Resistance to Dihydroartemisinin

To the Editor: The emergence of widespread resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Africa has caused a sharp rise in deaths from malaria. The World Health Organization therefore urgently recommends replacement of these drugs, particularly with combinations that include an artemisinin compound (AC) (1). In 2006, although >40 countries have adopted artemisinin-based combination therapies as their first-line treatment for malaria, only a few of these countries actually use these combination therapies because of limiting factors such as high cost (2). When used as monotherapy, ACs are associated with high rates of recrudescence, possibly because of their short elimination half-lives (3). Most artemisinin-based combination therapies contain, in addition to ACs, a partner drug against which resistance has already developed (e.g., mefloquine, amodiaquine, lumefantrine); reports of relatively low efficacy of the combination artesunate-amodiaquine have been recently published (4). In 2005, Jambou et al. claimed to have found the first cases of in vitro Plasmodium falciparum resistance to ACs (5). 
 
We assessed the in vitro susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin (dhART), the biologically active metabolite of artemisinin derivatives, of P. falciparum isolates from travelers returning to France from various African countries during 2004–2006. In addition, we searched for polymorphism in the P. falciparum adenosine triphosphatase-6 (PfATPase6) gene, which was reported to be associated with in vitro artemether resistance (5). We also studied polymorphism (a 3-bp indel) in the gene of the ABC transporter G7, which was reported in 2005 to be associated with in vitro response to artesunate (6). 
 
Determination of in vitro dhART susceptibility by using the isotopic semimicrotest method (7) was successful for 397 isolates. The most represented countries were Cameroon (17%), Cote d'Ivoire(14.5%), Mali (12%), Comoros Islands (8.5%), and Senegal (6.5%). Patients were 10 nmol/L for 6. Thus, some isolates showed a diminished susceptibility to dhART, but only 1 isolate had an IC50 >30 nmol/L (31.8 nmol/L). 
 
DNA sequencing of 900-bp and 240-bp PCR products, including the 769 and the 243/263 PfATPase6 codons, respectively, was performed in a subsample of 154 isolates. All isolates had the S769 wild codon except 1 susceptible isolate (IC50 = 0.83 nmol/L), which had a S769N mutant type codon (Table). We found no polymorphism in codon 263. This position may be scrutinized to monitor anticipated artemisinin resistance, according to a recently published structure-function study (8). Conversely, we found 2 isolates that had IC50 values of 4.2 nmol/L and 6.4 nmol/L and that showed an H243Y mutant type codon. The role of such a polymorphism appears unclear. We found no association between the 3-bp indel in G7 and in vitro dhART susceptibility because mutants were regularly distributed in highly susceptible isolates and in isolates having a diminished susceptibility. 
 
 
 
Table 
 
Polymorphism in PfATPase6 and G7 genes and in vitro susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin of 154 Plasmodium falciparum isolates* 
 
 
 
For our samples obtained during 2004–2006, the geometric mean IC50 value for dhART was very close to values found in Cameroon during 1997–1998 (mean dhART IC50 = 1.11 nmol/L) (9), in Senegal in 2001 (mean artemether IC50 = 1.3 nmol/L) (5), and in Republic of Congo during 2005–2006 (mean dhART IC50 = 1.02 nmol/L) (10). Ringwald et al. observed a narrower range of IC50s, but their series included only 65 samples (9). Previous comparisons between ACs suggested that dhART is 1.7 times more potent than artemether against P. falciparum (9). Thus, the highest IC50 value for artemether observed by Jambou et al. in Senegal (44.7 nmol/L) (5) is comparable to the highest IC50 value for dhART in our series (31.8 nmol/L). The resistance levels of ACs are still undefined. For artemether, Jambou et al. used a threshold of 30 nmol/L to evaluate the association between the S769N mutation and in vitro susceptibility. The presence of ATPase6 S769N was not associated with diminished in vitro susceptibility in our series. Conversely, the only S769N mutant that we observed was found in a fully susceptible isolate. Thus, we confirmed that polymorphism exists in this gene in positions 769 and 243, but we did not prove an association between these point mutations and resistance to ACs. Similarly, our results did not support the hypothesis of an association between the 3-bp indel in G7 and resistance to ACs. 
 
ACs, considered the most important class of antimalarial drugs, merit close surveillance for susceptibility. Continued monitoring of the efficacy of their associated partner drugs also appears to be essential.


Resistance to Dihydroartemisinin
To the Editor: The emergence of widespread resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Africa has caused a sharp rise in deaths from malaria. The World Health Organization therefore urgently recommends replacement of these drugs, particularly with combinations that include an artemisinin compound (AC) (1). In 2006, although >40 countries have adopted artemisinin-based combination therapies as their firstline treatment for malaria, only a few of these countries actually use these combination therapies because of limiting factors such as high cost (2). When used as monotherapy, ACs are associated with high rates of recrudescence, possibly because of their short elimination half-lives (3). Most artemisinin-based combination therapies contain, in addition to ACs, a partner drug against which resistance has already developed (e.g., mefloquine, amodiaquine, lumefantrine); reports of relatively low efficacy of the combination artesunate-amodiaquine have been recently published (4). In 2005, Jambou et al. claimed to have found the first cases of in vitro Plasmodium falciparum resistance to ACs (5).
We assessed the in vitro susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin (dhART), the biologically active metabolite of artemisinin derivatives, of P. falciparum isolates from travelers returning to France from various African countries during 2004-2006. In addition, we searched for polymorphism in the P. falciparum adenosine triphosphatase-6 (PfATPase6) gene, which was reported to be associated with in vitro artemether resistance (5). We also studied polymorphism (a 3bp indel) in the gene of the ABC transporter G7, which was reported in 2005 to be associated with in vitro response to artesunate (6).
DNA sequencing of 900-bp and 240-bp PCR products, including the 769 and the 243/263 PfATPase6 codons, respectively, was performed in a subsample of 154 isolates. All isolates had the S769 wild codon except 1 susceptible isolate (IC 50 = 0.83 nmol/L), which had a S769N mutant type codon (Table). We found no polymorphism in codon 263. This position may be scrutinized to monitor anticipated artemisinin resistance, according to a recently published structure-function study (8). Conversely, we found 2 isolates that had IC 50 values of 4.2 nmol/L and 6.4 nmol/L and that showed an H243Y mutant type codon. The role of such a polymorphism appears unclear. We found no association between the 3-bp indel in G7 and in vitro dhART susceptibility because mutants were regularly distributed in highly susceptible isolates and in isolates having a diminished susceptibility.  (9). Previous comparisons between ACs suggested that dhART is 1.7 times more potent than artemether against P. falciparum (9). Thus, the highest IC 50 value for artemether observed by Jambou et al. in Senegal (44.7 nmol/L) (5) is comparable to the highest IC 50 value for dhART in our series (31.8 nmol/L). The resistance levels of ACs are still undefined. For artemether, Jambou et al. used a threshold of 30 nmol/L to evaluate the association between the S769N mutation and in vitro susceptibility. The presence of ATPase6 S769N was not associated with diminished in vitro susceptibility in our series. Conversely, the only S769N mutant that we observed was found in a fully susceptible isolate. Thus, we confirmed that polymorphism exists in this gene in positions 769 and 243, but we did not prove an association between these point mutations and resistance to ACs. Similarly, our results did not support the hypothesis of an association between the 3-bp indel in G7 and resistance to ACs.
ACs, considered the most important class of antimalarial drugs, merit close surveillance for susceptibility.
Continued monitoring of the efficacy of their associated partner drugs also appears to be essential.

Real-time PCR for
Francisella tularensis Types A and B To the Editor: Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia, is highly infectious and considered a potential bioweapon (1)(2)(3). Although 4 subspecies of F. tularensis are recognized, most cases of tularemia are due to infection by subsp. tularensis (type A) or holarctica (type B). North America is the only region where both type A and type B cause human disease. Subspecies novicida is also found in North America, but it is of reduced virulence. Disease incidence attributable to either type A or type B is