Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro has chronic flooding problems caused by an urban growth that did not respect the water space. In addition, the waterproofing of the soil, typical of expanding urban regions, generates more and more runoff for undersized or poorly maintained drainage networks. In this reality is inserted the hydrographic basin of the Canal do Mangue, whose urbanization process generated densely occupied areas in flat and low areas, unfavorable to rainwater flows. Several builds to control floods have been implemented in the watershed in the case of study to solve recurrent failures in the drainage system. The main ones are the flood retention reservoirs of the Maracanã River, Joana River and Praça da Bandeira, besides the detour of Joana River. This study aims, through hydrodynamic simulations, to verify the effect and hydraulic efficiency of these hydraulic builds on the management of rainwater from the Canal do Mangue watershed. Palavras-Chave – Controle de inundações; drenagem urbana; simulações hidrodinâmicas urbanas. 1) AquaFluxus – Consultoria Ambiental em Recursos Hídricos. matheus@aquafluxus.com.br 2) COPPE/UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. krishnamurti@poli.ufrj.br 3) Escola Politécnica UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. omrezende@poli.ufrj.br 4) AquaFluxus – Consultoria Ambiental em Recursos Hídricos. luiza@aquafluxus.com.br 5) AquaFluxus – Consultoria Ambiental em Recursos Hídricos. caroline@aquafluxus.com.br 6) Escola Politécnica UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. marcelomiguez@poli.ufrj.br 7) PEA/UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. canedo@hidro.ufrj.br XIII Encontro Nacional de Águas Urbanas Outubro/2020 – Porto Alegre/RS XIII Encontro Nacional de Águas Urbanas 2 INTRODUÇÃO A cidade do Rio de Janeiro demostra problemas crônicos de inundações. O livro "Tormentas Cariocas" (Abreu apud Miguez, 2001 p. 26) apresenta um relato sobre o histórico de enchentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Um trecho do texto é transcrito a seguir. “A posição estratégica do Rio de Janeiro, na entrada da Baia de Guanabara, foi fundamental na decisão portuguesa de fundar a cidade e de aqui manter o posto avançado de controle colonial. Mas o sitio sempre foi problemático, pela quebra abrupta de gradiente entre a encosta e a baixada situada ao nível do mar, e pela grande quantidade de brejos, pântanos e lagoas. Por isso, a conquista propriamente dita foi um processo longo e penoso. O espaço da cidade do Rio de Janeiro teve que ser conquistado pelo homem através de dessecamentos e aterros, durante mais de 300 anos até o século XIX.  ́[...] [...]A cidade vai ocupar então áreas mal aterradas e mal niveladas, e não é de surpreender que, depois, sejam justamente estas as áreas mais afetadas pelas inundações. [...]” O trecho citado caracteriza até os dias de hoje quase todas as bacias hidrográficas do município do Rio de Janeiro. Esta lógica de supressão de espaços antes ocupados pela água para criação da cidade faz com que no município exista uma grande região susceptível a inundações. Além disso, o elevado crescimento urbano e ocupação de encostas e áreas verdes livres a montante faz com que a parcela de chuvas que se tornam escoamento superficial aumente. Resumidamente, o processo de urbanização no Rio de Janeiro, aumenta cada vez mais o escoamento pluvial (impermeabilização do solo) em uma região que historicamente suprimiu os espaços para transporte e acumulação da água (aterramentos e canalizações). Nesta realidade está inserida a bacia hidrográfica do Canal do Mangue. A região engloba parte do centro da cidade e da zona norte e seu processo de urbanização gerou regiões densamente ocupadas em áreas planas e baixas, que como citado, são desfavoráveis aos escoamentos pluviais. Além disso a bacia possui a montante áreas de encostas muito íngremes, o que propicia respostas rápidas do escoamento apresentando picos de vazão elevados. Segundo Rezende (2018) Além dos problemas geográficos e de ocupação apresentados, a bacia possui uma rede de drenagem com baixa eficiência, o que intensifica o processo natural de enchentes. XIII Encontro Nacional de Águas Urbanas Outubro/2020 – Porto Alegre/RS XIII Encontro Nacional de Águas Urbanas 3 Uma das principais linhas para solução tanto para a bacia do Canal do Mangue, como para todo o município em si, é a devolução de espaços para o sistema de drenagem, de forma que seja possível não só o escoamento, mas também a infiltração ou retenção de água para amortecimento das vazões de cheia. Está prática está alinhada com o conjunto de boas práticas utilizadas no manejo das águas urbanas chamado de Sistema de Drenagem Sustentável (SUDS). De modo geral, o sistema de drenagem urbana sustentável busca retomar as características e condições naturais do ciclo hidrológico antes da urbanização (OLIVEIRA et al., 2017). Neste contexto o Plano Diretor de Manejo de Águas Pluviais do Município do Rio de Janeiro (CONSORCIO HIDROSTUDIO – FCTH, 2011) propôs uma série de alternativas de mitigação de inundações, baseadas principalmente no amortecimento de cheias pela retenção de água pluvial em reservatórios on-line ou off-line, enterrados. Este tipo de solução se caracteriza por grandes obras de engenharia que tendem a ter elevados valores de implementação e manutenção, porém, apresentam grande eficiência no que diz respeito ao amortecimento de vazões e controle dos escoamentos pluviais. O presente trabalho busca avaliar holisticamente o efeito hidráulico dos reservatórios e correções em calha realizados na bacia do Canal do Mangue nos últimos anos, verificando a eficiência hidráulica das alternativas implementadas. Para esta análise foi utilizado o Modelo de Células de escoamento (MIGUEZ, 2001) que possui ampla aplicação em simulação hidrodinâmica de bacias urbanas complexas para determinação do funcionamento do sistema de drenagem (MIGUEZ, 2019 et al.; OLIVEIRA et al., 2019; REZENDE et al., 2020).


Introduction
The gauge sector of the Standard Model (SM), has been extensively tested by LEP, SLD and Tevatron experiments.Among these tests, the production of W pairs is important because it is quite sensitive to a balance between s− and t−channel contributions.The gauge boson pair production can also reveal the nature of the triple gauge coupling, but until now there is no evidence of the existence of anomalous gauge couplings.In fact, the analysis of the Z transverse momentum distribution in the process p + p −→ W + Z + X −→ ℓ ′ + ν ℓ + ℓ + l (ℓ and ℓ ′ are electrons and muons) at Tevatron ( √ s = 1.96 GeV) gives a more restrict limit on the W W Z coupling parameters [1].They are: −0.17 ≤ λ Z ≤ 0.21 (∆κ Z = 0) and −0.12 ≤ ∆κ Z ≤ 0.29 (λ Z = 0) assuming that ∆g Z 1 = ∆κ Z .The effective Lagrangian with the parametrization of anomalous couplings involving W W γ and W W Z is found in [2,3].
The standard model W + W − , Z 0 Z 0 production in e + e − and in hadron colliders was studied in [4,5,6,7], for example; the authors have shown that the s− and t−channels balance in W + W − production is essential for the good behavior of total cross sections.Such behavior must be preserved when the c.m. energy of colliding particles increase ( √ s ≫ M Z ) probably producing new particles, which appear in many extensions the SM or alternative models [8,9,10,11,12].For example, the W + W − production in linear and hadron colliders was analyzed in some extensions of the SM which have the same gauge boson content but where the fundamental matter representation includes new exotic fermions (very massive leptons and heavy quarks) [13]; using the unitarity constraint the authors determined some relations between model parameters [14].In the same context, the new neutral gauge boson contribution for left-right models in e + e − collisions was analyzed [15].At high energy, the production of ordinary or exotic gauge boson pair can be studied from alternative models with a large particle spectrum.The boson pair production takes place through standard and new gauge bosons s-channel contribution and from t-channel exchange of ordinary or new fermions.For these models the number of triple gauge couplings increase and high energy processes can also reveal anomalous couplings, excluded in a previous analysis [16].
We are exploring the phenomenological aspects of an alternative to the SM based on the SU (3) c × SU (3) L × U (1) X gauge symmetry (3-3-1 model) [17,18,19,20] which predicts new very massive particles mixed to the observed states.Together with the exotic fermion content and an extra neutral gauge boson, the model includes gauge bosons carrying lepton number equal 2, called bilepton [21], that also occur in SU (15) grand unified theories [22].There exist, in the literature, the supersymetric extension of the model [23] and several phenomenological consequences of the model are being explored [24].
Let us outline some features of the model considered in this paper.Although at low energies the model coincides with the SM, it offers an explanation for basic questions such as the family replication problem and the observed bound for the Weinberg angle [25].The family problem is solved by considering the model anomaly cancellation procedure, requiring that the number of fermion families must be a multiple of the quark color number [26].Considering that QCD asymptotic freedom condition is valid only if the number of families of quarks is less than five, one concludes that there are three generations.On the other hand, to keep the validity of perturbation calculation, one obtains a bound for the Weinberg angle at each energy scale µ, (sin 2 θ W (µ) ≤ 1/4) this constraint follows from the coupling constants (g U(1) , g SUL(3) ) ratio.The experimental value of sin 2 θ W (M Z ) ≃ 1/4 leads to an upper bound associated with the spontaneous SU (3) L symmetry breaking [27,28], which implies directly on a restriction on exotic boson masses [29].
Working with two versions of the 3-3-1 model, we have analyzed the e + + e − −→ f + f , (where f denotes ordinary leptons or quarks) for ILC energies in order to establish some signatures of the extra neutral gauge boson Z ′ existence and to obtain lower bounds on its mass.The obtained bounds were confirmed by extending our analysis to pp and pp collisions [30].In another publication, we have included the Z ′ contribution to the production of a pair of double charged bileptons in e + e − for ILC energy [31].The beginning of activities of the LHC, operating at high energy, opens the search for new discoveries.Among these findings one expect the presence of some signatures for new particles as those predicted by the 3-3-1 model, in particular new gauge bosons, bileptons and exotic quarks.
In the present paper we analyze the production of a pair of single charged bilepton (V ± ) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN with √ s > 10 TeV, through the process p + p −→ V + + V − + X, where s− channel contributions come from γ, Z and Z ′ and where t− channel includes only the exotic quarks contributions.Our calculation is performed at the tree level employing parton distribution functions [32] in a Monte Carlo code.
In the section II we review the basic aspects of the minimal version of the 3-3-1 model.In the section III we present the calculation of q + q −→ V + + V − cross section as well as the final results for p + p −→ V + + V − + X adding some comments of our results.Finally, in the section IV, we present the conclusions of our work.

Model
In the 3-3-1 model the electric charge operator is defined as: where T 3 and T 8 are two of the eight generators satisfying the SU (3) algebra I is the unit matrix and X denotes the U (1) charge.The electric charge operator determines how the fields are arranged in each representation and depends on the β parameter.Among the possible choices, β = − √ 3 [17,18] corresponds to the minimal version of the model that is used in the present application.
The lepton content of each generation (a = 1, 2, 3) is: where ℓ c a is the charge conjugate of ℓ a (e, µ, τ ) field.Here the values in the parentheses denote quantum numbers relative to SU (3) C , SU (3) L and U (1) X transformations.
In order to cancel anomalies, the first quark family is accommodated in SU (3) L triplet and the second and third families (m = 2, 3) belong to the antitriplet representation, as follows: where a = 1, 2, 3 and J 1 , j 2 and j 3 are exotic quarks with respectively 5/3, −4/3 and −4/3 units of the positron charge (e).This version has five additional gauge bosons beyond the SM ones.They are: a neutral Z ′ and four heavy charged bileptons, Y ±± , V ± with lepton number L = ∓2.In order to avoid model anomalies, only one quark family must be assigned to a different SU (3) representation, but this procedure does not specify what is the family to be elected [33].We will comment, in the conclusion section, about the consequences of our choice where the first family is treated differently from the other two.
The minimum Higgs structure necessary for symmetry breaking and that gives quark and lepton acceptable masses are composed by three triplets (χ, ρ, η) and one anti-sextet (S).The neutral field of each scalar triplet develops non zero vacuum expectation values (v χ , v ρ , v η , and v S ) and the breaking of 3-3-1 group to the SM is produced by the following hierarchical pattern: The consistency of the model with the SM phenomenology is imposed by fixing a large scale for v χ , responsible to give mass to the exotic particles In the minimal version, the relation between Z ′ , V and Y masses [34,29] is: This special constraint respects the experimental bounds that, even being a consequence of the model, is not often used in the literature.We keep this relation through our calculations.For example, this ratio is ≃ 0.3 for sin 2 θ W = 0.23 [35], so that Z ′ can decays into a bilepton pair.The interactions of quarks and neutral gauge bosons are described by the Lagrangian: where eq i is the quark electric charge and g Vi , g Ai , g ′ Vi and g ′ Ai are the quark vector and axial-vector couplings with Z and Z ′ respectively.
As referred before, in the 3-3-1 model, one family must transform with respect to SU (3) rotations differently to the other two.This requirement manifests itself when we collect the quark currents in a part with universal coupling with Z ′ similar to the SM and another part corresponding to the non-diagonal Z ′ couplings.The transformation of these non diagonal terms, in the mass eigenstates basis, leads to the flavor changing neutral Lagrangian where and B = diag (1 0 0) .
The mixing matrices U (for up-type quark) and V (for down-type quark), that give raise to the quark masses, come from the Yukawa Lagrangian and are related to the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix, as By convention, in the SM, it is usual to assume that for up-type quark the gauge interaction eigenstates are the same as the mass eigenstates, which corresponds to U u = I.This assumption is not valid in the 3-3-1 model because, in accordance to the renormalization group equations (RGE), all matrix elements evolve with energy and are unstable against radiative corrections.It turns out that U u must be = I.As the Eq. ( 9) is independent of representation, one is free to choose which quark family representation must be different from the other two.We recall that our choice was for the first family to belong to the triplet SU (3) representation.In the next section we will discuss the consequences of our choice.
All universal neutral couplings diagonal and non-diagonal are presented in the Tables 1 and 2 respectively.
The dominant couplings between ordinary to exotic quarks are driven by single charged bilepton as follows: where V 21 , V 31 and U 11 are mixing matrices elements (Eq.( 9)).
In addition to the SM gauge boson Lagrangian the trilinear terms used in the present work are: where Finally, one of the main features of the model comes from the relation between the SU L (3) and U X (1) couplings, expressed as: that fixes sin 2 θ W < 1/4, which is a peculiar characteristic of this model, as explained in the Introduction section.

Vector Couplings
Axial-Vector Couplings

Results
In this paper we focus on the bilepton (V ± ) pair production in pp collision at LHC.This particle is predicted in many extensions of the SM and in particular in the 3-3-1 model that was used in the present paper.We restrict our calculation to a version of the model where the bilepton mass is related to the mass of the extra neutral gauge boson Z ′ also predicted in the model, by the Eq. ( 6).We fix the exotic quark masses (J 1 , j 2 and j 3 ) to be 600 GeV and for the V ± mass we use a set of values compatible with the findings related to the Z −→ b b [36], where the authors obtained the allowed region for exotic quark and bilepton masses, through the deviation between the SM calculation and the experimental data.We adopt the Z ′ mass in the range from 800 to 1200 GeV, which is in accordance with accepted bounds [35].All these values are shown in the Table 3.
The group structure of model is such that bileptons couple ordinary to exotic quarks and leptons (e, µ and τ ) with their neutrinos.In the hadronic channel the bilepton can decay in d−type quark with j 2,3 and u−type quark with J 1 .However, for the range of extra neutral gauge boson mass considered here the only decay mode is leptonic because the exotic-quark ordinary-quark channel will only opens when M Z ′ = 2 TeV, associated with a bilepton heavier than 600 GeV.In contrast with W , which decays into νℓ + ℓ where ℓ is emitted softly, the leptons coming from bilepton carry high transverse momentum.This signature can be used to disentangle the processes of bilepton pair production from W pair production.
In order to calculate the total cross section for bilepton pair production we start by considering the elementary process, q i + qi −→ V + + V − (q i = u, d), taking into account all contributions: γ, Z and a new neutral gauge boson Z ′

Vector Couplings
Axial-Vector Couplings The flavor changing vector and axial-vector couplings to quarks (uand d-type ) induced by Z ′ in the Minimal Model.
in the s− channel and exotic heavy quarks Q j (J 1 , j 2 and j 3 ) in the t− channel, as displayed in the Figure 1.At the beginning of our calculation, we have taken into account the heavy quark and Z ′ widths, however we have verified that our results do not depend on the heavy quarks width then we keep only Z ′ width in all calculations.We perform the amplitude algebraic calculation with FORM [37].The elementary differential cross section obtained, as a function of kinematical invariants (ŝ, t, û), can be computed, for k, l = γ, Z, Z ′ and Q j = J 1 , j 2 and j 3 , as: We present below the amplitudes (B kl ) corresponding to the diagrams shown in the Figure 1: where M Z , M ′ Z are the neutral gauge boson masses and Γ Z ′ is the Z ′ width; a j and b j are the ordinary quark-exotic quark-bilepton couplings (a j = b j = 1), The trilinear coupling constants e Z and e Z ′ are: The functions A(ŝ, t, û), E(ŝ, t, û) and I(ŝ, t, û) are: and the functions originated by exotic quark contributions are: We have performed the t integration within the limits: , where M V , M q and M Q are the bilepton, ordinary and exotic quark masses and the definition For short we call X = X(ŝ, t, û) d t, where One can observe again the large extra gauge boson (B Z ′ Z ′ ) component and the tiny exotic quark and interference contributions.
Let us show in the Figure 5 the bad behavior in energy for the elementary cross section when we consider only the neutral boson contributions (γ, Z and Z ′ ).One can see clearly that, when the energy increases, the uū sub-process violates softly the unitarity behavior (only visible for √ ŝ > 4 TeV) and, on the other hand, d d leads to a more drastic violation.As expected, the d d process is more sensitive than uū, because d d channel receives more exotic quark contribution.This behavior imposes to add the exotic quark contributions (via t) involving the charged current.The amplitudes balance has to occur between the exotic quark (via t) and the s−channel.
Besides, this cancellation requires to take into account the mixing between the quark eigenstates respecting the constraint given by Eq. ( 9).The quark mixing depends on what family must belong to a different SU (3) L representation.Working in the minimal version [17], where the first family is in the SU (3) triplet representation, it is possible to obtain mixing parameters compatible with Eq. ( 9) and restoring the correct high energy behavior.There is no parametrization, in the literature, for U matrix elements, however some limits for V elements have been obtained from Z ′ rare decay bounds in [39,40,41].We cannot exclude the possibility that another choice of mixing parameters would provide a correct energy behavior, when the third quark family is treated differently.
The Figures 6 and 7 show the elementary q + q −→ V + + V − total cross section for the set of quark mixing parameters: U 11 = 0.1349989, V 11 = 0.900542, V 12 = 0.1009984 and V 31 = V 11 .In these figures we have used three values for M Z ′ = 800 GeV, 1000 GeV and 1200 GeV for M Q = 600 GeV.It can be noted the good behavior of the elementary cross sections presenting a peak around the Z ′ mass and becoming broader and smaller as Z ′ mass increases.This range of values relies on our previous work [30] where we have establish bounds on Z ′ mass in two versions of 3-3-1 models for e + e − and hadron colliders, obtaining results that are compatible with experimental bounds.Here we consider the constraints given by Eq. ( 6).We display in the Table I some values for M Z ′ , Γ Z ′ , M V and Γ V .
The total cross section for p+p −→ V + +V − +X is obtained integrating the elementary total cross section weighted by the distribution function for partons in hadron (proton) [32].
To obtain more realistic results, we have applied an angular cut on the angle between the final bileptons with respect to the initial beam direction, |η| ≤ 2.5.
The final results are displayed in the Figure 8, where the total cross section is plotted as a function of the bilepton mass.We consider two energy regimes ( √ s = 10 TeV and √ s = 14 TeV) to compare with the W + W − production.It is clear from the plot that, even for √ s = 10 TeV, the production of bileptons pairs with M V ≤ 300 GeV is larger than W pair production, allowing for a large number of events originated from bilepton decay.For a low LHC luminosity around 1 f b −1 and c.m. energy of 10 TeV it can be produced a thousand of Figure 1: The Feynman diagrams for q + q −→ V + + V − process with s-channel and t (u)-channel contributions.
M V ≃ 300 GeV pairs.For √ s = 14 TeV the same number of pair can be produced for M V ≃ 450 GeV.This scenario is related to a very massive extra neutral gauge boson existence.

Conclusions
In this paper we focus on the bilepton (V ± ) pair production in pp collision at LHC.This particle is predicted in many extensions of the SM and in particular in the 3-3-1 model used in the present paper.We restrict our calculation to a version of the model where the bilepton mass is related to the mass of the extra neutral gauge boson Z ′ , also predicted in the model.For the range of the extra neutral gauge boson mass considered here, the dominant V ± decay is leptonic (ν ℓ +ℓ).The hadronic channel (J i +q i ) will open when M Z ′ = 2 TeV, associated with a bilepton heavier than 600 GeV.For the elementary Drell-Yan process, there are the contributions of γ, Z, and Z ′ in the s-channel and the exotic quark in the t-channel.J 1 is exchanged when the initial quark of colliding proton is an up-type quark, but when the down-type quark is participating, j 2 and j 3 are exchanged.This is a consequence of our choice for family quark representation.

SM i = u, d
Figure 2: The elementary total cross section for the process q + q −→ W + + W − for the SM.The correct high energy behavior of the elementary cross section follows from the balance between the individual contributions.In order to emphasize the role of the exotic quark contribution, we present in the Figure 5 the "bad" behavior of the elementary cross section in the absence of the t-channel contribution for a fixed Z ′ mass, we see clearly that the uū sub-process violates "softly" the unitarity bound and d d leads to a more severe violation.As expected, the d d process is more sensitive than uū, because this channel receives additional exotic quark contribution.
When considering the t-channel contribution we take into account the mixing of quark mass eigenstates originated from the Yukawa coupling.In this work we have obtained a set of mixing parameters allowing to a good behavior for the elementary cross section, for different M Z ′ .These parameters are related to our particular choice for SU (3) L family representation.This result does not exclude any other choice for quark representation.
In the 3-3-1 model, Z ′ couples to the quarks in a non universal way leading to the existence of flavor changing vertices.As a consequence, the quark mixing parameters are also present in Z ′ quark vertices.We display in the Tables I and II our results for the flavor changing couplings.
In order to obtain the total cross section for the production of bilepton pairs we employed the cut on the final particle pseudo-rapidity.Considering a conservative integrated luminosity value and √ s = 10 TeV we predict the production of a thousand of M V ≃ 300 GeV pairs mainly due to the contribution from M Z ′ ≃ 1 TeV.For √ s = 14 TeV the same number of events is obtained for M V ≃ 450 GeV pairs, associated to a M Z ′ ≃ 1.4 TeV.One can ask about the possibility of Tevatron to find a large amount of bileptons.In fact, as our prediction lies on a large M Z ′ (greater than 800 GeV), the required energy per quark for an individual sub-process q q would be larger than 500 GeV not available at Tevatron, where the energy beam is about 900 GeV.For this reason the Tevatron gives M Z ′ > 600 GeV.Finally, we observe that it is possible to distinguish the leptons coming from bileptons with those from the background of W decay.In contrast with W ± which decays into νℓ ℓ, the charged lepton coming from the bilepton decay has a large transverse momentum.A useful p T cut can eliminate this SM background.
We conclude that a large number of single charged bilepton pairs can be produced in the early stage of the LHC.

Figure 5 :Figure 6 :Figure 7 :
Figure 5: The elementary cross section for uū and d d sub-process for M Z ′ = 800 considering only the s−channel contributions.

Table 1 :
The Z and Z ′ vector and axial-vector couplings to quarks (u 1 = u, u 2 = c, u 3 = t, and d 1 = d, d 2 = s, d 3 = b) in the Minimal Model; θ W is the Weinberg angle and U ii and V jj are U and V diagonal mixing matrix elements.

Table 3 :
Some widths for new gauge bosons Z ′ and V ± in the minimal 3-3-1 model.