Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Necrotizing Pneumonia

To the Editor: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains account for >40% of all hospital-acquired S. aureus infections in Italy (1). Although cases of community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections have been reported in recent years (2), these isolates have not been characterized for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (3); therefore, the presence of isolates with the typical characteristics of CA-MRSA (4) in Italy remains unknown. 
 
At the beginning of April 2005, a 37-year-old woman was admitted to the University Hospital Policlinico in Rome because of fever, cough, and headache. Her medical history was unremarkable. She was a teacher in a school for foreign students in Rome, smoked 3 cigarettes per day for 15 years, and reported no recent travel abroad. Her 5-year-old daughter had influenzalike symptoms in the previous week. At hospital admission, her temperature was 39°C, heart rate was108 beats/min, respiratory rate was 32 breaths/min, and blood pressure was 105/70 mmHg. Arterial blood gas analysis showed mild hypoxemia and hypocapnia (PaO2 73 mm Hg and PaCO2 34 mm Hg on room air). Leukocyte count was 24,360 cells/μL (81% polymorphonuclear cells), and platelet count was 506,000/μL. Chest radiograph showed infiltrates in the right upper and lower lobes and left lower lobe. Empiric treatment with clarithromycin and ceftriaxone was started, but the patient's clinical conditions did not improve. Culture of sputum samples obtained at admission yielded growth of MRSA. Computed tomographic scan showed multiple lung cavitary lesions, indicating necrotizing pneumonia. On day 3 of admission, antimicrobial drug therapy was changed to linezolid (600 mg 2 times a day). Fever resolved, and the patient's condition rapidly improved. The patient was discharged after 14 days of linezolid treatment. At discharge, leukocyte count was 6,040 cell/μL (58% polymorphonuclear cells), and arterial blood gas analysis showed PaO2 of 88 mm Hg. 
 
The MRSA isolate from sputum was susceptible to all the non–β-lactam antimicrobial drugs tested, including erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and fusidic acid. With established molecular methods, the isolate was found to harbor SCCmec type IV (5); lukS and lukF, the genes coding for the 2 subunits of the PVL toxin; and hlg, the γ-hemolysin gene (3). The genetic background of the isolate was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (6) and sequence typing of the tandem repeat region of protein A gene (spa typing) (7). Results showed that the isolate belonged to ST30 according to the MLST database (http://saureus.mlst.net), and spa typing, analyzed by the Ridom Staphtype software (http://www.ridom.de), indicated a novel spa type, to which type 755 was assigned. ST30, 1 of 6 clones more commonly associated with PVL-positive CA-MRSA (4), is designated also the southwest Pacific (SWP) clone, because of the area in which it circulates. Recently, the SWP clone has caused CA-MRSA infections in northern European countries (England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Latvia) (8,9). Molecular analysis suggests that the SWP clone has evolved from a methicillin-susceptible clone of S. aureus, termed phage type 80/81, that was pandemic in the 1950s and considered to be unusually virulent and transmissible (8). In fact, strains belonging to phage type 80/81 carry the PVL gene and appear to have subsequently acquired methicillin resistance through horizontal transfer of SCCmec type IV. The spa type of the Italian isolate comprises 7 nucleotide repeats, indicated by XJ4AKAOM in the alphabetical code. This repeat sequence differs from that of the classical SWP clone, indicated by XKAKAOMQ (8), by only 1 bp in the second repeat and loss of the last Q repeat. In spite of these differences, the spa type is in substantial agreement with the MLST result and indicates that the Italian isolate is either a descendent or a local variant of the SWP clone. The most common clone of CA-MRSA described in Europe is ST80, spa type 44. CA-MRSA belonging to ST80 tend to be more antimicrobial drug resistant than isolates belonging to other clones (4). Resistance to fusidic acid, typical of ST80, has been proposed as a marker for CA-MRSA in Europe (10). In light of our finding, we cannot rely on resistance to fusidic acid to screen for PVL-producing CA-MRSA in our country. 
 
To our knowledge, this is the first report from Italy of necrotizing pneumonia caused by PVL-positive CA-MRSA. The presentation was typically that of a severe pneumonia that occurred in a previously healthy, young adult with no risk factors for MRSA acquisition, as described in other cases (11). This is also the first report of a SWP clone isolate in southern Europe; if the strain is circulating in Italy or is occasionally imported from the SWP area, whether our patient acquired it through contact with a foreign contact remains unknown.


Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus Necrotizing Pneumonia
To the Editor: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains account for >40% of all hospital-acquired S. aureus infections in Italy (1). Although cases of community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections have been reported in recent years (2), these isolates have not been characterized for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (3); therefore, the presence of isolates with the typical characteristics of CA-MRSA (4) in Italy remains unknown.
At the beginning of April 2005, a 37-year-old woman was admitted to the University Hospital Policlinico in Rome because of fever, cough, and headache. Her medical history was unremarkable. She was a teacher in a school for foreign students in Rome, smoked 3 cigarettes per day for 15 years, and reported no recent travel abroad. Her 5-year-old daughter had influenzalike symptoms in the previous week. At hospital admission, her temperature was 39°C, heart rate was 108 beats/min, respiratory rate was 32 breaths/min, and blood pressure was 105/70 mmHg. Arterial blood gas analysis showed mild hypoxemia and hypocapnia (PaO 2 73 mm Hg and PaCO 2 34 mm Hg on room air). Leukocyte count was 24,360 cells/µL (81% polymorphonuclear cells), and platelet count was 506,000/µL. Chest radiograph showed infiltrates in the right upper and lower lobes and left lower lobe. Empiric treatment with clarithromycin and ceftriaxone was started, but the patient's clinical conditions did not improve. Culture of sputum samples obtained at admission yielded growth of MRSA. Computed tomographic scan showed multiple lung cavitary lesions, indi-cating necrotizing pneumonia. On day 3 of admission, antimicrobial drug therapy was changed to linezolid (600 mg 3 times a day). Fever resolved, and the patient's condition rapidly improved. The patient was discharged after 14 days of linezolid treatment. At discharge, leukocyte count was 6,040 cell/µL (58% polymorphonuclear cells), and arterial blood gas analysis showed PaO 2 of 88 mm Hg.
The MRSA isolate from sputum was susceptible to all the non-β-lactam antimicrobial drugs tested, including erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and fusidic acid. With established molecular methods, the isolate was found to harbor SCCmec type IV (5); lukS and lukF, the genes coding for the 2 subunits of the PVL toxin; and hlg, the γ-hemolysin gene (3). The genetic background of the isolate was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (6) and sequence typing of the tandem repeat region of protein A gene (spa typing) (7). Results showed that the isolate belonged to ST30 according to the MLST database (http://saureus. mlst.net), and spa typing, analyzed by the Ridom Staphtype software (http://www.ridom.de), indicated a novel spa type, to which type 755 was assigned. ST30, 1 of 6 clones more commonly associated with PVL-positive CA-MRSA (4), is designated also the southwest Pacific (SWP) clone, because of the area in which it circulates. Recently, the SWP clone has caused CA-MRSA infections in northern European countries (England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Latvia) (8,9). Molecular analysis suggests that the SWP clone has evolved from a methicillin-susceptible clone of S. aureus, termed phage type 80/81, that was pandemic in the 1950s and considered to be unusually virulent and transmissible (8). In fact, strains belonging to phage type 80/81 carry the PVL gene and appear to have subsequently acquired methicillin resistance through horizontal transfer of SCCmec type IV. The spa type of the Italian isolate comprises 7 nucleotide repeats, indicated by XJ4AKAOM in the alphabetical code. This repeat sequence differs from that of the classical SWP clone, indicated by XKAKAOMQ (8), by only 1 bp in the second repeat and loss of the last Q repeat. In spite of these differences, the spa type is in substantial agreement with the MLST result and indicates that the Italian isolate is either a descendent or a local variant of the SWP clone. The most common clone of CA-MRSA described in Europe is ST80, spa type 44. CA-MRSA belonging to ST80 tend to be more antimicrobial drug resistant than isolates belonging to other clones (4). Resistance to fusidic acid, typical of ST80, has been proposed as a marker for CA-MRSA in Europe (10). In light of our finding, we cannot rely on resistance to fusidic acid to screen for PVL-producing CA-MRSA in our country.
To our knowledge, this is the first report from Italy of necrotizing pneumonia caused by PVL-positive CA-MRSA. The presentation was typically that of a severe pneumonia that occurred in a previously healthy, young adult with no risk factors for MRSA acquisition, as described in other cases (11). This is also the first report of a SWP clone isolate in southern Europe; if the strain is circulating in Italy or is occasionally imported from the SWP area, whether our patient acquired it through contact with a foreign contact remains unknown. To the Editor: Corvids (crows, blue jays, magpies, and their relatives) are particularly susceptible to West Nile virus (WNV) (1). Birds are useful indicators of the spread of WNV (1), and Canada has implemented WNV surveillance strategies that use these species as sentinels.
Direct acquisition of WNV through percutaneous injuries has been reported in 2 laboratory circumstances, involving a blue jay and a mouse (2). We describe a conjunctival exposure to WNV that occurred in the field and probably resulted in infection in the exposed person.
As part of the local WNV bird surveillance activities in 2003, an animal control officer collected sick and dead corvids at the Canadian Forces Base, Suffield, Alberta. He had a protective suit on, but he wore no mask or face shield. While killing an injured crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), the officer struck the struggling bird on a nearby horizontal pipe gate, which resulted in fracture of the skull, causing brain tis-