Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4, Nanjing, China, 2001–2011

During 2001–2011, hepatitis E virus (HEV) was found in the blood of patients in Nanjing, China. All HEV-positive patients had virus genotype 4; subgenotype 4a was predominant. The effective population of HEV in Nanjing increased in ≈1980 and continued until ≈2003 when it plateaued.


The Study
A total of 15,910 patients admitted to the Second Hospital in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, because of suspected acute viral hepatitis during January 1, 2001-April 30, 2011, were evaluated by physicians to determine whether they were infected with HEV. Informed consent was obtained from all patients participating in this study. This study was conducted in accordance with national ethics regulation and was approved by the research ethics committee of Southeast University in Nanjing. Because several physicians evaluated the patients, a variety of clinical symptoms were used to diagnose viral hepatitis. Patients were tested for HEV by using serologic analysis. A total of 813 patients who were positive for IgM against HEV were tested for HEV RNA.
ELISAs for antibodies against HEV (Wan Tai Biologic Pharmacy Enterprise Co. Ltd, Beijing, China) were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Inhouse sandwich enzyme immunoassays were used according to Dong et al. (9).
HEV primers were designed to amplify a 691bp segment from open reading frame 2 genotypes 1-4 ( Table 1). RNA extraction and cDNA sequencing were performed as described (10). Sequences identified have been deposited in GenBank under accession nos. JX997438-JX997647).
A total of 210 sequences were aligned by using ClustalX (11) and trimmed at their termini to remove gaps by using BioEdit version 7.0.5.3 (12). All sequences (n = 178) without a collection date were removed from the dataset. This sequence set was analyzed to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor and to generate a skyline plot. These sequences align with open reading frame 2 sequence at nt 6454-6966 (GenBank accession no. AJ272108).
To examine whether there was a change in the prevalence in any of the 3 most abundant subgenotypes (4a, 4c, and 4d) detected, we conducted χ 2 analyses. Numbers of subgenotype sequences found for each subgenotype were compared with every other subgenotype in adjacent time intervals. In addition, numbers of subgenotypes were compared between the first time period (2001)(2002)(2003) and 2010 and 2011. The p values for all comparisons were >0.11 except for comparison between subgenotypes 4a and 4c from 2008 with those from 2009 (p = 0.04). Values for subgenotypes 4b, 4g, and the unknown subgenotype were all within 2 SD of their respective means ( Table 2). This finding indicates that there were no major differences in subgenotype prevalence over time.
BEAST version 1.71 (14) was used to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor and to create a skyline plot as described (13) but with use of the Kimura 3-parameter substitution model. Calculation of the time to the most recent common ancestor for sequences with confirmed dates of collection estimated that the most recent common ancestor for these sequences existed 102.5 years ago (range 69.1-141.4 years ago). A skyline plot created from the dated sequences suggests that the effective population of HEV in Nanjing increased slightly more than 1 log. This increase started in ≈1980 and continued until ≈2003, when the effective population of HEV genotype 4 in Nanjing reached a plateau (Figure 2).

Conclusions
The current findings are different from those reported by Purdy and Khudyakov (13), which showed an increase in the effective population of HEV genotype 4 in China from ≈1900 through ≈1940 when the effective population plateaued. Although both plots show an increase in the effective population that plateaus, the periods for these changes differed.
There are 3 potential causes for these differences. First, because the earlier plot (13) was constructed with fewer sequences, sampling error may be a factor. Second, the earlier plot nonetheless used longer sequences with many more segregating sites. Third, the earlier plot included sequences originating from a larger geographic area. The second and third reasons could potentially result in more sites with substitutions, resulting in higher sequence diversity, which could extend time estimates further into the past. Because of these 3 disparate factors, we cannot ascertain which plot would be more accurate or whether both plots are correct within their specific contexts. Nevertheless, the common feature of both plots is that the effective population of HEV genotype 4 has increased and subsequently reached a plateau.
These data suggest that HEV genotype 4 has undergone a relatively recent expansion in the late twentieth century in Nanjing. The most dominant subgenotype is 4a, and subgenotype distribution has not changed over the past decade. Therefore, a stable population of genotype 4 HEV has been established in the Nanjing region of China. This finding is consistent with the trend observed in other areas within China in which decreases in the prevalence of HEV genotype  Type  JM2  CCG ACA GAA TTG ATT TCG TCG GC  EF  JM36  CAT YTT AAG RCG CTG MAG CTC AGC  ER  JM3  TYG TCT CRG CCA ATG GCG AGC  IF  JM35 CGR CAY TCM GGG CAR AAR TCA TC IR *E, external; F, forward; R, reverse; I, internal.   (5,7,8). Whether this replacement of genotype 1 by genotype 4 reflects changes in the environment, changes in mode of transmission, or introduction of HEV genotype 4 to animal reservoirs to which humans have been exposed requires further studies. Such investigations are particularly urgent given the continuing increase in China of the prevalence of acute hepatitis E associated with HEV genotype 4 (15).