Myasthenia Gravis Associated with Acute Hepatitis E Infection in Immunocompetent Woman

To the Editor: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute hepatitis in developing countries. The course of acute hepatitis E is usually benign, except in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients, who are prone to a lethal or chronic outcome of the disease. Since 2001, hepatitis E has been emerging in industrialized countries, and neurologic manifestations such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, brachial neuritis, transverse myelitis, and cranial nerve palsies have been reported in patients with acute or chronic forms of the disease (1–6). Most cases with neurologic manifestations have been characterized by infection with genotype 3 HEV. Data are not available to indicate whether this association between HEV infection and neurologic manifestations is related to a specific antigenic stimulus provided by HEV or is linked to the more comprehensive assessment for such neurologic conditions that is available in industrialized countries or to a reporting bias. We report a case of HEV infection in an immunocompetent woman who had muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) antibody–positive myasthenia gravis associated with HEV replication.

this research team (DR) collected the eggs from the hair shaft, they were found ≈3 3.5 cm from the hair follicle. Because hair grows ≈1.25 cm per month, the louse infestation occurred ≈3 months before egg collection (6).
Homeless persons that we have monitored for many years are often heavily infested by body lice but are also occasionally infested with head lice. Before genetic tools that differentiate the head and body louse lineages were available (5), it was speculated that body lice may have originated from head lice (9). From our study, it is clear that under conditions of massive infestation, body lice can migrate and colonize hair; the opposite may also be true. However, there is no evidence that body lice are capable of causing an outbreak of lice living on the head, as happens among schoolchildren that have been found to be infested only by head lice. This suggests that body lice cannot thrive in the environment of head lice, which infest millions of children worldwide (10), further suggesting that outbreaks of trench fever are most likely not linked to head lice in industrialized countries. In conclusion, by analyzing lice harvested from the heads and clothing of homeless persons, we have shown that the 2 ecotypes belong to the same body lice population.

Myasthenia Gravis Associated with Acute Hepatitis E Infection in Immunocompetent Woman
To the Editor: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute hepatitis in developing countries. The course of acute hepatitis E is usually benign, except in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients, who are prone to a lethal or chronic outcome of the disease. Since 2001, hepatitis E has been emerging in industrialized countries, and neurologic manifestations such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, brachial neuritis, transverse myelitis, and cranial nerve palsies have been reported in patients with acute or chronic forms of the disease (1-6). Most cases with neurologic manifestations have been characterized by infection with genotype 3 HEV. Data are not available to indicate whether this association between HEV infection and neurologic manifestations is related to a specific antigenic stimulus provided by HEV or is linked to the more comprehensive assessment for such neurologic conditions that is available in industrialized countries or to a reporting bias. We report a case of HEV infection in an immunocompetent woman who had muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) antibody-positive myasthenia gravis associated with HEV replication.
A 33-year-old woman was hospitalized in France for subacute asthenia and intermittent symptoms including dysarthria, dysphagia, muscle weakness, and diplopia. She had no family history of autoimmune disease and no notable personal medical history; she had not received any recent vaccinations and had not traveled outside France during the previous year. Physical examination showed no pyramidal, vestibular, or cerebellar syndromes, and all tendon reflexes were typical.
On admission, the patient's liver function tests showed elevated alanine transaminase (190 UI/L). Test results were within reference ranges for aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and creatine kinase levels. Antibody tests were negative for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2, and Treponema pallidum, but testing for cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus showed previous exposure. Serum samples were positive for HEV IgM (index 11) and negative for HEV IgG (index 0.71) by Adaltis microplate ELISA (EIAgen; Adaltis, Casalecchio Di Reno, Italy). HEV RNA was detected in serum and fecal samples by using HEV reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) (Ceeram, La Chapelle sur Erdre, France) on the SmartCycler II instrument (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Sequencing studies showed that the HEV strain belonged to genotype 3f.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging results were normal, and results for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid were normal (leukocytes <5 cells/µL, glucose 3.2 mmol/L, protein 38 mg/dL, HEV RT-PCR negative). A nerve conduction study, performed even though the patient was not symptomatic, did not find any abnormality. Pharmacologic testing with prostigmine (0.5 mg intravenously) did not result in symptom improvement. Computed tomography scan of the mediastinum showed no thymoma. Test results for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies were negative; however, results were positive for MuSK antibodies (18.7 U/mL by radioimmunoassay; RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, UK). These data, combined with physical examination, confirmed the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
Given this association of myasthenia and acute HEV infection, we suspected the potent role of HEV infection in the neurologic symptoms.
Therapy was started with ribavirin (1,000 mg/day for 1 month) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (1 g/ kg/d for 2 days). Alanine transaminase levels rapidly decreased, and after 3 months, test results for HEV IgM and HEV RT-PCR in serum were negative. IVIG treatment relieved symptoms in the short term, but symptoms returned 15 days after treatment ended, requiring continuation of IVIG every 4 weeks for 6 months. Four months after the last infusion of IVIG, the patient reported mild 4-limb fatigability after exercise, but results of objective neurologic examination were normal. Results for MuSK antibodies were still positive, and treatment with azathioprine (150 mg/d) was started. Three weeks later, the patient required another infusion of IVIG for difficulty in swallowing, dyspnea, and 4-limb weakness, but she was free of symptoms for the remaining 5 months of follow-up.
In conclusion, we describe a case of anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis associated with acute HEV in a young, immunocompetent patient in France. Because myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies is rare (≈10% of myasthenia gravis cases) (7), the potential role of HEV infection as a trigger of autoimmune disorders should be investigated. Some cases of anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis associated with HIV (8) or Epstein-Barr virus (9) infections have been reported. Nevertheless, our findings do not enable us to draw conclusions regarding causality. Our observation might suggest a coincidental temporal association between HEV infection and myasthenia gravis or a triggering of autoimmunity by HEV. Moreover, anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis is usually characterized by a rapidly progressive course with moderate to severe symptoms (7). The initial unusually benign clinical course in this patient might be explained by the effect of early ribavirin treatment or, more likely, by a particular type of MuSK antibodies (10).