LETTERS 4. Paterson DL, Doi Y. A step closer to extreme drug resistance (XDR) in gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1179–81. DOI: 10.1086/522287

6. David MD, Gill MJ. Potential for under-dosing and emergence of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii during treatment with colistin. rates of resistance to colistin and polymyxin B in subgroups of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Korea. Activity of colis-tin against heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and emergence of resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharma-codynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. To the Editor: Protozoan parasites from the genus Cryptosporidium have been described as a cause of diar-rheal disease in immunodeficient and immunocompetent humans worldwide. Although C. hominis and C. parvum (cattle genotype) cause most infections, humans can be infected by several other Cryptosporidium species or genotypes: C. meleagridis; C. deer genotype, skunk genotype, horse genotype, and chipmunk genotype I (1–4). Wild and domestic animals are sources of infection for humans (and other animals) and important contributors to contamination of food and drinking water; many nonhuman Cryptosporidium species or genotypes are detected in untreated water (5). We examined the diversity of Cryptospo-ridium spp. in immunocompetent persons in South Bohemia in the Czech Republic. Diarrheal fecal samples (n = 457) from 203 anonymous immunocom-petent patients <69 years of age with suspected cryptosporidiosis (at least 2 samples/patient/3-day period) were obtained from local health departments and public hospitals in South Bohemia during 2005–2007. Samples were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts by using aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining and light microscopy at × 1,000 magnification (6). The microscopically positive samples were confirmed by DNA sequencing of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Total DNA was extracted from 200–300 mg stool by using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germa-ny), following the manufacturer's instructions , after previous homogeniza-tion and disruption of oocysts with the fragment of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified by nested PCR according to Jiang et al. (7). Purified PCR products were sequenced in both directions on an ABI3130 sequencer analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) by using the secondary PCR primers and the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Se-quencing Kit (Applied Biosystems). Sequences were assembled by using Chromas Pro (www.technelysium. com.au/chromas.html) and aligned with reference sequences using Clust-rRNA gene partial sequences of the 7 patient isolates have been submitted to GenBank (Table). Of the 203 patients, 7 (3.4%) (6 children and 1 adult) had positive results for Cryptosporidium spp. Moreover , all samples obtained from these persons during the 3-day period were Cryptosporidium spp. positive; partial sequences of the Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA gene were obtained from all positive …


Cryptosporidium Pig Genotype II in Immunocompetent Man
To the Editor: Protozoan parasites from the genus Cryptosporidium have been described as a cause of diarrheal disease in immunodeficient and immunocompetent humans worldwide. Although C. hominis and C. parvum (cattle genotype) cause most infections, humans can be infected by several other Cryptosporidium species or genotypes: C. meleagridis; C. felis; C. canis; C. suis; C. muris; C. andersoni; C. hominis monkey genotype; C. parvum (mouse genotype); and Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype, deer genotype, skunk genotype, horse genotype, and chipmunk genotype I (1)(2)(3)(4). Wild and domestic animals are sources of infection for humans (and other animals) and important contributors to contamination of food and drinking water; many nonhuman Cryptosporidium species or genotypes are detected in untreated water (5). We examined the diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in immunocompetent persons in South Bohemia in the Czech Republic.
Diarrheal fecal samples (n = 457) from 203 anonymous immunocompetent patients <69 years of age with suspected cryptosporidiosis (at least 2 samples/patient/3-day period) were obtained from local health departments and public hospitals in South Bohemia during 2005-2007. Samples were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts by using aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining and light microscopy at × 1,000 magnification (6). The microscopically positive samples were confirmed by DNA sequencing of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Total DNA was extracted from 200-300 mg stool by using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), following the manufacturer's instructions, after previous homogenization and disruption of oocysts with the Mini-BeadBeater (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, OK, USA). An ≈830-bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified by nested PCR according to Jiang et al. (7). Purified PCR products were sequenced in both directions on an ABI3130 sequencer analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) by using the secondary PCR primers and the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems). Sequences were assembled by using Chromas Pro (www.technelysium. com.au/chromas.html) and aligned with reference sequences using Clust-alX (ftp://ftp-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/ ClustalX). The BLAST server (www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) was used for DNA database searches. The SSU rRNA gene partial sequences of the 7 patient isolates have been submitted to GenBank (Table).
Of the 203 patients, 7 (3.4%) (6 children and 1 adult) had positive results for Cryptosporidium spp. Moreover, all samples obtained from these persons during the 3-day period were Cryptosporidium spp. positive; partial sequences of the Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA gene were obtained from all positive samples identifying 3 different species or genotypes of Cryptosporidium. Five were C. parvum (bovine genotype), 1 was C. hominis, and 1 contained the Cryptosporidium pig genotype II (Table). Cryptosporidium pig genotype II was found in stool samples from a 29-year-old man who also was infected with Giardia intestinalis (assemblage A) (data not shown).
Only C. parvum (bovine genotype), C. hominis, and Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype have been implicated in waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in humans. Further studies are needed to determine the potential of other cryptosporidia of animal origin. Recent genetic and biologic characterization studies have identified 2 distinct host-adapted cryptosporidia in pigs, C. suis and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II. Furthermore, both above-mentioned cryptosporidia have been identified in untreated water (8). Pigs could be sources of Cryptosporidium water and food pollution and a consequent risk to public health.
Although human infection with C. suis has been previously described (9), human infection with Cryptosporidium pig genotype II has been never reported. This genotype was found in diarrheal stool of 1 adult patient in this study. However, onset of diarrhea could have been caused by co-infection with G. intestinalis (assemblage A), which recently also has been described in pigs (10). Contact with infected animals and ingestion of contaminated food or water could be the source of both Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection in the Cryptosporidium pig genotype II-positive patient. The passage of oocysts can be excluded because of the number of oocysts detected in repeat samples (Table). Moreover, identification of the infection in an immunocompetent patient underlines the zoonotic potential of this pig genotype and possible presence of risk factors in rural areas with poor water treatment or inadequate biosecurity in pig units. Further evidence of the zoonotic potential of this Cryptosporidium genotype is needed to show its pathogenic potential in immunocompetent patients as a cause of gastroenteritis (in the absence of Giardia spp. and other established enteropathogens) and to demonstrate invasive tissue stages. The use of molecular techniques to identify Cryptosporidium spp. probably will show more zoonotic species or genotypes in humans.