e. arterial biomineralization, on the functioning of human body. A little less information is available concerning the dissolution and prevention of such mineralization (calcium channel blockers etc.) [1,2]. The significance of even a small progress in "cleaning" the arteries cannot be overstated. By renewing the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system, it will restore proper functioning of tissue, organs, and other elements of the body, and in effect support removal or reduction of many diseases. It will lead to lasting rejuvenation of the body.

Types of Arterial Biomineralization
Two types of mineralization present in arteries are mineralization with organic compounds ( Figure 1) and/or mineralization with inorganic phosphorus compounds ( Figure   1). However, the most common is organic-inorganic mixed mineralization with varying proportions of both types [3]. That hinders dissolution of deposits (arteriosclerotic plaque), because organic solvents are needed to dissolve organic deposits, while inorganic deposits require inorganic solvents. In the most common case of mixed arteriosclerotic plaque, combinations of organic and inorganic solvents need to be used [4][5][6][7][8].
Mineralization develops in biomineralization centers, which are places where different elements of artery structure have been damaged (39). Arteriosclerotic plaque is built from components transported with blood -mostly cholesterol, free Ca 2+ and PO 4 3-ions, etc. It is interesting to note that biomineralization of both the intima and the arterial wall is not related to exceeding the solubility product of crystallizing components [9], because concentrations of those components in blood (mainly in plasma) are low. Since the formation of deposits occurs even at low concentrations of those substances in blood, it means that the mechanism that governs the biomineralization of arteries is slightly different than the one occurring after exceeding the so-called solubility product of crystallizing substance [10], where the concentration of components is so high that they must precipitate out of the transporting medium.
This situation causes an additional problem with the dissolution of deposits formed in the arteries. It is impossible to shift the system of chemical equilibrium in the blood in such a way that the number of components we want to dissolve from previously crystallized biomineralization is very low. Although that would undoubtedly promote the dissolution of deposits [11][12][13][14][15][16], it may disrupt the functioning of other organs in which circulating blood must contain a certain amount of the listed ingredients [17,18]. Considering the above, it was decided to first attempt to dissolve the deposits in vitro, and then, in the future, use the obtained test results in attempts to dissolve arterial biomineralization in vivo ( Figure 2).

Experimental Dissolution -Equipment and Method
The apparatus shown in Figure

Dissolution of phosphate (apatite) mineralization
Experiments with dissolving phosphate biomineralization proved to be complicated, because in the studied arteries such mineralization never occurred without accompanying cholesterol.
In order not to complicate the experiment [43-49], it was decided that apatite would be synthesized, and an "artificial" artery covered by phosphate mineralization would be created. Arterial phosphate biomineralization [50], which in previous studies proved to be common (although usually co-occurring with organic compounds), turned out to be very complicated to synthesize outside the body.
Many experiments allowed us to obtain a phosphate gel, which during crystallization led to the synthesis of microcrystalline carbonate apatite where about 10% of PO 4 3groups were replaced by CO 3 2-    for presented research allowed us to determine the conditions of both its crystallization and dissolution ( Figure 10). They explain why apatite deposits do not form in veins [58]. Venous blood contains CO 2 and other products of metabolism that cause its slight acidification. Lower pH is enough to prevent phosphates, including apatite, crystallizing in the veins. The range of apatite instability is pH 6.6-6.8.