Suspected Brazilian Purpuric Fever, Brazilian Amazon Region

To the Editor: Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF), a Haemophilus aegyptius–caused febrile hemorrhagic illness of children that begins with conjunctivitis and has a case-fatality rate of 40%–90% (1,2), was first recognized during a 1984 outbreak. Before June 2007, 69 cases were reported worldwide; 65 were from Brazil (1–3). To our knowledge, the disease had not been reported in the Amazon region until this investigation, which was precipitated by the report of 5 cases of a compatible syndrome in Anajas, Para State, Brazil, in August 2007. 
 
To determine whether recent reports of BPF were accurate, we reviewed medical records of the hospital in Anajas. We identified cases by using the following definition: fever >38.5oC , abdominal pain, vomiting, purpura, and antecedent conjunctivitis during July 1–September 30, 2007, in a child 3 months–10 years of age; absence of signs or symptoms of meningitis in those children; and laboratory exclusion of meningococcal infection. In addition, we searched retrospectively and prospectively for conjunctivitis among pupils of the elementary schools of Anajas during July–September 2007. We found 7 children with illnesses that met our case definition. 
 
From 2 children with nonfatal illness, we collected blood, serum, conjunctival swabs, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). All specimens were submitted for bacterial culture in half agar chocolate without bacitracin; serum and CSF were also subjected to real-time PCR for detection of Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae serotypes a, b, c, and d and to conventional PCR for the ompP2 gene of H. influenzae. All serum samples were also tested by hemagglutination inhibition for Flavivirus, Oropouche, Catu, Caraparu, Tacaiuma, Mayaro, Mucambo, western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, Guaroa, Maguari, Ilheus, Rocio, and St. Louis encephalitis; by immunoglobulin M antibody-capture ELISA for dengue and yellow fever; and, when reactive for dengue, by reverse transcription–PCR for dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4. 
 
Because of the remoteness of the outbreak site, samples for bacterial culture were collected on locally available blood agar enriched with rabbit serum without antimicrobial drug–selective agents, rather than on the recommended chocolate agar enriched with horse serum and bacitracin (1). Samples were transported over several days by open boat at ambient temperature (≈35 oC) in improvised containers without an incubator. Serum and CSF samples were thawed and refrozen repeatedly for removal of aliquots before testing. Microbiologic and virologic testing was conducted at the Para State Health Laboratory and Evandro Chagas Institute. Serum and CSF samples were tested by PCR at Adolfo Lutz Institute. 
 
We identified 7 case-patients (median age 4 years, range 2–8 years): 6 from review of charts at the local hospital and 1 from active search in the rural community. Onset of illness was August 1 for the first case-patient and August 31 for the last. Five (71%) did not receive antimicrobial drugs and died within 24 hours after fever onset; 2 were treated with amoxicillin within 24 hours after fever onset and survived (Table). 
 
 
 
Table 
 
Characteristics of 7 case-patients with suspected Brazilian purpuric fever, Amazon region, Brazil, August 2007* 
 
 
 
Laboratory tests showed leukopenia on the day of hospital admission (Table). All case-patients had antecedent conjunctivitis. All except the first case-patient had had physical contact with a previous case-patient through school or family; 5 were related (siblings or cousins). The period from exposure to onset of fever was 8–21 days. 
 
Of 1,598 elementary school pupils investigated for conjunctivitis, 111 (7%) reported symptoms of conjunctivitis during July–September 2007. Reported treatment included home remedies and a nonprescription, locally available, cream containing a sulfa drug. Review of municipal hospital records during June 1–September 30, 2007, identified no additional cases of conjunctivitis. After the last case-patient died, 17 other persons were identified with purulent conjunctivitis: 4 at the municipal hospital and 13 during active case-finding in schools and the community. All were treated with oral amoxicillin and chloramphenicol optic solution, and 76 contacts were treated prophylactically with oral rifampin. No further suspected BPF cases were detected. Test results for acute arbovirus infection and PCR were negative for all patients (Table). 
 
This outbreak of highly fatal illness is clinically compatible with BPF. Compatible features included young age, antecedent purulent conjunctivitis, signs and symptoms (i.e., antecedent conjunctivitis, fever 39.5Co–41.0Co, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, petechiae or ecchymoses), and high case-fatality rate. Epstein-Barr infection has reportedly produced similar symptoms (4) but with an illness lasting >7 days in contrast to the <24 hours for our case-patients. 
 
We did not detect H. aegyptius in peripheral blood by culture or in serum or CSF by PCR in the 2 surviving children and in contacts of case-patients. One reason could be the remoteness of the investigation site, which resulted in improper sample collection, storage, and processing in the field before samples reached reference laboratories. Hemagglutination tests for arboviruses have low specificity. Therefore, another known or novel pathogen could have caused these cases. 
 
Timely treatment with antimicrobial drugs for patients with suspected disease, prophylaxis of contacts, and treatment of children with conjunctivitis resulted in no additional cases. Intensive surveillance for febrile illness preceded by conjunctivitis, immediate treatment, contact prophylaxis, and appropriate prompt laboratory testing are essential for continued control of BPF in this region.


Suspected Brazilian Purpuric Fever, Brazilian Amazon Region
To the Editor: Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF), a Haemophilus aegyptius-caused febrile hemorrhagic illness of children that begins with conjunctivitis and has a case-fatality rate of 40%-90% (1,2), was fi rst recognized during a 1984 outbreak. Before June 2007, 69 cases were reported worldwide; 65 were from Brazil (1-3). To our knowledge, the disease had not been reported in the Amazon region until this investigation, which was precipitated by the report of 5 cases of a compatible syndrome in Anajás, Pará State, Brazil, in August 2007.
To determine whether recent reports of BPF were accurate, we reviewed medical records of the hospital in Anajás. We identifi ed cases by using the following defi nition: fever >38.5ºC , abdominal pain, vomiting, purpura, and antecedent conjunctivitis during July 1-September 30, 2007, in a child 3 months-10 years of age; absence of signs or symptoms of meningitis in those children; and laboratory exclusion of meningococcal infection. In addition, we searched retrospectively and prospectively for conjunctivitis among pupils of the elementary schools of Anajás during July-September 2007. We found 7 children with illnesses that met our case defi nition.
From 2 children with nonfatal illness, we collected blood, serum, conjunctival swabs, and cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF). All specimens were submitted for bacterial culture in half agar chocolate without bacitracin; serum and CSF were also subjected to real-time PCR for detection of Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus infl uenzae serotypes a, b, c, and d and to conventional PCR for the ompP2 gene of H. infl uenzae. All serum samples were also tested by hemagglutination inhibition for Flavivirus, Oropouche, Catu, Caraparu, Tacaiuma, Mayaro, Mucambo, western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, Guaroa, Maguari, Ilhéus, Rocio, and St. Louis encephalitis; by immunoglobulin M antibody-capture ELISA for dengue and yellow fever; and, when reactive for dengue, by reverse transcription-PCR for dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Because of the remoteness of the outbreak site, samples for bacterial culture were collected on locally available blood agar enriched with rabbit serum without antimicrobial drug-selective agents, rather than on the recommended chocolate agar enriched with horse serum and bacitracin (1). Samples were transported over several days by open boat at ambient temperature (≈35 ºC) in improvised containers without an incubator. Serum and CSF samples were thawed and refrozen repeatedly for removal of aliquots before testing. Microbiologic and virologic testing was conducted at the Pará State Health Laboratory and Evandro Chagas Institute. Serum and CSF samples were tested by PCR at Adolfo Lutz Institute.
We identifi ed 7 case-patients (median age 4 years, range 2-8 years): 6 from review of charts at the local hospital and 1 from active search in the rural community. Onset of illness was August 1 for the fi rst case-patient and August 31 for the last. Five (71%) did not receive antimicrobial drugs and died within 24 hours after fever onset; 2 were treated with amoxicillin within 24 hours after fever onset and survived (Table).
Laboratory tests showed leukopenia on the day of hospital admission (Table). All case-patients had antecedent conjunctivitis. All except the fi rst case-patient had had physical contact with a previous case-patient through school or family; 5 were related (siblings or cousins). The period from exposure to onset of fever was 8-21 days.
Of 1,598 elementary school pupils investigated for conjunctivitis, 111 (7%) reported symptoms of conjunc-  (Table). This outbreak of highly fatal illness is clinically compatible with BPF. Compatible features included young age, antecedent purulent conjunctivitis, signs and symptoms (i.e., antecedent conjunctivitis, fever 39.5Cº-41.0Cº, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, petechiae or ecchymoses), and high case-fatality rate. Epstein-Barr infection has reportedly produced similar symptoms (4) but with an illness lasting >7 days in contrast to the <24 hours for our case-patients.
We did not detect H. aegyptius in peripheral blood by culture or in serum or CSF by PCR in the 2 surviving children and in contacts of casepatients. One reason could be the remoteness of the investigation site, which resulted in improper sample collection, storage, and processing in the fi eld before samples reached reference laboratories. Hemagglutination tests for arboviruses have low specifi city. Therefore, another known or novel pathogen could have caused these cases.
Timely treatment with antimicrobial drugs for patients with suspected disease, prophylaxis of contacts, and treatment of children with conjunctivitis resulted in no additional cases. Intensive surveillance for febrile illness preceded by conjunctivitis, immediate treatment, contact prophylaxis, and appropriate prompt laboratory testing are essential for continued control of BPF in this region.

Hepatitis C Virus in Blood Donors, Brazil
To the Editor: The Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas is a public health service in Manaus, Brazil, that is responsible for serologic screening the serum of all blood donations in the region. In the state of Amazon, 9.0% of donated blood is discarded on the basis of serologic fi ndings; discarding because of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies declined from 1.25% in 1995 to 0.32% in 2007. The aim of this study was to characterize the serologic and molecular profi le of HCV-antibodypositive blood donors from the Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas.
For the study, 154 donors were selected from a routine database of voluntary blood donors who had donated from September 2005 through April 2007 (82,851 donations). Fresh plasma samples were sent to the laboratory in Manaus through the usual transportation systems for regular donations; i.e., samples from 27 cities are transported by air for ≈2 hours, and samples from 21 localities are transported by boat or road, all under refrigerated conditions. An in-house standardized nested-PCR was used to detect HCV RNA (1). Genotype assignment was based on type-specifi c motifs on the sequenced amplicons delimited by primers HC11/ HC18 from the 5′ untranslated region