Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae

We describe a case of rhabdomyolysis in a patient infected with antimicrobial drug–resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae The patient’s acute-phase serum levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor–α were high, which suggests a pathogenic role for M. pneumoniae. In an era of increasing antimicrobial drug resistance, a system for rapidly identifying resistant M. pneumoniae would be beneficial.

On day 7 of her illness, the girl's condition worsened acutely, with increased cough and fever, and she again visited her primary care physician. A chest radiograph showed pulmonary infi ltrates in the left upper lung, and the patient was referred to our hospital on day 8 of her illness. The girl's history and family history were unremarkable.
On hospital admission, the patient was alert and oriented. Her temperature was 38.9°C, heart rate was 101 beats/min, and oxygen saturation was 97%. Chest auscultation was unremarkable. The girl did not describe symptoms of myalgia, and physical examination did not show signs of erythema, hepatosplenomegaly, neurologic abnormalities, muscle weakness, or muscle atrophy.
The girl's fever did not respond to treatment with azithromycin, and she was given a tentative diagnosis of antimicrobial drug-resistant M. pneumoniae infection, which was prevalent in the region. Because the patient was <8 years of age, she was started on treatment with tosufl oxacin, a fl uoroquinolone, granules for children (12 mg/kg/d) and steroid therapy (methylprednisolone, 1 mg/ kg/d). The patient's fever resolved the next day, and her urine output was maintained with intravenous hydration. No signs or symptoms of muscle involvement developed during the patient's hospital stay.
On day 16 after the patient was admitted to the hospital, results of laboratory testing showed improved values for creatine phosphokinase (1,855 ng/mL), aspartate aminotransferase (101 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (162 IU/L), lactate dehydrogenase (294 IU/L), and urine myoglobulin (10 μg/L). Pulmonary infi ltrates seen on a chest radiograph had decreased substantially by day 16, and the patient was discharged from the hospital. On day 8 after discharge, her abnormal test results returned to normal, and her illness showed no signs of relapse.
Culture results for a respiratory sample obtained during hospitalization revealed normal bacterial fl ora, and the results for rapid diagnostic tests for infl uenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were negative at admission. The M. pneumoniae antibody titer by the particle agglutination test was 1,280 at admission, and 2 days later, the antibody titer had increased to 10,240. At hospital admission, with permission from the girl and her parents, a pharyngeal swab specimen was obtained to test for M. pneumoniae. The sample was sent to the laboratory of the Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki, Japan, where PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were performed as described (1). A macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strain with an A→G transition at position 2063 of the 23S rRNA gene (designated A2063G) was detected. Laboratory test results from admission to 8 days after discharge are summarized in the Table. Conclusions This case of rhabdomyolysis in a 7-year-old girl is an unusual extrapulmonary manifestation of antimicrobial drug-resistant M. pneumoniae infection. Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by rupture and necrosis of muscle fi bers, resulting in the release of cell breakdown products into the bloodstream and extracellular space. Direct muscle injury is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis, but a number of other causes are possible: hereditary enzyme disorders, drugs, toxins, endocrinopathies, malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, heatstroke, hypothermia, electrolyte alterations, diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, severe hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, and bacterial or viral infections (2). Bacterial and viral infections account for ≈5% of rhabdomyolysis cases in adults (3).
Because pathomechanisms other than infection can cause rhabdomyolysis (4,5), we cannot say with certainty that M. pneumoniae infection caused this syndrome in the patient reported here. One possible mechanism of rhabdomyolysis is induction of infl ammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1. These cytokines can cause acute proteolysis in a variety of organs, including skeletal muscles (6,7), and M. pneumoniae can induce these cytokines (8). Our patient had high levels of TNF-α and IL-18 during the acute phase of M. pneumoniae infection, and it is highly possible that these M. pneumoniae-induced cytokines were involved in the pathomechanism of rhabdomyolysis. No other apparent cause, such as trauma, endocrine disorder, or infection, other than M. pneumoniae, was found for the development of rhabdomyolysis in this patient.
A confounding factor in this case was that the extrapulmonary manifestation of M. pneumoniae infection was caused by an antimicrobial drug-resistant strain of M. pneumoniae. The implicated strain, A2063G, is the dominant type of antimicrobial drug-resistant M. pneumoniae in Japan (1,9,10). Approximately 15% of M. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients in Japan are resistant to antimicrobial drugs (1,9,10), which may explain why extrapulmonary manifestations of antimicrobial drugresistant M. pneumoniae have not been frequently reported. However, the proportion of antimicrobial drug-resistance in Japan is increasing, so extrapulmonary manifestations of antimicrobial drug-resistant M. pneumoniae infection might also increase.
In conclusion, this case of rhabdomyolysis was associated with and, in the absence of any other apparent cause, appears to be attributable to infection with antimicrobial drug-resistant M. pneumoniae. The  development of a system that can be used in routine clinical practice to rapidly identify antimicrobial drug-resistant M. pneumoniae would be highly benefi cial in this era of increasing antimicrobial drug resistance.