Viral Load and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

To the Editor: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe viral disease transmitted to humans by tick bite or contact with blood, excreta, or tissues of infected patients or livestock. The disease is endemic in many African, Asian, and European countries. Sporadic cases or outbreaks have been observed in the Balkan Peninsula (1–5). Prompt diagnosis of the disease is essential for preventing human-to-human transmission. Reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) is the detection method of choice in first days of illness and in severe cases with no antibody production. In recent years, real-time RT-PCR approaches have been described for detection and quantification of CCHF virus (6–8). However, no information is available on viral RNA concentration in patients. We describe a real-time RT-PCR for detection and quantification of CCHF virus, present the results of its use with clinical samples, and report the relationship between viral load and severity and outcome of CCHF. 
 
We tested 29 serum samples from Albanian patients with suspected CCHF or their contacts who were living in a CCHF-endemic area of Albania. Serum samples were collected during 2003–2006 and categorized into 3 groups. Group A contained samples from 11 patients with CCHF confirmed by a conventional RT-nested PCR (9). Group B contained samples from 5 patients who had negative RT-nested PCR results and positive serologic results. Group C contained samples from 15 persons who were from the same region as the CCHF patients but who did not have any clinical symptoms of CCHF and had negative PCR or serologic results. 
 
One set of primers and 1 probe were designed to amplify an 84-bp genome region of the S RNA segment of CCHF virus on the basis of European sequences (Balkan and Russian strains available in GenBank): primers CCEuS 5′-TGACAGCATTTCTTTAACAGACATCA-3′ and CCEuAs 5′-AAACACGGCAGCCTTAAGCA-3′, and probe 5′-TCGCCAGGGACTTTATATTCTGCAAGG-3′. A 25-μL reaction was conducted in a LightCycler (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) with 10 mmol/L of each deoxynucleotide triphosphate, 600 nmol/L of each primer, 200 nmol/L of probe, and 3 μL of RNA. Cycling conditions were 50°C for 30 min and 95°C for 15 min, followed by 45 cycles at 95°C for 15 s and 58°C for 30 s. A quantification curve was constructed with 10-fold serial dilutions of in vitro–transcribed CCHF virus RNA. Positive results were obtained up to a dilution of 10−12, which corresponds to ≈45 virus genome equivalents (geqs) per reaction. 
 
Twelve samples had positive results: all 11 samples in group A and 1 in group B (Table). Results for the remaining samples in groups B and C were negative. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and a 60-kDa soluble receptor of TNF were previously measured in most of the samples in this study (10), and their values are shown in the Table. 
 
 
 
Table 
 
Epidemiologic, molecular, and clinical data for 12 Albanian patients with suspected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 2003–2006* 
 
 
 
Viral loads ranged from 14 × 106 to 28.99 × 106 geqs/reaction. The highest level was observed in the patient who died (23/03). High loads were observed in all primary case-patients (23/03, 82/03, 178/04, 252/06) except for patient 154/04, from whom a sample was obtained 18 days after onset of disease. All primary case-patients had severe disease with high fever and clinically apparent hemorrhage. All secondary case-patients, except patient 34/03, were contacts of the patient who died (24b/03, husband; 25b/03, brother-in-law; 50/03 and 52/03, cousins; 56/03, sister-in-law; 40/03, son of sister) and had symptoms of disease ≈1 week after the death of patient 23/03. 
 
Viral load of secondary case-patients was <250 geqs/reaction, which was much lower than that of primary case-patients. This finding suggests that the disease is more severe in primary case-patients and becomes a milder form in secondary case-patients. Samples of secondary case-patients 24b/03 and 25b/03 were obtained on day 9 of illness, and patient 24b/03 had a 4× higher viral load than patient 25b/03. A possible explanation might be that because patient 24b/03 had closer contact with the person who died, he received a higher dose of virus, which might affect severity of the disease. Other secondary case-patients had milder symptoms with no clinically apparent hemorrhage and were not hospitalized. All hospitalized patients had leukopenia, except for the patient whose sample was taken 18 days after the onset of disease. No correlation was observed between viral load and cytokine levels or platelet counts, which suggests that other factors are involved in pathogenicity and immune response. 
 
The real-time RT-PCR was rapid and more sensitive than the RT-nested PCR because 1 additional positive sample was detected. Samples with positive results from the first round of the conventional RT-nested PCR (23/03, 178/04, 252/06) had the highest viral loads when tested by real-time RT-PCR. 
 
In conclusion, a 1-step real-time RT-PCR for detection and quantification of CCHF virus was developed, used with clinical samples, and provided informative data on the severity, course, and outcome of CCHF. Further studies, preferably in serial samples of patients, should provide insights into the pathology of CCHF and the effectiveness of antiviral drugs.


Viral Load and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
To the Editor: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe viral disease transmitted to humans by tick bite or contact with blood, excreta, or tissues of infected patients or livestock. The disease is endemic in many African, Asian, and European countries. Sporadic cases or outbreaks have been observed in the Balkan Peninsula (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Prompt diagnosis of the disease is essential for preventing human-to-human transmission. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) is the detection method of choice in fi rst days of illness and in severe cases with no antibody production. In recent years, real-time RT-PCR approaches have been described for detection and quantifi cation of CCHF virus (6)(7)(8). However, no information is available on viral RNA concentration in patients. We describe a real-time RT-PCR for detection and quantifi cation of CCHF virus, present the results of its use with clinical samples, and report the relationship between viral load and severity and outcome of CCHF.
We tested 29 serum samples from Albanian patients with suspected CCHF or their contacts who were living in a CCHF-endemic area of Albania. Serum samples were collected during 2003-2006 and categorized into 3 groups. Group A contained samples from 11 patients with CCHF confi rmed by a conventional RT-nested PCR (9). Group B contained samples from 5 patients who had negative RT-nested PCR results and positive serologic results. Group C contained samples from 15 persons who were from the same region as the CCHF patients but who did not have any clinical symptoms of CCHF and had negative PCR or serologic results.
One set of primers and 1 probe were designed to amplify an 84-bp genome region of the S RNA segment of CCHF virus on the basis of European sequences (Balkan and Russian strains available in GenBank): primers CCEuS 5′-TGACAGCATTTCTTTA-ACAGACATCA-3′ and CCEuAs 5′-AAACACGGCAGCCTTAAGCA-3′, and probe 5′-TCGCCAGGGACTT-TATATTCTGCAAGG-3′. A 25-μL reaction was conducted in a LightCycler (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) with 10 mmol/L of each deoxynucleotide triphosphate, 600 nmol/L of each primer, 200 nmol/L of probe, and 3 μL of RNA. Cycling conditions were 50°C for 30 min and 95°C for 15 min, followed by 45 cycles at 95°C for 15 s and 58°C for 30 s. A quantifi cation curve was constructed with 10-fold serial dilutions of in vitro-transcribed CCHF virus RNA. Positive results were obtained up to a dilution of 10 −12 , which corresponds to ≈45 virus genome equivalents (geqs) per reaction.
Twelve samples had positive results: all 11 samples in group A and 1 in group B (Table). Results for the remaining samples in groups B and C were negative. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and a 60-kDa soluble receptor of TNF were previously measured in most of the samples in this study (10), and their values are shown in the Table. Viral loads ranged from 14 × 10 6 to 28.99 × 10 6 geqs/reaction. The highest level was observed in the patient who died (23/03). High loads were observed in all primary case-patients (23/03, 82/03, 178/04, 252/06) except for patient 154/04, from whom a sample was obtained 18 days after onset of disease. All primary casepatients had severe disease with high fever and clinically apparent hemorrhage. All secondary case-patients, except patient 34/03, were contacts of the patient who died (24b/03, husband; 25b/03, brother-in-law; 50/03 and 52/03, cousins; 56/03, sisterin-law; 40/03, son of sister) and had symptoms of disease ≈1 week after the death of patient 23/03. Viral load of secondary case-patients was <250 geqs/reaction, which was much lower than that of primary case-patients. This fi nding suggests that the disease is more severe in primary case-patients and becomes a milder form in secondary case-patients. Samples of secondary casepatients 24b/03 and 25b/03 were obtained on day 9 of illness, and patient 24b/03 had a 4× higher viral load than patient 25b/03. A possible explanation might be that because patient 24b/03 had closer contact with the person who died, he received a higher dose of virus, which might affect severity of the disease. Other secondary casepatients had milder symptoms with no clinically apparent hemorrhage and were not hospitalized. All hospitalized patients had leukopenia, except for the patient whose sample was taken 18 days after the onset of disease. No correlation was observed between viral load and cytokine levels or platelet counts, which suggests that other factors are involved in pathogenicity and immune response. The real-time RT-PCR was rapid and more sensitive than the RT-nested PCR because 1 additional positive sample was detected. Samples with positive results from the fi rst round of the conventional RT-nested PCR (23/03, 178/04, 252/06) had the highest viral loads when tested by realtime RT-PCR.
In conclusion, a 1-step real-time RT-PCR for detection and quantifi cation of CCHF virus was developed, used with clinical samples, and provided informative data on the severity, course, and outcome of CCHF. Further studies, preferably in serial samples of patients, should provide insights into the pathology of CCHF and the effectiveness of antiviral drugs.